Rekreasyon Alanlarda Toprak Sıkışmasının Bitki ve Toprak Fizikokimyasal Özellikleri Üzerindeki Etkileri: Kastamonu Örneği

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 24 Sayı: 1, 22 - 40, 03.04.2024

Gamze Savacı , Khalid Mohamed M. Abokdar

https://doi.org/10.17475/kastorman.1460405

Öz

Çalışmanın amacı: Bu çalışmada rekreasyon alanı topraklarında, toprak penetrasyon direncinin toprak özellikleri ve ağaç fizyolojisi üzerindeki olası etkileri araştırılmıştır.
Çalışma alanı: Kastamonu’da bulunan Açık Maslak ve Kadıdağı rekreasyon alanlarda çalışılmıştır.
Materyal ve yöntem: Her bir rekreasyon alanı içerisinde park, yol, kontrol ve piknik alanların 395 toprak örneğinin bazı özellikleri belirlenmiştir. 61 noktada toprak penetrasyon direnci penetrometre ile ölçülmüştür. 42 ağacın taze ibre örneklerinde bazı fizyolojik özellikler belirlenmiştir.
Temel sonuçlar: Kontrol alanların toprak penetrasyon direnci orta derecede ve 1.6 MPa ile 2.1 MPa arasında değişirken, yüksek derecede sıkışmış diğer kullanım alanlarında 2.03 MPa ile 3.75 MPa arasında değişmektedir. Organik madde ve geçirgenlik değerlerinin artmasıyla toprağın penetrasyon direnci doğrusal olarak azalırken, hacim ağırlığının artmasıyla ile birlikte doğrusal olarak artmıştır. Ayrıca ağacın fizyolojik özellikleri toprak penetrasyon direncine etkisi istatistiksel olarak anlamsızdır (P>0.05).
Araştırma vurguları: Toprak kullanımına bağlı olarak, organik madde, permeabilite, hacim ağırlığı ve toprak nemi üzerinde toprak penetrasyon direncinin çok az da olsa etkili olduğu, ancak ağaçlardaki bazı kimyasal bileşiklerin toprak penetrasyon direncinde önemli bir eğilim göstermediği görülmüştür. Bulgularımız, rekreasyon alanı topraklarında orta ve yüksek derece sıkışmanın çoğunlukla ziyaretçilerin yoğunluğu ya da ziyaretçiler tarafından çiğnenmesinin önemli bir etkiye sahip olduğu ve bunun da toprağın bozulmasına yol açabileceğini göstermektedir

Anahtar Kelimeler

Toprak Sıkışması, Besin Elementi, Çam İbresi, Bitki Fizyolojisi, Rekreasyon

Effects of Soil Compaction on Vegetation and Soil Physicochemical Properties in Recreational Areas: A Case Study of Kastamonu

Öz

Aim of study: This study investigated the possible effects of soil penetration resistance on soil properties and tree physiology in recreational area soils.
Area of study: It was studied in Açık Maslak and Kadıdağı recreational areas in Kastamonu.
Material and methods: Some soil properties were determined in 395 soil samples from park, road, control, and picnic areas in each recreational area. At 61 points, soil penetration resistance was measured with a penetrometer. Some physiological properties were determined in fresh needle samples of 42 trees.
Main results: Soil penetration resistance in the control ranges from 1.6 MPa to 2.1 MPa, with medium compaction, while in other-use areas with high compaction ranged from 2.03 MPa to 3.75 MPa. The soil penetration resistance linearly decreased with increasing organic matter and permeability values. In contrast, the soil penetration resistance increased linearly with increasing soil bulk density. Additionally, the effects of all of tree’s physiological properties on soil penetration resistance were not found to be statistically significant (P>0.05).
Research highlights: Depending on soil use, it was observed that soil penetration resistance was less effective for organic matter, permeability, bulk density and soil moisture content. However, some chemical compounds in trees did not show a significant trend in soil penetration resistance. Our findings show that moderate to high compaction in recreational area soils often significantly affects visitor density or trampling by visitors, which can lead to soil degradation

