Effect of Stocking Rate on Forage Availability and Growth Performance of Goat Kids in Mediterranean Kermes Oak Shrublands

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 1, 0 - 0, 02.06.2016

Türkay Türkoğlu , Sultan Bekiroğlu , Ahmet Tolunay

https://doi.org/10.17475/kujff.70812

Öz

This study aims to investigate the effect of stocking rate on vegetation cover (VC) and forage mass (FM) of Mediterranean Kermes oak shrublands, and the growth performance of pure hair goat kids (Capra hircus L.). Two villages that had the same ecological conditions but where the presence of pure hair goats did or did not exceed the grazing capacity were selected specifically within this scope. The birth weight (BW) and the daily live weight gain at 90 days (DLWG at 90 days) of pure hair goat kids in these villages were identified and compared in order to monitor their growth. As a result, there is a very strong positive correlation between the growth performance of goat kids, and VC and FM in these villages (P<0.01). Results indicated that high stocking rate effect forage availability and this situation cause decrease in the growth performance of goat kids. It was concluded that forage availability and stocking rate in grazing plans are points to consider providing sustainable goat farming.

Kaynakça

• Aksakal E.L., Oztas T., Ozgul M. 2011. Time-dependent changes in distribution patterns of soil bulk density and penetration resistance in a rangeland under overgrazing. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 35(2), 195-204.
• Alkan, H., Korkmaz, M. 2009. Impacts on nomadic livestock of strict nature protect efforts: an example from Isparta-Egirdir region, Turkey. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 8(8), 1527-1534.
• Alkan, H., Korkmaz, M., Tolunay, A. 2009. Assessment of primary factors causing positive or negative local perceptions on protected areas. Journal of Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management, 17(1), 20-27.
• Alkan, H., Ugur, T. 2015. Views of hair goat breeders concerning the relationship between nomadic livestock and forestry: an example from the Turkey. International Journal of Environmental Research, 9(3), 969-976.
• Animut G., Goetsch A.L. 2008. Co-grazing of sheep and goats, benefits and constraints. Small Ruminant Research, 77(2), 127–145.
• Ash A.J, Norton B.W. 1987. Studies with the Australian Cashmere goat. II. Effects of dietary protein concentration and feeding level on body composition of male and female goats. Crop and Pasture Science, 38(5), 971-982.
• Ashraf N., Anwar M., Hussain I., Nawaz M.A. 2014. Competition for food between the markhor and domestic goat in Chitral, Pakistan. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 38(2), 191–198.
• Askar A.R., Gipson T.A., Puchala R., Tesfai K., Detweiler G.D., Asmare A., Keli A., Sahlu T., Goetsch A.L. 2013. Effects of stocking rate and physiological state of meat goats grazing grass/forb pastures on forage intake, selection, and digestion, grazing behavior, and performance. Livestock Science, 154(1), 82-92.
• Atalay I. 2006. Formation, Classification and Geography of Soil. ISBN: 9750021624, 584 p, Meta Basımevi, Izmir, Turkey.
• Babalık A, 2006. The structure of range vegetation of Isparta region and its relations with some soil properties and topografic factors. Ph.D. Thesis, Suleyman Demirel University, Turkey.
• Bekiroglu S., Tolunay A. 2010a. Locality and its importance in pure hair goat raising (Capra hircus L.), example from Teke region. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 9(16), 2200-2206.
• Bekiroglu S., Tolunay A. 2010b. Persistence of the inhabitants of a region to raise pure hair goats, a case study on the province of Burdur in Turkey. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 9(19), 2552-2560.
