Haberciliğin Odak Noktası Yapıcı Gazetecilik ile Değişiyor mu?

Yıl 2022, Sayı: 8, 248 - 267, 28.06.2022

Emrah Budak

Öz

Haber üretim sürecinde genellikle olumsuz gelişmelerin haber değeri gördüğü kanısı geçmişten bu yana yaygın bir dille aktarılmaktadır. Haber bültenlerinde olumsuzlukların, şaşkınlık uyandıran gelişmelerin, savaş ve ölümlerin yoğun olarak sunulduğu bilinmektedir. Habercilik alanına olumsuz gelişmelerin hâkim olması haber tüketicilerini de olumsuz etkileyebilmekte, bireylerin dünyanın tasavvuru hakkında umutsuz bir bakış açısına sahip olmasına yol açabilmektedir. Haber ekosisteminde yer alan olumsuzluğun tolere edilmesi için pozitif psikoloji tekniklerinin yardımıyla ortaya çıkan yapıcı gazetecilik ise haberde olumlu gelişmeler ve çözümlerin de yer aldığı bir anlayışı temsil etmektedir. Bu çalışmada küresel alanda yaygınlaşmaya başlayan yapıcı gazeteciliğin ne olduğuna, nasıl icra edildiğine, habercilik alanına getirdiği farklılıklara, pozitif psikoloji ile ilişkisine ve küresel alandaki örneklerine değinilmektedir. Alanyazın taraması ile ele alınan çalışmada yapıcı gazeteciliğin çözüm ve gelecek odaklı, dünyayı ve yaşananları tüm yönleriyle aktaran, habere okuru da dahil ederek toplumu olumlu yönde harekete geçirmeye ikna eden bir nitelikte olduğu düşünülmektedir. Yapıcı gazeteciliğin özellikle Avrupa ve ABD’de hem akademik hem de pratik anlamda yaygınlaştığı saptanmakta, Türkiye’de ise ufak tefek haberler dışında herhangi bir haber kuruluşunun yapıcı gazetecilik için özel bir adım atmadığı görülmektedir. Ayrıca yapıcı gazeteciliğin, haberciliğin odak noktasını kökten değiştirebilecek bir gelişme olmadığı, geleneksel rutini tamamlayan bir yaklaşım olduğu saptanmaktadır

Anahtar Kelimeler

yapıcı gazetecilik, olumlu haber, çözüm gazeteciliği, pozitif psikoloji

Is the Focus of Journalism Changing with Constructive Journalism?

Öz

The belief that negative developments are generally newsworthy in the news production process has been widely conveyed since the past. It is known that negativities, surprising developments, wars and deaths are intensely presented in the news bulletins. The dominance of negative developments in the field of journalism can also negatively affect news consumers, causing individuals to have a hopeless perspective on the world's vision. Constructive journalism that emerges with the help of positive psychology techniques to tolerate the negativity in the news ecosystem, represents an understanding that includes positive developments and solutions in the news. In this study, it is mentioned what constructive journalism is, how it is carried out, the differences it brings to the field of journalism, its relationship with positive psychology and examples in the global field. In the study, which is handled through literature review, it is thought that constructive journalism is solution and future-oriented, conveys the world and events in all aspects, and persuades the society to take positive action by including the reader in the news. It has been determined that constructive journalism has become widespread both academically and practically, especially in Europe and the USA. In Turkey, on the other hand, it is seen that no news organization has taken a special attempt for constructive journalism, except for minor news. In addition, it is determined that constructive

journalism is not a development that can radically change the focus of journalism, but an approach that completes the traditional journalism.

Anahtar Kelimeler

constructive journalism, positive news, solutions journalism, positive psychology