Anahtar Kelimeler

Soil Compaction, Nutrients, Pine Needle, Plant Physiology, Recreation

Kaynakça

• Akbaş, B., Akdeniz, N., Aksay, A. & et al. (2011). 1:1.250 000 ölçekli Türkiye Jeoloji Haritası. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü Yayını, Ankara-Türkiye.
• Alameda, D. & Villar, R. (2012). Linking root traits to plant physiology and growth in Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl. seedlings under soil compaction conditions. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 79, 49-57.
• Alkan, S. (2014). The impacts of rural population changes on forests and forestry (a case study in Trabzon). Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty, 14(1), 69–78.
• Amrein, D., Rusterholz, H. P. & Baur, B. (2005). Disturbance of suburban Fagus forests by recreational activities: Effects on soil characteristics, above‐ground vegetation and seed bank. Applied Vegetation Science, 8(2), 175-182.
• Andrés-Abellán, M., Alamo, J. B. D., Landete-Castillejos, T., López-Serrano, F. R., García-Morote, F. A. & Cerro-Barja, A. D. (2005). Impacts of visitors on soil and vegetation of the recreational area “Nacimiento del Rio Mundo” (Castilla-La Mancha, Spain). Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 101 (1), 55-67.
• Angelini, R., Manes, F. & Federico, R. (1990). Spatial and functional correlation between diamine-oxidase and peroxidase activities and their dependence upon de-etiolation and wounding in chick-pea stems. Planta, 182(1), 89-96.
• Aravind, P. & Prasad, M. N. V. (2003). Zinc alleviates cadmium-induced oxidative stress in Ceratophyllum demersum L.: a free floating freshwater macrophyte. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 41(4), 391-397.
• Arnon, D. I. (1949). Copper enzymes in isolated chloroplasts. Polyphenoloxidase in Beta vulgaris. Plant Physiology, 24(1), 1.
• Atalay, İ. (2006). Toprak oluşumu, sınıflandırılması ve coğrafyası. Çevre ve Orman Bakanlığı.
• Aydin, S. S., Gokce, E. & Aras, S. (2012). Relationships among lipid peroxidation, enzyme activity and gene expression profiles of superoxide dismutase in Lycoper-sicum esculentum L. exposed to cold stress. Journal of Biotechnology,19, 48.
• Bates, L. S., Waldren, R. P. & Teare, I. D. (1973). Rapid determination of free proline for water-stress studies. Plant Soil, 39(1), 205-207.
• Bojko, O. & Kabała, C. (2014). Loss-on-ignition as an estimate of total organic carbon in the mountain soils. Polish Journal of Soil Science, 47(2).
• Bolan, N., Srivastava, P., Rao, C. S., Satyanaraya, P. V., Anderson, G. C., Bolan, S., ... & Kirkham, M. B. (2023). Distribution, characteristics and management of calcareous soils. Advances in Agronomy, 182, 81-130.
• Bolat, İ. & Kara, Ö. (2017). Plant nutrients: sources, functions, deficiencies and redundancy. Bartın Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 19(1), 218-228.
• Bouyoucos, G. J. (1936). Directions for making mechanical analysis of soils by the Hydrometer method. Soil Science, 42(3), 225-229.
• Bradford, M. M. (1976). A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Analytical Biochemistry, 72(1-2), 248-254.
• Bremer, L. L., Nathan, N., Trauernicht, C., Pascua, P., Krueger, N., Jokiel, J., ... & Daily, G. C. (2021). Maintaining the Many Societal Benefits of Rangelands: The Case of Hawaiʻi. Land, 10(7), 764.
• Cakir, M., Makineci, E. & Kumbasli, M. (2010). Comparative study on soil properties in a picnic and undisturbed area of Belgrad forest. Istanbul. Journal of Environmental Biolgy, 31(1), 125-128.
• Cakmak, I. (2002). Plant nutrition research: Priorities to meet human needs for food in sustainable ways. Plant Soil, 247(1), 3-24.
• Cataldo, D. A., Maroon, M., Schrader, L. E. & et al. (1975). Rapid colorimetric determination of nitrate in plant tissue by nitration of salicylic acid. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 6(1), 71-80.
• Chiapperini, G. & Donnelly, J. R. (1978). Growth of sugar maple seedlings in compacted soil. In Proc. Fifth North Amer. For BioI Workshop, 196-200.
• Closa, I. & Goicoechea, N. (2010). Seasonal dynamics of the physicochemical and biological properties of soils in naturally regenerating, unmanaged and clear-cut beech stands in northern Spain. European Journal of Soil Biology, 46(3-4), 190-199.
• Couée, I., Sulmon, C., Gouesbet, G. & et al. (2006). Involvement of soluble sugars in reactive oxygen species balance and responses to oxidative stress in plants. Journal of Experimental Botany, 57(3), 449-459.
• Deng, J., Qiang, S., Walker, G. J. & Zhang, Y. (2003). Assessment on and perception of visitors' environmental impacts of nature tourism: A case study of Zhangjiajie National Forest Park, China. Journal of sustainable tourism, 11(6), 529-548.
