Do Renewable Energy Sources Reduce Environmental Degradation? The Case of Turkey

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 24, 49 - 60, 10.05.2021

Aslı Özpolat , Ferda Nakıpoğlu Özsoy

https://doi.org/10.20990/kilisiibfakademik.794600

Cited By: 7

Öz

Purpose: The main purpose of the study is to investigate the effects of renewable energy sources on environmental degradation.
Design/Methodology: The effect of renewable energy consumption, non-renewable energy consumption, trade openness, and GDP per capita on carbon emissions between 1990-2015 has been analyzed by ARDL bound test approach in Turkey. In addition, the linear and parabolic effects of economic growth on environmental pollution have examined and the validity of the Environmental Kuznets Curve has been tested.
Findings: According to the ARDL bound test results, there is an inverted U-shaped relationship between CO2 emissions and GDP per capita in the short and long-term. Therefore, the Environmental Kuznets Curve is valid in Turkey. While a negative relationship between renewable energy consumption and CO2 emissions is determined, a positive relationship between non-renewable energy and carbon dioxide emissions is found. In addition, while the trade openness affects the environmental quality positively in the short term, it is concluded that it is statistically insignificant in the long term. Finally, while the impact of industrialization on environmental pollution is found statistically insignificant in the short term, it has a negative impact on environmental quality in the long term. Therefore, it is considered that investments in renewable energy sources should be increased to overcome problems such as environmental degradation and climate change.
Limitations: The latest data on CO2 emissions in existing databases belong to 2015. Therefore, more up-to-date data could not be used.
Originality/Value: Examining the impacts on the environmental quality of the renewable energy sector with ARDL bound testing by using the variables CO2 emission, GDP per capita, total energy use, openness ratio, renewable energy consumption and industrial sector value added in Turkey is the original value of the research.

Anahtar Kelimeler

CO2 Emission, Renewable Energy, ARDL, Environmental Degradation

Yenilenebilir Enerji Kaynakları Çevresel Bozulmayı Azaltıyor Mu? Türkiye Örneği

Öz

Amaç: Çalışmanın temel amacı yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarının çevresel bozulma üzerindeki etkilerini araştırmaktır.
Tasarım/Yöntem: Türkiye'de yenilenebilir enerji tüketimi, yenilenemeyen enerji tüketimi, dışa açıklık oranı ve kişi başına GSYİH'nın 1990-2015 yılları arasında karbon emisyonu üzerindeki etkisi ARDL sınır testi yaklaşımı ile analiz edilmiştir. Ayrıca, ekonomik büyümenin çevre kirliliği üzerindeki doğrusal ve parabolik etkileri incelenmiş ve Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi’nin geçerliliği test edilmiştir.
Bulgular: ARDL sınır testi sonucuna göre, kısa ve uzun dönemde CO2 emisyonu ile kişi başına GSYİH arasında ters U-şeklinde bir ilişki elde edilmiş, dolayısıyla Türkiye’de Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi’nin geçerli olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Yenilenebilir enerji tüketimi ile CO2 emisyonu arasında negatif bir ilişki tespit edilirken, yenilenemeyen enerji ile karbondioksit emisyonu arasında pozitif bir ilişki bulunmuştur. Ayrıca, dışa açıklık oranı kısa dönemde çevre kalitesini olumlu etkilerken, uzun dönemde istatistiki olarak anlamsız olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Son olarak, sanayileşmenin çevre kirliliği üzerindeki etkisi kısa dönemde istatistiki olarak anlamsız bulunurken, uzun dönemde çevre kalitesi üzerinde negatif bir etkiye sahip olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bu nedenle, çevresel bozulma ve iklim değişikliği gibi sorunların üstesinden gelmek için yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarına yapılan yatırımların artırılması gerektiği düşünülmektedir.
Sınırlılıklar: Mevcut veritabanlarında CO2 emisyonu ile ilgili son veri 2015 yılına aittir. Dolayısıyla daha güncel veri kullanılamamıştır.
Özgünlük/Değer: CO2 emisyonu, kişi başına GSYİH, toplam enerji kullanımı, dışa açıklık oranı, yenilenebilir enerji tüketimi ve sanayi sektörü katma değeri değişkenlerinin kullanılmasıyla Türkiye’de yenilenebilir enerji sektörünün çevresel kalite üzerindeki etkilerinin sınır testi yaklaşımıyla test edilmesi araştırmanın özgün değerini oluşturmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