• Bekiroglu S., Tolunay A, 2011.. Modeling of the relations between pure hair goats (Capra hircus L.) and forest resources in the geographic regions of Turkey. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 6(5), 440–450.
• Castel J.M., Ruiz F.A., Mena Y., Sánchez-Rodríguez M. 2010. Present situation and future perspectives for goat production systems in Spain. Small Ruminant Research, 89(2), 207-210.
• Cemal I., Yılmaz O., Karaca O. 2013. Birth weights and growth performances of hair goat kids raised in Denizli province of Turkey. Scientific Papers Series D. Animal Science, ISSN 2285-5750, 36-40.
• Choi S.H., Choy Y.H., Kim Y.K., Hur S.N. 2006. Effects of feeding browses on growth and meat quality of Korean black goats. Small Ruminant Research, 65(3), 193-199.
• Cook C.W. 1964. Symposium on nutrition of forages and pastures, collecting forage samples representative of ingested material of grazing animals for nutritional studies. Journal of Animal Science, 23(1), 265–270.
• Dumont B., Mew-et M., Prud M. 1995. Direct observation of biting for studying grazing behavior of goats and llamas on garrigue rangelands. Small Ruminant Research, 16(1), 27–35.
• Evangelou C., Yiakoulaki M., Papanastasis V. 2014. Spatio-temporal analysis of sheep and goats grazing in different forage resources of Northern Greece. Hacquetia 13, 205–213.
• Gordon I.J. 2003. Browsing and grazing ruminants, are they different beasts? Forest Ecology and Management, 181(1), 13-21.
• Jimenez-Badillo M.R., Rodrigues S., Sanudo C., Teixeira A. 2009. Non-genetic factors affecting live weight and daily gain weight in Serrana Transmontano kids. Small Ruminant Research, 84(1), 125-128.
• Kabir M.E., Sarker M.B., Saha B.K., Khandoker M.A.M.Y., Moniruzzaman M., 2014. Effect of different levels of dietary energy on growth and carcass traits of Black Bengal goat. Bang. Journal of Animal Science, 43(2), 159-165.
• Khan M.K., Naznin M. 2013. Study the live weight and live weight gain of black Bengal and Jamunapari goat breeds by fitting the linear regression under semi-intensive conditions. Pakistan Journal of Biology Science, 16(19), 998-1003.
• Kiage L.M. 2013. Perspectives on the assumed causes of land degradation in the rangelands of Sub-Saharan Africa. Progress in Physical Geography, 37(5), 664-684.
• Mancilla-Leytón J.M., Pino Mejías R., Martín Vicente A. 2013. Shrub vegetation consumption by goats in the southwestern Iberian Peninsula. Livestock Science, 153(1), 108–115.
• Manzano M.G., Návar J. 2000. Processes of desertification by goats overgrazing in the Tamaulipan thornscrub (matorral) in north-eastern Mexico. Journal of Arid Environments, 44(1), 1-17.
• Mellado M., Valdez R., Lara L.M., Lopez R. 2003. Stocking rate effects on goats, a research observation. Journal of Range Management, 56(29, 167-173.
• Milne J.A., Osoro K. 1997. The role of livestock in habitat management. Proc. 1st Conference of the Livestock Systems in European Rural Development (23-25 January 1997), Nafplio, Greece, 75-80.
• Morand-Fehr P., Boutonnet J.P., Devendra C., Dubeuf J.P., Haenlein G.F.W., Holst P., Capote J. 2004. Strategy for goat farming in the 21st century. Small Ruminant Research, 51(2), 175–183.
• Osoro K., García U., Jáuregui B.M., Ferreira L.M.M., Rook A.J., Celaya R. 2007. Diet selection and live-weight changes of two breeds of goats grazing on heathlands. Animal, 1(3), 449-457.
• Osoro K., Vassallo J.M., Celaya R., Martínez A. 1999. Livestock production systems and the vegetation dynamics of Less Favoured Areas (LFAs), developing viable systems to manage semi-natural vegetation in temperate LFAs in Spain. Proc. 2nd Conference of the Livestock Systems in European Rural Development, 133-143, Aberdeen, UK.
• Papachristou T.G. 1997. Foraging behaviour of goats and sheep on Mediterranean kermes oak shrublands. Small Ruminant Research, 24(2), 85–93.
