Local Governments and Blockchain Technology: A Proposal of Governance Design / Strategy

Yıl 2019, , 475 - 487, 15.09.2019

Ebru Tekin Bilbil

https://doi.org/10.35674/kent.589841

Cited By: 1

Öz

New technologies, and new fields of governance created by these technologies challenge the traditional roles of public administration and reveal new players and roles within governance processes. Blockchain technology is a subject of both scientific and sectoral research as a part of the rapid digital transformation that constitutes Industry 4.0. Although Blockchain technology has potentials for the public sector, its impact on the public and public institutions is largely ignored. Based on telephone interviews conducted with Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality and Kartal Municipality in December 2018, this article proposes the need to employ an interdisciplinary research that is not purely technology-centered about the role of Blokchain technology in local governments. This study reveals that there a need to exame different blockchain design strategies in local administrations as well as the lack of information about blockchain technology in local administrations. Therefore, the article proposes a number of recommendations and governance strategies.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Blockchain, Local Governments, Governance, Design, Strategy

Yerel Yönetimler ve Blokzincir Teknolojisi:

Öz

Yeni
teknolojiler ve bu teknolojilerin yarattığı yeni yönetişim alanları, kamu
yönetiminin geleneksel rollerine meydan okumakta ve yeni yönetişim katmanları
ve rolleri ortaya çıkarmaktadır. Blokzincir teknolojisi Endüstri 4.0’ı
oluşturan hızlı dijital dönüşümün bir parçası olarak hem bilimsel hem de
sektörel araştırmalara konu olmaktadır. Blokzincir teknolojisinin kamu
sektöründe uygulanma potansiyeli olmasına rağmen yerel yönetimlere olan etkisi
göz ardı edilmektedir. Literatürde bu konuya yönelik disiplinlerarası bir
çalışma da bulunmamaktadır. Bu makale, İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi ve Kartal
Belediyesi ile Aralık 2018’te gerçekleştirilen telefon mülakatlarına dayanarak,
Blokzincir teknolojisinin yerel yönetimlerdeki yeri hakkında salt teknoloji
merkezli olmayan disiplinlerarası bir araştırmayı önermektedir. Bu çalışma
yerel yönetimlerde farklı Blokzincir tasarım değişkenlerinin irdelenmesi
gereğini ve yerel yönetimlerde Blokzincir teknoloji ile ilgili bilgi boşluğu
bulunduğunu ortaya çıkarmıştır. Bu minvalde, makale teknoloji yönetişimi ve
strateji yönetişimi açısından bir dizi öneriler sunmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Blokzincir, Yerel Yönetimler, Yönetişim, Tasarım, Strateji

