ÖLÇÜSÜZ TURİZM’E (OVER-TOURISM) DAİR KAVRAMSAL BİR YAKLAŞIM

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 23, 609 - 621, 26.11.2020

Oğuz Çolak , Vahit Oğuz Kiper , Orhan Batman

https://doi.org/10.20990/kilisiibfakademik.725031

Cited By: 5

Öz

Kent destinasyonları turizm akımlarının uğrak yeri olması ile birlikte buralarda bazı sorunlar meydana gelmektedir. Bu sorunların önde gelenleri kent destinasyonlarını turistlerin ve yerel halkın paylaşmasından kaynaklanan sorunlardır. Ölçüsüz turizm kavramı, kent destinasyonlarındaki turizm hareketlerinin kabul edilebilir ölçülerin dışına çıkmasını ifade etmektedir. Çalışmanın amacı uluslararası alanyazında “overtourism” olarak kabul görmüş kavramsal ifadenin Türkçe alanyazındaki karşılığının tartışılması ve dünya genelinde ölçüsüz turizm sorunu yaşayan kent destinasyonlarının karşılaştıkları sorunlara ve durumlarına dair genel bir bakış açısı elde etmektir. Çalışmanın amacı doğrultusunda, yorumlayıcı paradigma ekseninde, nitel veri toplama yöntemlerinden arşiv-doküman tarama ve alanyazın incelemesi yöntemleri kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular, araştırmacılar tarafından betimsel analiz yöntemi ile yorumlanmıştır. Arşiv doküman tarama aşamasında, yurtiçi ve yurtdışı internet bazlı medya-haber kanalları incelenmiş, overtourism sorunu ile ismi anılan kent destinasyonları incelenmiştir. Yine benzer şekilde ilgili uluslararası alanyazın incelenerek, kent destinasyonlarına dair overtourism içerikli araştırmalar incelenmiş ve bazı bulgular elde edilmiş ve yorumlanmıştır. Bu araştırmanın, “ölçüsüz turizm” olarak adlandırılan “overtourism” konusunda genel bir perspektif sunması, bu konudaki bilgileri derlemesi, konunun kavramsal çerçevesinin tartışmaya açılarak daha da netleştirilmesine katkı sunması beklenmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Ölçüsüz Turizm, Sürdürülebilir Turizm, Taşıma Kapasitesi, Kent Destinasyonları