Kaynakça

• Adorno, T. W. (2011). Kültür endüstrisi-kültür yönetimi (N. Ülner, M. Tüzel, ve E. Gen, Çev.). İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
• BBC News (t.y.). People fixing the world. Erişim adresi: https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p04grdbc/episodes/downloads.
• Ersoy, P. ve Lowen, M. (2018, 27 Nisan). Crossing divides: Turkish schools help Syrians integrate. BBC News. Erişim adresi: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-43900744.
• Best, K. (2013, 12 Kasım). Shifting our focus from problems in education to potential fixes. Seattle Times. Erişim adresi: https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/shifting-our-focus-from-problems-in-education-to-potential-fixes-kathy-best/.
• Bro, P. (2008). Normative navigation in the news media. Journalism, 9 (3), 309-329.
• Bro, P. (2019). Constructive journalism: Proponents, precedents, and principles. Journalism, 20 (4), 504–519.
• Chattopadhyay, S. (2019). Development journalism. T. P. Vos ve F. Hanusch (General Ed.)., D. Dimitrakopoulou, M. Geertsema-Sligh ve A. Sehl (Associate Ed.). The International Encyclopedia of Journalism Studies (s.1–8) içinde. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
• Çözüm Gazetecilik Ağı (t.y.). Mission. Erişim adresi: https://www.solutionsjournalism.org/about.
• Dahmen, N. S. (2016). Images of resilience: The case for visual restorative narrative. Visual Communication Quarterly, 23 (2), 93-107.
• Fjum, W. (2014, 2 Şubat). Constructive news-Ulrik Haagerup and Robert Wiesner talk. Erişim adresi: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q0rYBFH4H64&t=940s.
• Gable, S. L. ve Haidt, J. (2005). What (and why) is positive psychology? Review of General Psychology, 9 (2), 103–110.
• Galtung, J. (2013). High road, low road: Charting the course for peace journalism. J. Galtung ve D. Fischer (Ed.), Springer briefs on pioneers in science and practice 5 (s. 95-102) içinde. Heidelberg: Springer.
• Galtung, J. ve Ruge, M. H. (1965). The structure of foreign news. Journal of Peace Research, 2 (1), 64-91.
• Good & UpWorthy (t.y.). We are Good&Upworthy—a social impact company with a mass audience. Erişim adresi: https://goodinc.com/.
• Gyldensted C. (2015). From mirrors to movers: Five elements of positive psychology in constructive journalism. Charleston, SC: GGroup Publishing.
• Gyldensted, C. (2011). Innovating news journalism through positive psychology (Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania.
• Haagerup, U. (2015). Constructive news: Why negativity destroys the media and democracy—and how to improve journalism of tomorrow. NY: InnoVatio Publishing.
• Haagerup, U. (2017). Constructive news: How to save the media and democracy with journalism of tomorrow. Aarhus: Aarhus University Press.
• Harcup, T. ve O’Neill, D. (2017) What is news? Journalism Studies, 18 (12), 1470-1488.
• Harms, F. (2015, 14 Ağustos). Articles that continue. Spiegel. Erişim adresi: https://www.spiegel.de/kultur/gesellschaft/florian-harms-constructive-journalism-artikel-die-weitergehen-a-1048166.html.
• Hermans, L. ve Gyldensted, C. (2019). Elements of constructive journalism: Characteristics, practical application and audience valuation. Journalism, 20 (4), 535-551.
• Huffington Post (t.y.). What’s working. Erişim adresi: https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/news/whats-working/. Inkline (t.y.). About. Erişim adresi: https://the-inkline.com/about/.
• Karatabanoğlu, S. (2021, 11 Mayıs). Gazetecilikte değişen odak: Çözüm gazeteciliği. NewslabTurkey. Erişim adresi: https://www.newslabturkey.org/2021/05/11/gazetecilikte-degisen-odak-cozum-gazeteciligi/.
• Kleemans, M., Schlindwein, L. F. ve Dohmen, R. (2017a). Preadolescents’ emotional and prosocial responses to negative TV news: Investigating the beneficial effects of construc- tive reporting and peer discussion. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 46 (9), 2060–2072.
• Kleemans, M., De Leeuw, R. N., Gerritsen, J. ve Buijzen, M. (2017b). Children’s responses to neg- ative news: The effects of constructive reporting in newspaper stories for children. Journal of Communication, 67 (5), 781–802.
• Kovach, B. ve Rosenstiel, T. (2021). The elements of journalism: What news people should know and the public should expect. New York: Crown.
• Lagercrantz, A. (2018, 18 Aralık). SVT:s nyhetsjournalistik viktas om. SVT. Erişim adresi: https://omoss.svt.se/arkiv/bloggarkiv/2018-12-18-svts-nyhetsjournalistik-viktas-om.html.
• Lynch, J. (2007). A course in peeace journalism. Conflict and Communication Online, 6 (1), 1-20.
• MacGregor, M. (2020, 10 Aralık). Constructive journalism: Why and how journalists want to change the rules. Deutsche Welle. Erişim tarihi: https://www.dw.com/en/constructive-journalism-why-and-how-journalists-want-to-change-the-rules/a-55885594.
• Mast, J., Coesemans, R. ve Temmerman, M. (2019). Constructive journalism: Concepts, practices, and discourses. Journalism, 20 (4), 492–503.
• McIntyre K. E., Dahmen N. S. ve Abdenour, J. (2018). The contextualist function: US newspaper journalists value social responsibility. Journalism, 19 (12), 1657–1675.