Kaynakça

• Alabi, K. (2017). Digital blockchain networks appear to be following Metcalfe’s Law. Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, 24, 23-29.
• Altunbaşak, T. A. (2018). Blok Zincir (Blockchain) Teknolojisi ile Vergilendirme, Maliye Dergisi, Ocak-Haziran 2018; 174: 360-371
• Atalay, G. E. (2018). Blokzincir teknolojisi ve gazeteciliğin geleceği. Stratejik ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 2(2), 45-54.
• Ateş, B (2016). “Kripto Para Birimleri, Bitcoin ve Muhasebesi”, Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 7(1), 349- 366.
• Atzori, M. (2015). Blockchain technology and decentralized governance: Is the state still necessary?.
• Berryhill, J., T. Bourgery and A. Hanson (2018), “Blockchains Unchained: Blockchain Technology and its Use in the Public Sector”, OECD Working Papers on Public Governance, No. 28, OECD Publishing, Paris.
• http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/3c32c429-enBCTR. (2019). https://bctr.org/bogazici-universitesi-teknoloji-transfer-ofisi-girisimcileri-blockchain-ile-koruyor-6307/ BKM. 2018. Blockchain 101. https://www.bkm.com.tr/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/blockchain-101-v2.pdf
• Brown, A. D., & Thompson, E. R. (2013). A narrative approach to strategy-as-practice. Business History, 55(7), 1143-1167.
• Crotty, J. (2009). Structural causes of the global financial crisis: a critical assessment of the ‘new financial architecture’. Cambridge journal of economics, 33(4), 563-580.
• Dagher, G. G., Mohler, J., Milojkovic, M., & Marella, P. B. (2018). Ancile: Privacy-preserving framework for access control and interoperability of electronic health records using blockchain technology. Sustainable Cities and Society, 39, 283-297.
• Dai, M., Zhang, S., Wang, H., & Jin, S. (2018). A Low Storage Room Requirement Framework for Distributed Ledger in Blockchain. IEEE Access, 6, 22970-22975.
• Delloitte. (2018). https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/cz/Documents/financial-services/cz-2018-deloitte-global-blockchain-survey.pdf
• Dinh, T. T. A., Liu, R., Zhang, M., Chen, G., Ooi, B. C., & Wang, J. (2018). Untangling blockchain: A data processing view of blockchain systems. IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering, 30(7), 1366-1385.
• Dirican, C., & Canöz, İ. (2017). Bitcoin Fiyatları İle Dünyadaki Başlıca Borsa Endeksleri Arasındaki Eşbütünleşme İlişkisi: ARDL Modeli Yaklaşımı İle Analiz. Journal of Economics, Finance and Accounting, 4(4), 377-392.
• Ducas, E., & Wilner, A. (2017). The security and financial implications of blockchain technologies: Regulating emerging technologies in Canada. International Journal, 72(4), 538-562.
• Dulupçu, M. A., Yiyit, M., & Genç, A. G. (2017). Dijital Ekonominin Yükselen Yüzü: Bitcoin'in Değeri İle Bilinirliği Arasindaki İlişkinin Analizi. Süleyman Demirel University Journal of Faculty of Economics & Administrative Sciences, 22.
• Dupont, Q. (2017). Blockchain Identities: Notational Technologies for Control and Management of Abstracted Entities. Metaphilosophy, 48(5), 634-653.
• Earle, T. C. (2009). Trust, Confidence, and the 2008 Global Financial Crisis. Risk Analysis 29(6) 785.
• Findlay, C. (2017). Participatory cultures, trust technologies and decentralisation: innovation opportunities for recordkeeping. Archives and Manuscripts, 45(3), 176-190.
• Garson, G. D. (2006). Public information technology and e-governance: Managing the virtual state. Jones & Bartlett Learning.
• Gill, J., & Meier, K. J. (2000). Public administration research and practice: A methodological manifesto. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 10(1), 157-199.
• Goldenfein, J., & Leiter, A. (2018). Legal Engineering on the Blockchain: ‘Smart Contracts’ as Legal Conduct. Law and Critique, 29(2), 141-149.
• Governatori, G., Idelberger, F., Milosevic, Z., Riveret, R., Sartor, G., & Xu, X. On legal contracts, imperative and declarative smart contracts, and blockchain systems. Artificial Intelligence and Law, 1-33.
• Groeneveld, S., Tummers, L., Bronkhorst, B., Ashikali, T., & Van Thiel, S. (2015). Quantitative methods in public administration: Their use and development through time. International Public Management Journal, 18(1), 61-86.
• Gültekin, Y. (2017). Turizm Endüstrisinde Alternatif Bir Ödeme Aracı Olarak Kripto Para Birimleri: Bitcoin. Güncel Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1(2), 96-113.
• Hashed Health. (2019). https://hashedhealth.com/
• Hawlitschek, F., Notheisen, B., & Teubner, T. (2018). The limits of trust-free systems: A literature review on blockchain technology and trust in the sharing economy. Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, 29, 50-63.