Destekleyen Kurum

Yok

Proje Numarası

Yok

Kaynakça

• ADIE, B.A., FALK, M. ve SAVIOLI, M. (2019). Overtourism as a Perceived Threat to Cultural Heritage in Europe, Current Issues in Tourism, 1-5.
• ALEXIS, P. (2017). Over-Tourism and Anti-Tourist Sentiment: An Exploratory Analysis and Discussion, “Ovidius” University Annals, Economic Sciences Series, 17(2), 288-293.
• ALTANLAR, A. ve KESİM, G.A. (2011). Sürdürülebilir Turizm Planlaması İçin Yöre Halkı ve Yerli Turistlerin Davranış ve Beklentilerini Anlamaya Yönelik Bir Araştırma: Akçakoca Örneği, Ankara Üniversitesi Çevrebilimleri Dergisi, 3(2), 1-20.
• BUTLER, R. (2018). Overtourism Challenges and Opportunities, Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes, 10(3), 635-641.
• CALZADA, I. (2018). Local Entrepreneurship Through a Multistakeholders's Tourism Living in the Post violence/Peripheral Era in the Basque Country, Regional Science Policy & Practice, 10(2), 1-16.
• CAPOCCHI, A., VALLONE, C., PİEROTTİ, M., ve AMADUZZİ, A. (2019). Overtourism: A Literature Review to Assess Implications and Future Perspectives, Sustainability(11), 1-18.
• CARBALLO, R.R., LEON, C.J. ve CARBALLO, M.M. (2019). Fighting overtourism in Lanzarote (Spain), Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes. 11(5), 506-515.
• CHHABRA, D. (2010). Sustainable Marketing of Cultural and Heritage Tourism, London & New York: Routledge Critical Studies in Tourism, Business and Management Series.
• CHOI, H.-S. C. ve SARIKAYA, E. (2005). Measuring Residents' Attitude Toward Sustainable Tourism: Development of Sustainable Tourism Attitude Scale, Journal of Travel Research(43), 380-394.
• COCCOSSIS, H., ve PARPAIRIS, A. (2000). Tourism and the Environment: Some Observations on the Concept of Carrying Capacity. (ED). BRIASSOULIS, J. H., ve STRAATEN, V. D., Tourism and the Environment (s. 91-105). Netherland, Springer.
• COOK, R., SU, C. H., ve MARQUA, J. (2014). Tourism the Business of Hospitality and Travel. Pearson .
• DİLEK, S. E. (2016). Turizm ve Çevre İlişkisi. (Ed.) KOÇAK, N., Sürdürülebilir Turizm Yönetimi (s. 14-21), Ankara, Detay Yayıncılık.
• DUYAR, M., ve BAYRAM, M. (2019). Overtourism and Tourismphobia: Evolution and Host and Tourism Relationship. International Journal of Geography and Geography Education (40), 347-362.
• GEOFREY, W., ve ALISTER, M. (2006). Tourism Change, Impacts and Opportunities, Pearson Education Limited.
• GOODWIN, H. (2017). The Challenge of Overtourism, Responsible Tourism Partnership.
• HOSPERS, G. R. (2019). Overtourism in European Cities: From Challenges to Coping Strategies, Cesifo Forum, 3(20), 20-24.
• JAMIESON, W. ve JAMIESON, M. (2019). Overtourism Management Competencies in Asian Urban Heritage Areas, International Journal of Tourism Cities, 5(4), 581-597.
• KOENS, K., POSTMA, A., ve PAPP, B. (2018). Is Overtourism Overused? Understanding the Impact of Tourism in a City Context, Sustanability, 10, 1-15
• KOH, E. ve FAKFARE, P. (2019). Overcoming “Over-tourism”: the Closure of Maya Bay, International Journal of Tourism Cities.
• KUŠCER, K. ve MIHALIC, T. (2019). Residents’ Attitudes towards Overtourism from the Perspective of Tourism Impacts and Cooperation—The Case of Ljubljana. Sustanability, 11, 1-16.
• LINO, B. ve MARIE, A. (2019). Has Overtourism Reached The Maltese Islands, Islands and Small States Institute.
• MARTIN, J.M.M., MARTINEZ, J.M.G. ve FERNANDEZ, J.A.S. (2018). An Analysis of the Factors Behind the Citizen’s Attitude of Rejection Towards Tourism in a Context of Overtourism and Economic Dependence on This Activity, Sustainability, 10, 1-18.
• MAXIMILIAN, B. (2019). From Overtourism to Sustainability: a Research Agenda From Qualitative Tourism Development in the Adriatic, Journal of Economic Geography, 1-18.
• MILANO, C., NOVELLI, M. ve CHEER, J. M. (2019). Overtourism and Degrowth: a Social Movements Perspective, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 27 (12), 1857-1875.
• NAMBERGER, P., JACKISCH, S., SCHMUDE, J. ve KARL, M. (2019). Overcrowding, Overtourism and Local Level Disturbance: How Much Can Munich Handle?, Tourism Planning & Development, 16(4), 452-472.
• NEPAL, R. ve NEPAL, S.K. (2019). Managing Overtourism Through Economic Taxation: Policy Lessons From Five Countries. Tourism Geographies, 1-22.
• OKLEVIK, O., GOSSLING, S., HALL, M.C., JACOBSEN, J.K.S., GROTTE, I.P. ve MCCABE, S. (2019). Overtourism, Optimisation, and Destination Performance Indicators: a Case Study of Activities in Fjord Norway, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 27:12,1804-1824.
• PAGE, S. J. (2016). Turizm İşletmeciliği. (Çev.) Zafer Öter, Ankara, Nobel Yayınları.
• PANATIOTOPOULOS, A. ve PISANO, C. (2019). Overtourism Dystopias and Socialist Utopias: Towards an Urban Armature for Dubrovnik, Tourism Plannin & Development, 16(4), 393 410.
• PAPATHANASSIS, A. (2017). Over Tourism and Anti Tourist Sentiment: An Exploratory Analysis and Discussion, Ovidius University Annals Economic Sciences Series, 17(2), 288-293.
• ROONEY, S. A. (2011). Turizm Bir Sistemin Analizi, Ankara, Detay Yayıncılık.