• Dunn, O. J. (1964). Multiple comparisons using rank sums. Technometrics, 6, 241-252.
• Hargreaves, P. R., Baker, K. L., Graceson, A., Bonnett, S., Ball, B. C. & Cloy, J. M. (2019). Soil compaction effects on grassland silage yields and soil structure under different levels of compaction over three years. European Journal of Agronomy, 109, 125916.
• Huang, J., Lacey, S. T. & Ryan, P. J. (1996). Impact of forest harvesting on the hydraulic properties of surface soil. Soil Science, 161, 79-86.
• IBM Corp, (2011). IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows. Version 20.0. IBM Corp. Armonk. NY.
• Kissling, M., Hegetschweiler, K. T., Rusterholz, H. P. & et al. (2009). Short-term and long-term effects of human trampling on above-ground vegetation, soil density, soil organic matter and soil microbial processes in suburban beech forests. Applied Soil Ecology, 42(3), 303-314.
• Kobaissi, A. N., Kanso, A. A., Kanbar, H. J. & et al. (2013). Morpho-physiological changes caused by soil compaction and irrigation on Zea mays. Eurasian Journal of Soil Science, 2(2), 114-121.
• Koç, İ., & Nzokou, P. (2022). Do various conifers respond differently to water stress? A comparative study of white pine, concolor and balsam fir. Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty, 22(1), 1-16.
• Korkanç, S. Y. (2014). Impacts of recreational human trampling on selected soil and vegetation properties of Aladag Natural Park, Turkey. Catena, 113, 219-225.
• Kozlowski, T. T. (1999). Soil compaction and growth of woody plants. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 14(6), 596-619.
• Kramer, P. J. & Boyer, J. S. (1995). Water relations of plants and soils. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
• Kristoffersen, A. Ø. & Riley, H. (2005). Effects of soil compaction and moisture regime on the root and shoot growth and phosphorus uptake of barley plants growing on soils with varying phosphorus status. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 72(2), 135-146.
• Küçük, M. & Yener, İ. (2019). Farklı arazi kullanımlarının toprakların bazı özellikleri ve azot mineralizasyonu üzerindeki etkisi (Rize. Kalkandere örneği). Bartın Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 21(3), 899-910.
• Kutiel, P., Zhevelev, Y. & Lavee, H. (2000). Coastal dune ecosystems: Management for conservation objectives III. Soil response of three vegetation types to recreational use. J Mediterr Ecol, 171-180.
• Lei, S. A. (2004). Soil compaction from human trampling, biking, and off-road motor vehicle activity in a blackbrush (Coleogyne ramosissima) shrubland. Western North American Naturalist, 125-130.
• Lipiec, J. & Stępniewski, W. (1995). Effects of soil compaction and tillage systems on uptake and losses of nutrients. Soil and Tillage Research, 35(1-2), 37-52.
• Lockaby, B. G. & Dunn, B. A. (1984). Camping effects on selected soil and vegetative properties. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 39(3), 215-216.
• Luo, L., Li, Y., Guo, F., Huang, Z., Wang, S., Zhang, Q., ... & Yao, Y. (2023). Research on robust inversion model of soil moisture content based on GF-1 satellite remote sensing. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 213, 108272.
• Lutz, H. J. (1945). Soil conditions of picnic grounds in public forest parks. J For, 43(2), 121-127.
• Ma, J., Liu, X. D. & He, X. L. (2016). Effects of tourism disturbance on soil properties of Qilian Mountains Scenery District. Soils, 48(5), 924-930.
• Mallikage, S. T., Perera, P., Newsome, D., Bandara, R. & Simpson, G. (2021). Effects of recreational camping on the environmental values of national parks in Sri Lanka. Tropical Life Sciences Research, 32(3), 119.
• Malmivaara-Lämsä, M., Hamberg, L., Haapamäki, E., Liski, J., Kotze, D. J., Lehvävirta, S. & Fritze, H. (2008). Edge effects and trampling in boreal urban forest fragments–impacts on the soil microbial community. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 40(7), 1612-1621.
• Marion, J. L. (2016). A review and synthesis of recreation ecology research supporting carrying capacity and visitor use management decisionmaking. Journal of Forestry, 114(3), 339-351.
• Mariotti, B., Hoshika, Y., Cambi, M., Marra, E., Feng, Z., Paoletti, E. & Marchi, E. (2020). Vehicle-induced compaction of forest soil affects plant morphological and physiological attributes: A meta-analysis. Forest Ecology and Management, 462, 118004.
• Materechera, S. A., Dexter, A. R. & Alston, A. M. (1991). Penetration of very strong soils by seedling roots of different plant species. Plant Soil, 135(1), 31-41.
• Mingyu, Y., Hens, L., Xiaokun, O. & et al. (2009). Impacts of recreational trampling on sub-alpine vegetation and soils in Northwest Yunnan, China. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 29(3), 171-175.
