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LEIBNIZ’S DILEMMA OF THE ETHICS OF CONQUEST: THE CONFLICT BETWEEN HIS JUST WAR ETHICS AND THE EGYPT PLAN

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 21 Sayı: 84, 1229 - 1241, 26.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.56694/karadearas.1579268

Öz

This article examines the context surrounding Leibniz’s Egypt Plan and evaluates whether it aligns with his philosophical views on the criteria for just wars. To achieve these aims, the study is divided into five sections. Following an introduction to the political atmosphere of the era when the plan was conceived, the first section discusses the moral justification of the plan, assessing whether it endorses war on ethically sound grounds. The second section evaluates the plan through the lens of proportionality, asserting that a war is just if the harm caused is less than the harm it seeks to prevent. The third section explores why Leibniz did not consider war as a last resort, emphasizing that it should be an option only after all diplomatic avenues have been exhausted. The fourth section examines the intentions behind just wars, which should prioritize the common good over personal or political ambitions. The final section offers an in-depth analysis of whether Leibniz’s plan aligns with divine providence, particularly its adherence to the moral order established by the Christian God, to mitigate both intrareligious and interreligious conflicts. The article ultimately argues that Leibniz’s Egypt Plan is inconsistent with his own philosophical views on just war, highlighting inherent contradictions within his proposals in the context of just war theory.

Kaynakça

  • ALMOND, I. (2013). “Leibniz, Historicism, and the “Plague of Islam”. Eighteenth-Century Stud-ies. XXXIX/4, pp. 463–483.
  • BAER, H. D. (2021), "Luther’s Contribution to the Just War Tradition". Lutheran Quarterly. XXXV/3, pp. 273–300.
  • BILICI, F. (2004). XIV. Louis ve İstanbul’u Fetih Tasarısı. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu.
  • FARRUGGIA, E. (2023). “Leibniz’s Last Crusade: The Philosopher as a Strategist Leibniz’s Con-silium Aegyptiacum and its afterlife”. Nuova Antologia Militare 4. Fascicolo N. 16, Storia Militare Contemporanea, pp. 25-58.
  • GROSS, M. L. (2001), "Aquinas and Luther on War and Peace: Sovereign Authority and the Use of Armed Force”. Journal of Religious Ethics. XXIX/1 pp. 135–160.
  • GROTIUS, H. (2005). The Rights of War and Peace, (ed. Richard Tuck), Indianapolis: Liberty Fund.
  • GUHRAUER, G. E., (1838). Mémoire sur le projet d’expédition en Egypte, présenté en 1672 à Louis XIV par Leibnitz. Paris: Typographie de Firmin, Didot Frères.
  • HARAN, A. Y. (2010). “A Precursor of Bonaparte's Expedition to Egypt: Leibnitz, Author of the Consilium Aegyptiacum to Louis XIV”. Napoleon and the French in Egypt and the Holy Land. (ed. Aryeh Shmuelevitz), İstanbul: The İsis Press-Gorgias Press, pp. 135-141.
  • HOFFMANNS, M. De, (1840). Mémoire de Leibniz, à Louis XIV sur la Conquête de l’Égypte, pu-blié avec une préface et des notes par M.de Hoffmanns, suivi d’un Projet d’expédition dans l’Inde, par terre, concerté entre le Premier Consul et l’Empereur Paul 1er au com-mencement de ce siècle. Paris: Edouard Garnot, libraire- éditeur.
  • JOHNS, C. (2024). “Leibniz and the Religion of the Mohammadans”. Religions. XV/1087, pp.1-21.
  • KOLÇAK, Ö. (2012). “Vasvar Antlaşması”. TDVİA. XLII, pp. 560-562.
  • LEIBNIZ, G. W., (1969). “Elements of Natural Law”. Philosophical Papers and Letters. (Ed. & Trans. L. E. Loemker) Dordrecht: Reidel Publishing Company, pp. 131-139.
  • LEIBNIZ, G. W., (1988a). “Codex Iuris Gentium”. Leibniz: Political Writings. (Ed. & Trans. P. Ri-ley), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 165-176.
  • LEIBNIZ, G. W., (1988b). “Natural Law”. Leibniz: Political Writings. (Ed. & Trans. P. Riley), Cam-bridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 77-81.
  • LEIBNIZ, G. W., (1988c). “Meditation on the Connon Concept of Justice”. Leibniz: Political Writ-ings. (Ed. & Trans. P. Riley) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 45-64.
  • LEIBNIZ, G. W., (1988d). “Caesarinus Fürstnerius (De Suprematu Principum Germaniae)”. Leib-niz: Political Writings. (Ed. & Trans. P. Riley), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 111-121.
  • LEIBNIZ, G. W., (1988e). “Mars Christianissimus (The Most Christian War-God)”. Leibniz: Politi-cal Writings. (Ed. & Trans. P. Riley), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 121-146.
  • LUTHER, M. (1967). "On War Against the Turk (1529)”. Luther’s Works. (ed. Robert C. Schultz), XLVI, Philadelphia: Fortress Press, pp. 87–137.
  • LUTHER, M. (1967). “Whether soldiers, too, can be saved (1526)”. Luther’s Works. (ed. Robert C. Schultz), XLVI, Philadelphia: Fortress Press, pp. 87–137.
  • MACKIE, J. M. (1845). Life of Godfrey William von Leibnitz. Guhrauer, Boston: Gottschalk Edu-ard.
  • MCKAY, D.-H. M., SCOTT, (1983). The rise of the great Powers 1648-1815. London-New York: Routledge.
  • MEYER, R. W., (1952). Leibnitz and the Seventeenth-Century Revolution. (trans. J. P. Stern) Cambridge: Bowes and Bowes.
  • PARKER, G. (1997). The Thirty Years’ War. London: Routledge.
  • PLATO. (1988). Laws, (trans. Thomas L. Pangle), Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • ŞAKUL, K. (2009). An Ottoman Moment: War of Second Coalition in the Levant. Washington: University of Georgetown, (Unpublished doctoral dissertation).
  • STRICKLAND, L. (2016). “Leibniz’s Egypt Plan (1671–1672): from holy war to ecumenism”. Intellectual History Review. XXVI/4, pp. 461–476.
  • THOMPSON, R. H., (1973). Lothar Franz von Schönborn and the Diplomacy of the Electorate of Mainz, from the Treaty of Ryswick to the Outbreak of the War of the Spanish Succession. The Hague: Springer.
  • WALLERSTEIN, I. (2006.) European Universalism: The Rhetoric of Power. New York: The New Press.