• McIntyre, K. E. (2015). Constructive journalism: The effects of positive emotions and solution information in news stories (Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi). The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.
• McIntyre, K. E. (2016) What makes “good” news newsworthy? Communication Research Reports, 33 (3), 223-230.
• McIntyre, K. E. ve Gibson, R. (2016) Positive news makes readers feel good: A “Silver-Lining” approach to negative news can attract audiences. Southern Communication Journal, 81 (5), 304-315.
• McIntyre, K. ve Gyldensted, C. (2017). Constructive journalism: Applying positive psychology techniques to news production. The Journal of Media Innovations, 4 (2), 20-34.
• Nölleke, D. (2019). Constructive journalism. T. P. Vos ve F. Hanusch (General Ed.)., D. Dimitrakopoulou, M. Geertsema-Sligh ve A. Sehl (Associate Ed.)., The International Encyclopedia of Journalism Studies (s. 1-4) içinde. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
• Obitso, O. (2016, 11 Ocak). TV 2 will be constructive in 19 The News. TV 2. Erişim adresi: https://journalisten.dk/tv-2-vil-vaere-konstruktive-i-19-nyhederne/.
• Oxley, M. R. (2018, 12 Şubat). The good news is… people like to read good news. The Guardian. Erişim adresi: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/feb/12/but-first-here-is-the-good-news-. Perspective Daily (t.y.). Konstruktiver journalismus. Erişim adresi: https://perspective-daily.de/konstruktiver_journalismus/definition.
• Positive News (t.y.). About positive news. Erişim adresi: https://www.positive.news/about/.
• Reporters d'Espoirs (t.y). We are reporters of hope. Erişim adresi: https://reportersdespoirs.org/qui-sommes-nous/.
• Reuters Enstitüsü (2019). Digital news report. Oxford: Reuters Institute Publication.
• Russo, A. (2015, 18 Eylül). Boston globe launches expanded education effort. Phi Delta Kappan. Erişim adresi: http://kappanonline.org/boston-globe-launches-expanded-education-effort/.
• Seligman, M. (2012). Flourish: A visionary new under- standing of happiness and well-being. William Heinemann: Australia.
• Sheldon, K. M. ve King, L. (2001). Why positive psychology is necessary. American Psychologist, 56 (3), 216–217. Sparknews (t.y.). Our story. Erişim adresi: https://www.sparknews.com/en/our-story/.
• Tellmann, V. (2018, 26 Haziran). The Bright Side-DW launches new constructive journalism format. Deutsche Welle. Erişim adresi: https://www.dw.com/en/the-bright-side-dw-launches-new-constructive-journalism-format/a-44404014.
• Teyit.org Raporu (2019). Medya kullanımı ve haber tüketimi: Güven, doğrulama, siyasi kutuplaşma raporu. Ankara: Teyit.org.
• The Christian Science Monitor (t.y.). What is The Christian Science Monitor? Erişim adresi: https://www.csmonitor.com/About.
• The Correspondent (t.y.a). Frequently asked questions. Erişim adresi: https://thecorrespondent.com/faq.
• The Guardian (t.y.). The upside. Erişim adresi: https://www.theguardian.com/world/series/the-upside.
• The New York Times (t.y.). Fixes. Erişim adresi: https://www.nytimes.com/column/fixes. Time (t.y.). Optimist. Erişim adresi: https://time.com/tag/optimist/.
• Tomm, K. (1988). Interventive interviewing: Part III. intending to ask lineal, circular, strategic or reflexive questions? Family Process, 27 (1), 1-15.
• Uzun, R. (2006). Gazetecilikte yeni bir yönelim: Yurttaş gazeteciliği. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 16, 633-656.
• Williams, W. (1914). Journalist’s creed. Erişim adresi: https://journalism.missouri.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/journalists-creed-download.pdf.
• Yapıcı Enstitü (2021). Nuancing the narrative– calls for constructive news: Constructive Institute Annual Report 2019-20. Aarhus: Aarhus University.
• Yapıcı Enstitü (t.y.a). Frequently asked questions. Erişim adresi: https://constructiveinstitute.org/what/facts-and-questions/.
• Yapıcı Enstitü (t.y.b). What is constructive journalism? Erişim adresi: https://constructiveinstitute.org/what/an-additional-layer/.
• Yapıcı Gazetecilik Projesi (2020). Constructive journalism project: A brief history. Erişim adresi: https://www.constructivejournalism.org/. YES Magazine (t.y.). About YES. Erişim adresi: https://www.yesmagazine.org/about.
• Yıldırım, E. F. (2021). İletişim çalışmaları ve psikoloji birlikteliğinin önemi: COVID-19 pandemisi bağlamında disiplinler arası bir analiz. Türkiye İletişim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 38, 155-173.
• Yurdigül, A. (2014). Olumsuz olayların televizyon ana haber bültenlerinde sunumu: “Soma Faciası” üzerine bir inceleme çalışması. e-Gifder, 2 (4), 71-99.
• Zhang, Y. ve Matingwina, S. (2016). Constructive journalism: A new journalistic paradigm of Chinese media in Africa. X. Zhang, H. Wasserman ve W. Mano (Ed.)., China’s media and Soft Power in Africa (s. 93–105) içinde. New York City: Palgrave Macmillan.
• Zhang. Y. (2014, Eylül). Understand China’s media in Africa from the perspective of constructive journalism. 2014 International Conference China and Africa Media, Communications and Public Diplomacy (s. 7-10) içinde. Beijing, Çin: Center for Global Media & Communication Studies.