• Mulholland, B. J., Black, C. R., Taylor, I. B. & et al. (1999). Influence of soil compaction on xylem sap composition in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Journal of Plant Physiology, 155(4-5), 503-508.
• Nakano, Y. & Asada, K. (1981). Hydrogen peroxide is scavenged by ascorbate-specific peroxidase in spinach chloroplasts. Plant and cell physiology, 22(5), 867-880.
• Öksüz, Ç. (2019). Kastamonu şehir çöplüğünün çevresindeki toprak ve bitki örtüsünün ağır metal konsantrasyonun belirlenmesi. Yüksek lisans tezi, Kastamonu Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü. Kastamonu.
• Orzech, K., Wanic, M. & Załuski, D. (2021). The effects of soil compaction and different tillage systems on the bulk density and moisture content of soil and the yields of winter oilseed rape and cereals. Agriculture, 11(7), 666.
• Pearson, D., Melon, H. K. & Ronald, S. (1976). Chemical analysis of Food.8th edition.
• Reginato, R. J., Nakayama, F. S., Miller, J. B. & et al. (1983). Reducing seepage from stock tanks with uncompacted, sodium-treated soils (Doctoral dissertation, Colorado State University Libraries).
• Ripley, B. S., Gilbert, M. E., Ibrahim, D. G. & et al. (2007). Drought constraints on C4 photosynthesis: stomatal and metabolic limitations in C3 and C4 subspecies of Alloteropsis semialata. Journal of Experimental Botany, 58(6), 1351-1363.
• Sarah, P. & Zhevelev, H. M. (2007). Effect of visitors’ pressure on soil and vegetation in several different micro-environments in urban parks in Tel Aviv. Landscape Urban Plan, 83(4), 284-293.
• Sarıyıldız, T. & Küçük, M. (2005). Doğal orman alanların topraklarının sıkışması üzerinde insanların etkisi. Korunan Doğal Alanlar Sempozyumu, 85-87, Isparta.
• Savacı, G., & Öksüz, Ç. (2020). Investigation of heavy metal concentrations in soil caused by wild storage dumpsite in Kastamonu city. Turkish Journal of Forest Science, 4(1), 26-39.
• Schäffer, J. (2022). Recovery of soil structure and fine root distribution in compacted forest soils. Soil Systems, 6(2), 49.
• Schwab, A. P. & Lindsay, W. L. (1983). The effect of redox on the solubility of manganese in a calcareous soil. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 47, 217-220.
• Schwab, O. G. (1966). Soil and water conservation engineering. New York: Wiley.
• Shukor, N. N., Abdul-Hamid, H., Abdu, A. & et al. (2015). Effects of soil compaction on growth and physiological characteristics of Azadirachta excelsa seedlings. American Journal of Plant Physiology, 10(1), 25-42.
• Smiley, E. T., Calfee, L., Fraedrich, B. R. & et al. (2006). Comparison of structural and noncompacted soils for trees surrounded by pavement. Arboriculture and Urban Forestry, 32(4), 164-169.
• Smiley, E. T., Kielbaso, J. J. & Nguyen, P. V. (1986). Soil factors associated with manganese deficiency of urban sugar and red maples. Journal of arboriculture, 12(7), 169-173.
• Sujetovienė, G. & Baranauskienė, T. (2016). Impact of visitors on soil and vegetation characteristics in urban parks of central Lithuania. Environmental Research, Engineering and Management, 72(3), 51-58.
• Sun, C., Gao, X., Fu, J. & et al. (2015). Metabolic response of maize (Zea mays L.) plants to combined drought and salt stress. Plant Soil, 388(1), 99-117.
• Terzi, R., Kadioglu, A., Kalaycioglu, E. & Saglam, A. (2014). Hydrogen peroxide pretreatment induces osmotic stress tolerance by influencing osmolyte and abscisic acid levels in maize leaves. Journal of Plant Interactions, 9(1), 559-565.
• Tirado-Corbalá, R. & Slater, B. K. (2010). Soil compaction effects on the establishment of three tropical tree species. Arboriculture and Urban Forestry, 36, 164-170.
• Turgut, B. (2012). Soil compaction in forest soils. Turkish Journal of Forestry, 13(1), 66-73.
• USDA, (1993). Soil Survey Manual. Soil Survey Division Staff, Washington DC USA, 139 hal.
• Vistro, R. B., Talpur, M. A., Shaikh, I. A. & Mangrio, M. A. (2022). Impact of tractor wheels on physical properties of different soil types and the irrigation efficiency of the furrow irrigation method. Journal of Water and Land Development, (52).
• Wang, L., Wang, H., Tian, Z., Lu, Y., Gao, W. & Ren, T. (2020). Structural changes of compacted soil layers in northeast China due to freezing-thawing processes. Sustainability, 12(4), 1587.
• Witham, F. H., Blaydes, D. F. & Devlin, R. M. (1971). Experiments in plant physiology. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, USA, 167–200.
• Yuejin, L., Kelong, C., Zhifeng, L. & Guangchao, C. (2022). Short-term impacts of trampling on selected soil and vegetation properties of alpine grassland in Qilian Mountain National Park, China. Global Ecology and Conservation, 36, e02148.