LEİBNİZ’İN İŞGAL ETİĞİ İKİLEMİ: HAKLI SAVAŞ ETİĞİ VE MISIR İSTİLA PLANI ARASINDAKİ ÇATIŞMA

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 21 Sayı: 84, 1229 - 1241, 26.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.56694/karadearas.1579268

Öz

Bu makale, Leibniz’in Mısır Planı etrafındaki bağlamı incelemekte ve bu planın adil savaşlar için belirlediği kriterler üzerindeki felsefi görüşleriyle ne ölçüde uyumlu olduğunu değerlendirmektedir. Bu amaçlara ulaşmak için çalışma beş bölüme ayrılmıştır. Planın oluşturulduğu dönemin siyasi atmosferine yapılan bir girişin ardından, ilk bölüm planın ahlaki gerekçesini tartışmakta ve bu planın etik açıdan sağlam temellere dayanan bir savaşı destekleyip desteklemediğini değerlendirmektedir. İkinci bölüm, planı orantılılık açısından değerlendirerek, bir savaşın adil sayılması için neden olduğu zararın önlemeye çalıştığı zarardan daha az olması gerektiğini savunmaktadır. Üçüncü bölüm, Leibniz’in savaşı son çare olarak neden düşünmediğini araştırmakta ve bunun, tüm diplomatik yollar tükenmeden yalnızca bir seçenek olması gerektiğini vurgulamaktadır. Dördüncü bölüm, adil savaşların ardındaki niyetleri incelemekte ve bu niyetlerin kişisel veya politik hırsların yerine kamu yararını önceliklendirmesi gerektiğini belirtmektedir. Son bölüm, Leibniz’in planının ilahi irade ile ne ölçüde uyumlu olduğunu, özellikle de Hristiyan Tanrı tarafından oluşturulan ahlaki düzene olan bağlılığını derinlemesine analiz etmekte, böylece hem iç dinî hem de dinler arası çatışmaları azaltmayı amaçlamaktadır. Makale, sonuç olarak Leibniz’in Mısır Planı’nın adil savaş konusundaki kendi felsefi görüşleriyle tutarsız olduğunu savunmakta ve adil savaş teorisi bağlamında önerilerindeki içsel çelişkileri vurgulamaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • ALMOND, I. (2013). “Leibniz, Historicism, and the “Plague of Islam”. Eighteenth-Century Stud-ies. XXXIX/4, pp. 463–483.
  • BAER, H. D. (2021), "Luther’s Contribution to the Just War Tradition". Lutheran Quarterly. XXXV/3, pp. 273–300.
  • BILICI, F. (2004). XIV. Louis ve İstanbul’u Fetih Tasarısı. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu.
  • FARRUGGIA, E. (2023). “Leibniz’s Last Crusade: The Philosopher as a Strategist Leibniz’s Con-silium Aegyptiacum and its afterlife”. Nuova Antologia Militare 4. Fascicolo N. 16, Storia Militare Contemporanea, pp. 25-58.
  • GROSS, M. L. (2001), "Aquinas and Luther on War and Peace: Sovereign Authority and the Use of Armed Force”. Journal of Religious Ethics. XXIX/1 pp. 135–160.
  • GROTIUS, H. (2005). The Rights of War and Peace, (ed. Richard Tuck), Indianapolis: Liberty Fund.
  • GUHRAUER, G. E., (1838). Mémoire sur le projet d’expédition en Egypte, présenté en 1672 à Louis XIV par Leibnitz. Paris: Typographie de Firmin, Didot Frères.
  • HARAN, A. Y. (2010). “A Precursor of Bonaparte's Expedition to Egypt: Leibnitz, Author of the Consilium Aegyptiacum to Louis XIV”. Napoleon and the French in Egypt and the Holy Land. (ed. Aryeh Shmuelevitz), İstanbul: The İsis Press-Gorgias Press, pp. 135-141.