• Hepkorucu, Atilla ve Genç, Sevdanur; (2017), Finansal Varlık Olarak Bitcoin’in İncelenmesi ve Birim Kök Yapısı Üzerine Bir Uygulama, Osmaniye Korkut Ata Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 1(2), ss. 47-58.
• Herian, R. (2018). Taking Blockchain Seriously. Law and Critique, 1-9.
• Houston, D. J., & Delevan, S. M. (1990). Public administration research: An assessment of journal publications. Public Administration Review, 50(6), 674.
• Huckle, S., & White, M. (2016). Socialism and the blockchain. Future Internet, 8(4), 49.
• Ishmaev, G. (2017). Blockchain technology as an institution of property. Metaphilosophy, 48(5), 666-686.
• İngiltere Hükümeti Blokzincir Raporu. (2016). https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/492972/gs-16-1-distributed-ledger-technology.pdf
• Jiang, P., Guo, F., Liang, K., Lai, J., & Wen, Q. (2017). Searchain: Blockchain-based private keyword search in decentralized storage. Future Generation Computer Systems. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/842634/1/Searchain%20%20Blockchain-based%20Private%20Keyword%20Search%20in%20Decentralized%20Storage%20.pdf
• Kall, J. (2018). Blockchain Control. Law and Critique, 29(2), 133-140.
• Karaoğlan, S., Arar, T., & Bilgin, O. (2018). Türkiye’de Kripto Para Farkındalığı ve Kripto Para Kabul Eden İşletmelerin Motivasyonları. Isletme ve Iktisat Calismalari Dergisi, 6(2), 15-28.
• Kardaş, S., & Kiraz, M. S. Bitcoin'de Mahremiyeti Sağlama Yöntemleri. Uluslararası Bilgi Güvenliği Mühendisliği Dergisi, 4(1), 1-9.
• Kettl, D. F. (2016). Making data speak: Lessons for using numbers for solving public policy puzzles. Governance, 29(4), 573-579.
• Kshetri, N. (2017a). Blockchain's roles in strengthening cybersecurity and protecting privacy. Telecommunications Policy, 41(10), 1027-1038.
• Kshetri, N. (2017b). Will blockchain emerge as a tool to break the poverty chain in the Global South?. Third World Quarterly, 38(8), 1710-1732.
• Larios-Hernández, G. J. (2017). Blockchain entrepreneurship opportunity in the practices of the unbanked. Business Horizons, 60(6), 865-874.
• Lemieux, V. L. (2016). Trusting records: is Blockchain technology the answer?. Records Management Journal, 26(2), 110-139.
• Li, X., Jiang, P., Chen, T., Luo, X., & Wen, Q. (2017). A survey on the security of blockchain systems. Future Generation Computer Systems.
• Lotti, L. (2016). Contemporary art, capitalization and the blockchain: On the autonomy and automation of art’s value. Finance and Society, 2(2), 96-110.
• Luton, L. S. (2015). Qualitative research approaches for public administration. Routledge.
• Manski, S., & Manski, B. (2018). No Gods, No Masters, No Coders? The Future of Sovereignty in a Blockchain World. Law and Critique, 1-12.
• Marsal-Llacuna, M. L. (2018). Future living framework: Is blockchain the next enabling network?. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 128, 226-234.
• Moyano, J. P., & Ross, O. (2017). KYC optimization using distributed ledger technology. Business & Information Systems Engineering, 59(6), 411-423.
• Nakamoto, S. (2008). Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer electronic cash system.
• Nofer, M., Gomber, P., Hinz, O., & Schiereck, D. (2017). Blockchain. Business & Information Systems Engineering, 59(3), 183-187.
• Notheisen, B., Cholewa, J. B., & Shanmugam, A. P. (2017). Trading Real-World Assets on Blockchain. Business & Information Systems Engineering, 59(6), 425-440.
• Novo, O. (2018). Blockchain Meets IoT: an Architecture for Scalable Access Management in IoT. IEEE Internet of Things Journal.
• O'Leary, D. E. (2017). Configuring blockchain architectures for transaction information in blockchain consortiums: The case of accounting and supply chain systems. Intelligent Systems in Accounting, Finance and Management, 24(4), 138-147.
• Olnes, S., Ubacht, J., & Janssen, M. (2017). Blockchain in government: Benefits and implications of distributed ledger technology for information sharing. Government Information Quarterly, October 2017.
• Osifo, O. C. (2015). Public management research and a three qualitative research strategy. Review Public Administration and Management, 3(1).
• Otte, P., de Vos, M., & Pouwelse, J. (2017). TrustChain: A Sybil-resistant scalable blockchain. Future Generation Computer Systems. Raadschelders, J. C. (2011). The future of the study of public administration: Embedding research object and methodology in epistemology and ontology. Public Administration Review, 71(6), 916-924.
• Raskin, M., & Yermack, D. (2016). Digital currencies, decentralized ledgers, and the future of central banking (No. w22238). National Bureau of Economic Research.
• Reese, F. (2017). Land Registry: A Big Blockchain Use Case Explored. CoinDesk, April 19, 2017.
• Sarıtekin, R. A., Karabacak, E., Durgay, Z., & Karaarslan, E. (2018, March). Blockchain based secure communication application proposal: Cryptouch. In Digital Forensic and Security (ISDFS), 2018 6th International Symposium on (pp. 1-4). IEEE.