• SEVİNÇ, F., ve DURAN, E. (2018). Sürdürülebilir Deniz Turizmi ve Tüketim Paradoksu: Tüketirken Tükenmek, Tüketici ve Tüketim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 10(2), 173-196.
• SARANTAKOU, E. ve TERKENLI, T. (2019). Non-Institutionalized Forms of Tourism Accommodation and Overtourism Impacts on the Landscape: The Case of Santorini, Greece, Tourism Planning & Development, 16(4), 411-433.
• SERAPHIN, H., SHEERAN, P. ve PILATO, M. (2018). Over-tourism and the Fall of Venice as a Destination, Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 9, 374-376.
• SINGH, T. (2018). Is Over-Tourism Downside of Mass Tourism? Tourism Recreation Research, 43(4), 415-416.
• SMITH, M.K., SZİVA, I.P. ve OLT, G. (2019). Overtourism and Resident Resistance in Budapest, Tourism Planning & Development, 16(4), 376-392.
• SONUÇ, N. (2014). Sürdürülebilir Turizm: Tanımı ve İçeriği. (Ed). Kozak, M., Sürdürülebilir Turizm Kavramlar-Uygulamalar (s. 13-28), Ankara, Detay Yayıncılık.
• TDK. (2019, 08 11). Türk Dil Kurumu Sözlükleri, http://sozluk.gov.tr/.
• TURKLE, S. (2015). Recleaming Conversation, New York, New York Basic Books.
• UNWTO (World Tourism Organization). (2018). Unwto Tourism Highlist, Madrid, UNWTO Publishing.
• UNWTO (World Tourism Organization). (2020). World Tourism Barometer, Madrid, UNWTO Publishing.
• WALL, G. ve MATHIESON, A. (2006). Tourism Change, Impacts and Opportunities, Harlow: Pearson Education Limited.
• WORLD TRAVEL & TOURİSM COUNCİL (WTTC). (2017). Coping With Success Managing Overcrowding in Tourism Destinations, McKinsey & Company and World Travel & Tourism Council.
• YILMAZ, Ö. D. (2014). Sürdürülebilir Turizm ve Destinasyon Yönetimi. (Ed). Kozak, M., Sürdürülebilir Turizm Kavramlar Uygulamalar (s. 275-292). Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
• YÜKSEK, G., DİNÇER, F.F.İ. ve DİNÇER, M.Z. (2019). Seyitgazi İlçesi Paydaşlarının Sürdürülebilir Turizm Farkındalıkları. Uluslararası Türk Dünyası Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(1), 107-121.
• ZELENKA, J., ve KACETL, J. (2014). The Concept of Carrying Capacity in Tourism, Economic Interferences, 16(36), 641-654.
• İnternet Kaynakları
• URL1: RYLEY. (2018, 1 Şubat). Machu Picchu – Overtourism Report. Overtourism Monitor, https://overtourism.com/, (16.08.2019).
• URL2: FOX, K. (2019, 15 Haziran). Venice Becomes The Front Line in the Battle Against Overtourism. CNN Travel, https://edition.cnn.com/, (20.08.2019).
• URL3: RT. (2018, 30 Nisan). ‘Venice is not a Theme Park’: Locals Tear Down Tourist Turnstiles Into City, RT Question More, https://www.rt.com/, (17.08.2019).
• URL4: BASKAS, H. (2019i 16 Haziran). From Amsterdam to Venice, the İmpact of too Many Tourists Sparks Outrage and Action, CNBC, https://www.cnbc.com/, (17.08.2019).
• URL5: QUEST, R. (2019, 23 Mayıs). How Amsterdam is Fighting Back Against Mass Tourism, CNN Travel, https://edition.cnn.com/, (16.08.2019).
• URL6: SCHLAGWEIN, F. (2019, 7 Mart). How Amsterdam is Fighting Mass Tourism, DW, https://www.dw.com/, (17.08.2019).
• URL7: S. (2018, 30 Ağustos). How Tourism is Killing Barcelona – A Photo Essay, The Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/, (18.08.2019).
• URL8: TOHPSON, S. (2017, 6 Şubat). Tourism Crisis: Barcelona to Limit the Number of Visitors. Tourism Review, https://www.tourism-review.com/, (16.08.2019).
• URL9: THE LOCAL. (2018, 4 Temmuz). Overtourism in Barcelona - Are The Battle Lines Drawn?. The Local, https://www.thelocal.es/, (20.08.2019).
• URL10:WAZIR, B. (2018, 1 Ekim). Overtourism in Iceland Threatens The Environment, WikiTribune, https://www.wikitribune.com/, (20.08.2019).
• URL11: COFFEY, H. (2019, 13 Haziran). Bruges Cracks Down on Overtourism to Avoid Becoming ‘Complete Disneyland. Independent, https://www.independent.co.uk/, (18.08.2019).
• URL12: MARCUS, L. (2019, 23 Ocak). Bali Considers a Tourist Tax. CNN Travel, https://edition.cnn.com/, (17.08.2019).
• URL13: THE ASIAN AGE. (2019, 13 Haziran). Travel Alert: Taj Mahal Finds New Means to Curb Overtourism. The Asian Age, https://www.asianage.com/, (20.08.2019).
• URL14: ALMANAZA, I. (2018, 19 Temmuz). Greece: New European Destination Victim of Overtourism?. Global Sustunaible Tourism Dashboard, https://www.tourismdashboard.org/, (19.08.2019).
• URL15: SPINKS, R. (2018, 16 Kasım). It’s a Bad Week For Gladiators—And Badly Behaved Tourists— in Rome. Quartzy, https://qz.com/, (19.08.2019).
• URL16: EQUAB, S. (2018, 15 Ekim). There is Such a Thing as too Much Tourism. Lakes Weekly, https://lwb.co.nz/, (19.08.2019).
• URL17: BRADY, S. (2019, 15 Temmuz). These European Cities are Calling for Limits on Cruise Ships. Lonely Planet. https://www.lonelyplanet.com/, (20.08.2019).
• URL18: MARCUS, L. (2019, 19 Temmuz). California 'Daffodil Hill' Closing Because of Overtourism. CNN Travel. https://edition.cnn.com/ (17.08.2019).
• URL19: PAUL, K. (2019, 9 Temmuz). 'Overtourism is Killing Big Sur': Activists Raise Banner in California Vacation Spot. The Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/, (20.08.2019).