  • HOFFMANNS, M. De, (1840). Mémoire de Leibniz, à Louis XIV sur la Conquête de l’Égypte, pu-blié avec une préface et des notes par M.de Hoffmanns, suivi d’un Projet d’expédition dans l’Inde, par terre, concerté entre le Premier Consul et l’Empereur Paul 1er au com-mencement de ce siècle. Paris: Edouard Garnot, libraire- éditeur.
  • JOHNS, C. (2024). “Leibniz and the Religion of the Mohammadans”. Religions. XV/1087, pp.1-21.
  • KOLÇAK, Ö. (2012). “Vasvar Antlaşması”. TDVİA. XLII, pp. 560-562.
  • LEIBNIZ, G. W., (1969). “Elements of Natural Law”. Philosophical Papers and Letters. (Ed. & Trans. L. E. Loemker) Dordrecht: Reidel Publishing Company, pp. 131-139.
  • LEIBNIZ, G. W., (1988a). “Codex Iuris Gentium”. Leibniz: Political Writings. (Ed. & Trans. P. Ri-ley), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 165-176.
  • LEIBNIZ, G. W., (1988b). “Natural Law”. Leibniz: Political Writings. (Ed. & Trans. P. Riley), Cam-bridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 77-81.
  • LEIBNIZ, G. W., (1988c). “Meditation on the Connon Concept of Justice”. Leibniz: Political Writ-ings. (Ed. & Trans. P. Riley) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 45-64.
  • LEIBNIZ, G. W., (1988d). “Caesarinus Fürstnerius (De Suprematu Principum Germaniae)”. Leib-niz: Political Writings. (Ed. & Trans. P. Riley), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 111-121.
  • LEIBNIZ, G. W., (1988e). “Mars Christianissimus (The Most Christian War-God)”. Leibniz: Politi-cal Writings. (Ed. & Trans. P. Riley), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 121-146.
  • LUTHER, M. (1967). "On War Against the Turk (1529)”. Luther’s Works. (ed. Robert C. Schultz), XLVI, Philadelphia: Fortress Press, pp. 87–137.
  • LUTHER, M. (1967). “Whether soldiers, too, can be saved (1526)”. Luther’s Works. (ed. Robert C. Schultz), XLVI, Philadelphia: Fortress Press, pp. 87–137.
  • MACKIE, J. M. (1845). Life of Godfrey William von Leibnitz. Guhrauer, Boston: Gottschalk Edu-ard.
  • MCKAY, D.-H. M., SCOTT, (1983). The rise of the great Powers 1648-1815. London-New York: Routledge.
  • MEYER, R. W., (1952). Leibnitz and the Seventeenth-Century Revolution. (trans. J. P. Stern) Cambridge: Bowes and Bowes.
  • PARKER, G. (1997). The Thirty Years’ War. London: Routledge.
  • PLATO. (1988). Laws, (trans. Thomas L. Pangle), Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • ŞAKUL, K. (2009). An Ottoman Moment: War of Second Coalition in the Levant. Washington: University of Georgetown, (Unpublished doctoral dissertation).
  • STRICKLAND, L. (2016). “Leibniz’s Egypt Plan (1671–1672): from holy war to ecumenism”. Intellectual History Review. XXVI/4, pp. 461–476.
  • THOMPSON, R. H., (1973). Lothar Franz von Schönborn and the Diplomacy of the Electorate of Mainz, from the Treaty of Ryswick to the Outbreak of the War of the Spanish Succession. The Hague: Springer.
  • WALLERSTEIN, I. (2006.) European Universalism: The Rhetoric of Power. New York: The New Press.
Toplam 28 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Siyasi Tarih (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Hüseyin Yılmaz 0000-0003-3655-6919