• Savelyev, A. (2017). Contract law 2.0:‘Smart’contracts as the beginning of the end of classic contract law. Information & Communications Technology Law, 26(2), 116-134.
• Seidel, M. D. L. (2018). Questioning Centralized Organizations in a Time of Distributed Trust. Journal of Management Inquiry, 27(1), 40-44.
• Soylu, A. (2018). Endüstri 4.0 ve girişimcilikte yeni yaklaşımlar. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 32, 43-57.
• Subramanian, R., & Chino, T. (2015). The state of cryptocurrencies, their issues and policy interactions. Journal of International Technology and Information Management, 24(3), 2. Sun, J., Yan, J., & Zhang, K. Z. (2016). Blockchain-based sharing services: What blockchain technology can contribute to smart cities. Financial Innovation, 2(1), 26.
• Swan, M. (2017). Anticipating the Economic Benefits of Blockchain. Technology Innovation Management Review, 7(10), 6-13.
• Tekin Bilbil, E. T. (2017). The operationalizing aspects of smart cities: the case of Turkey’s smart strategies. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 8(3), 1032-1048.
• Tekin Bilbil, E. T. (2018a). Methodology for the Regulation of Over-the-top (OTT) Services: The Need of A Multi-dimensional Perspective, International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 8(1), 101-110.
• Tekin Bilbil, E. T. (2018b). Network Neutrality Policy Decision: The Case of Netflix in Turkey. Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 23, 40-54.
• TCCB. (2018). https://tccb.gov.tr/assets/dosya/2018-12-13-ikinci100gun.pdf
• Ticaret Bakanlığı. (2018). https://ticaret.gov.tr/data/5b921f0e13b87613646656bf/2018_%20Mali_Durum_Beklentiler_Raporu.pdf
• Ticaret Bakanlığı. (2019). İhracat "Blokzincir" Teknolojisiyle Hızlanacak. https://www.ticaret.gov.tr/haberler/ihracat-blokzincir-teknolojisiyle-hizlanacak, 31, 2019.
• Uğur, S., Güler, E., Yıldırım, H. ve Kurubacak, G. (2018). Transhümanist çağda mega açık üniversitelerin yeniden yapılandırılabilmesi için stratejik karar modeli ile bir blokzincir uygulamasının geliştirilmesi (editöre mektup). AUAd, 4(3), 5-11
• Ünsal, E., & Kocaoğlu, Ö. (2018). Blok Zinciri Teknolojisi: Kullanım Alanları, Açık Noktaları ve Gelecek Beklentileri. Avrupa Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 13, 54-64.
• Viana, D. (2018). Two technical images: blockchain and high-frequency trading. Philosophy & Technology, 31(1), 77-102.
• Wang, H., Chen, K., & Xu, D. (2016). A maturity model for blockchain adoption. Financial Innovation, 2(1), 12.
• Wolfond, G. (2017). A Blockchain Ecosystem for Digital Identity: Improving Service Delivery in Canada’s Public and Private Sectors. Technology Innovation Management Review, 7(10).
• Yeoh, P. (2017). Regulatory issues in blockchain technology. Journal of Financial Regulation and Compliance, 25(2), 196-208.
• Yeow, K., Gani, A., Ahmad, R. W., Rodrigues, J. J., & Ko, K. (2018). Decentralized consensus for edge-centric internet of things: A review, taxonomy, and research issues. IEEE Access, 6, 1513-1524.
• Yıldırım, H. (2018). Açık ve uzaktan öğrenmede blokzincir teknolojisinin kullanımı. Açıköğretim Uygulamaları ve Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(3), 142-153.
• Ying, W., Jia, S., & Du, W. (2018). Digital enablement of blockchain: Evidence from HNA group. International Journal of Information Management, 39, 1-4.
• Yüksel, A ( 2015). “Elektronik Para, Sanal Para, Bitcoin ve Linden Doları’na Hukuki Bir Bakış”, İstanbul Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Mecmuası, LXXIII, S. 2, s. 173- 220.
• Zamani, E. D., & Giaglis, G. M. (2018). With a little help from the miners: distributed ledger technology and market disintermediation. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 118(3), 637-652.
• Zhu, H., & Zhou, Z. Z. (2016). Analysis and outlook of applications of blockchain technology to equity crowdfunding in China. Financial innovation, 2(1), 29.
• Internet Linkleri:
• https://www.cityofberkeley.info/Clerk/City_Council/2018/05_May/Documents/2018-05-01_Item_22_Berkeley_Microbond_Blockchain.aspx
• https://gobiernoabierto.cordoba.gob.ar/blockchain/
• https://www.zawya.com/mena/en/press-releases/story/IBM_and_Elm_to_implement_Riyadh_Municipalitys_Blockchain_Roadmap-ZAWYA20180711124720/
• https://www.yianniskarousos.com/en/4028/
• https://www.portofrotterdam.com/en/news-and-press-releases/port-authority-and-municipality-of-rotterdam-launch-blockchain-technology
• https://medium.com/@cris.montoya92/china-has-big-plans-for-blockchain-positive-chinese-sentiment-to-return-8c86f68c688c
• https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/business/crypto-valley-_-switzerland-s-first-municipal-blockchain-vote-hailed-a-success/44230928