• Papachristou T.G., Platis P.D., Nastis A.S. 2005. Foraging behaviour of cattle and goats in oak forest stands of varying coppicing age in Northern Greece. Small Ruminant Research, 59(2), 181–189.
• Papanastasis V.P. 2009. Restoration of degraded grazing lands through grazing management, can it work? Restoration Ecology, 17(4), 441-445.
• Perevolotsky A., Seligman N.G. 1998. Role of grazing in Mediterranean rangeland ecosystems. BioScience, 48(12), 1007-1017.
• Ramirez R.G. 1999. Feed resources and feeding techniques of small ruminants under extensive management conditions. Small Ruminant Research, 34(3), 215-230.
• Salem H.B., Salem I.B., Nefzaoui A., Said M.B. 2003. Effect of PEG and olive cake feed blocks supply on feed intake, digestion, and health of goats given kermes oak (Quercus coccifera L.) foliage. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 110(1), 45-59.
• Selemani I.S., Eik L.O., Holand Ø., Ådnøy T., Mtengeti E., Mushi D. 2013. Variation in quantity and quality of native forages and grazing behavior of cattle and goats in Tanzania. Livestock Science, 157(1), 173–183.
• Staaland H., Garmo T.H., Hove K., Pedersen O. 1995. Feed selection and radiocaesium intake by reindeer, sheep and goats grazing alpine summer habitats in Southern Norway. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 29(1), 39–56.
• Thornes J.B., 2007. Modelling soil erosion by grazing, recent developments and new approaches. Geographical Research, 45(1), 13-26.
• Tolunay A., Ayhan V., Adiyaman E., Akyol A., Ince D., 2009a. Dry matter yield and grazing capacity of kermes oak (Quercus coccifera L.) scrublands for pure hair goat (Copra hircus L.) breeding in Turkey’s Western Mediterranean region. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 8(2), 368–372.
• Tolunay A., Ayhan V., Adiyaman E., Akyol A., Ince D., 2009b. Herbage growth and fodder yield characteristics of kermes oak (Quecus coccifera L.) in a vegetation period. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 8(2), 290-294.
• Tolunay A., Ayhan V., Ince U., Akyol A. 2009c. Traditional usage of kermes oak (Quercus coccifera L.) and pure hair goat (Capra hircus L.) in a silvopastoral system on Davras Mountain in Anatolia, constraints, problems and possibilities. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 8(8), 1520-1526.
• Tolunay A., Turkoglu T. 2014. Perspectives and attitudes of forest products ındustry companies on the chain of custody certification, a case study from Turkey. Sustainability 6(2), 857–871.
• Tolunay A., Adıyaman E., Akyol A., Ince D., Turkoglu T., Ayhan V. 2014. An investigation on forage yield capacity of Kermes Oak (Quercus coccifera L.) and grazing planning of Mediterranean maquis scrublands for traditional goat farming. Scientefic World Journal, Article ID 398479, 1-9.
• Wehn S., Pedersen B., Hanssen S.K. 2011. A comparison of influences of cattle, goat, sheep and reindeer on vegetation changes in mountain cultural landscapes in Norway. Landscape and Urban Planning, 102(3), 177–187.
• Wilson P.N. 1958. The effect of plane of nutrition on the growth and development of the East African dwarf goat. I. effect of plane of nutrition on the live-weight gains and the external measurements of kids. Journal of Agriculture Science, 50(2), 198-210.
• Yagoub Y.M., Babiker S.A. 2008. Effect of dietary energy level on growth and carcass characteristics of female goats in Sudan. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 20(12), 12-17.
• Yiakoulaki M.D., Goetsch A.L., Detweiler G.D., Sahlu T. 2014. Effects of creep grazing and stocking rate on forage selection and nutritive value of the diet for meat goat does and kids on grass/forb pasture. Small Ruminant Research, 117(2), 119–123.