Osman Gazi Birgül 0000-0003-2089-848X

Yayımlanma Tarihi 26 Aralık 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 4 Kasım 2024
Kabul Tarihi 23 Aralık 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 21 Sayı: 84

Kaynak Göster

APA Yılmaz, H., & Birgül, O. G. (2024). LEIBNIZ’S DILEMMA OF THE ETHICS OF CONQUEST: THE CONFLICT BETWEEN HIS JUST WAR ETHICS AND THE EGYPT PLAN. Karadeniz Araştırmaları, 21(84), 1229-1241. https://doi.org/10.56694/karadearas.1579268
AMA Yılmaz H, Birgül OG. LEIBNIZ’S DILEMMA OF THE ETHICS OF CONQUEST: THE CONFLICT BETWEEN HIS JUST WAR ETHICS AND THE EGYPT PLAN. Karadeniz Araştırmaları. Aralık 2024;21(84):1229-1241. doi:10.56694/karadearas.1579268
Chicago Yılmaz, Hüseyin, ve Osman Gazi Birgül. “LEIBNIZ’S DILEMMA OF THE ETHICS OF CONQUEST: THE CONFLICT BETWEEN HIS JUST WAR ETHICS AND THE EGYPT PLAN”. Karadeniz Araştırmaları 21, sy. 84 (Aralık 2024): 1229-41. https://doi.org/10.56694/karadearas.1579268.
EndNote Yılmaz H, Birgül OG (01 Aralık 2024) LEIBNIZ’S DILEMMA OF THE ETHICS OF CONQUEST: THE CONFLICT BETWEEN HIS JUST WAR ETHICS AND THE EGYPT PLAN. Karadeniz Araştırmaları 21 84 1229–1241.
IEEE H. Yılmaz ve O. G. Birgül, “LEIBNIZ’S DILEMMA OF THE ETHICS OF CONQUEST: THE CONFLICT BETWEEN HIS JUST WAR ETHICS AND THE EGYPT PLAN”, Karadeniz Araştırmaları, c. 21, sy. 84, ss. 1229–1241, 2024, doi: 10.56694/karadearas.1579268.
ISNAD Yılmaz, Hüseyin - Birgül, Osman Gazi. “LEIBNIZ’S DILEMMA OF THE ETHICS OF CONQUEST: THE CONFLICT BETWEEN HIS JUST WAR ETHICS AND THE EGYPT PLAN”. Karadeniz Araştırmaları 21/84 (Aralık 2024), 1229-1241. https://doi.org/10.56694/karadearas.1579268.
JAMA Yılmaz H, Birgül OG. LEIBNIZ’S DILEMMA OF THE ETHICS OF CONQUEST: THE CONFLICT BETWEEN HIS JUST WAR ETHICS AND THE EGYPT PLAN. Karadeniz Araştırmaları. 2024;21:1229–1241.
MLA Yılmaz, Hüseyin ve Osman Gazi Birgül. “LEIBNIZ’S DILEMMA OF THE ETHICS OF CONQUEST: THE CONFLICT BETWEEN HIS JUST WAR ETHICS AND THE EGYPT PLAN”. Karadeniz Araştırmaları, c. 21, sy. 84, 2024, ss. 1229-41, doi:10.56694/karadearas.1579268.
Vancouver Yılmaz H, Birgül OG. LEIBNIZ’S DILEMMA OF THE ETHICS OF CONQUEST: THE CONFLICT BETWEEN HIS JUST WAR ETHICS AND THE EGYPT PLAN. Karadeniz Araştırmaları. 2024;21(84):1229-41.