CO2 Emisyonu, Yenilenebilir Enerji, ARDL, Çevresel Bozulma

Kaynakça

• Al-Mulali, U., & Öztürk, İ. (2015). The effect of energy consumption, urbanization, trade openness, industrial output, and the political stability on the environmental degradation in the MENA (Middle East and North African) region. Energy, 84, 382-389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2015.03.004
• Al-Mulali, U., & Öztürk, İ. (2016). The investigation of environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in the advanced economies: The role of energy prices. Renew Sust Energ Rev, 54, 1622-1631. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.10.131
• Al-Mulali, U., Solarin, S. A., & Öztürk, İ. (2016). Investigating the presence of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis in Kenya: An autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach. Nat Hazards, 80(3),1729-1747. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-015-2050-x
• Amin, A., Aziz, B., & Liu, X. H. (2020). The relationship between urbanization, technology innovation, trade openness, and CO2 emissions: Evidence from a panel of Asian countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09777-y
• Aslan, A., Destek, M. A., & Okumuş, İ. (2018). Sectoral carbon emissions and economic growth in the US: Further evidence from rolling window estimation method. Journal of Cleaner Production, 200, 402-411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.07.237
• Bölük, G., & Mert, M. (2014). Fossil & renewable energy consumption, GHGs (greenhouse gases) and economic growth: Evidence from a panel of EU (European Union) countries. Energy, 74, 439-446. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2014.07.008
• Chen, W., & Lei, Y. (2018). The impacts of renewable energy and technological innovation on environment-energy-growth nexus: New evidence from a panel quantile regression. Renew Energy, 123, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2018.02.026
• Chen, Y., Wang, Z., & Zhong, Z. (2019). CO2 emissions, economic growth, renewable and non-renewable energy production and foreign trade in China. Renewable Energy, 131, 208-216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2018.07.047
• Chiu, C. L., & Chang, T. H. (2009). What proportion of renewable energy supplies is needed to initially mitigate CO2 emissions in OECD member countries? Renew Sustain Energy Rev, 13(6), 1669-1674. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2008.09.026
• Cialani, C. (2007). Economic growth and environmental guality: An econometric and a decomposition analysis, Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal, 18(5), 568-577. https://doi.org/10.1108/14777830710778328
• Doğan, E., & Öztürk, İ. (2017). The influence of renewable and non-renewable energy consumption and real income on CO2 emissions in the USA: Evidence from structural break tests. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24(11), 10846-10854. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-8786-y
• Doğan, E., & Şeker, F. (2016). The influence of real output, renewable and non-renewable energy, trade and financial development on carbon emissions in the top renewable energy countries. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 60, 1074-1085. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.02.006
• Doğan, E., & Turkekul, B. (2016). CO2 emissions, real output, energy consumption, trade, urbanization and financial development: Testing the EKC hypothesis for the USA. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23(2), 1203-1213. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-5323
• Dünya Bankası, (2020, Temmuz). Dünya Bankası veri tabanı. https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators#
• Grossman, G. M., & Krueger, A. B. (1991). Environmental impacts of a north American free trade agreement, NBER Working Paper, No.3914, Washington. https://doi.org/10.3386/w3914
• IEA, (2016). Energy policies of IEA countries: Turkey 2016 review. https://www.iea.org/reports/energy-policies-of-iea-countries-turkey-2016-review
• IEA, (2018). Global energy and CO2 status report. https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-co2-status-report-2019
• IEA, (2019). World energy outlook 2019. https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2019/renewables#abstract 28.07.2020
• IPCC, (2019). Global warming of 1.5 Co https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/2/2019/06/SR15_Full_Report_Low_Res.pdf
• Jalil, A., & Mahmud, S. F. (2009). Environment Kuznets curve for CO2 emissions: A cointegration analysis for China. Energy Policy 37(12), 5167-5172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2009.07.044
• Jebli, M. B., & Youssef, S. B. (2015). The environmental Kuznets curve, economic growth, renewable and non-renewable energy, and trade in Tunisia. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 47, 173-185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.02.049
• Jebli, M. B., & Youssef, S. B. (2017). Renewable energy consumption and agriculture: Evidence for cointegration and Granger causality for Tunisian economy. Int J Sustain Dev World Ecol, 24, 149-158. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504509.2016.1196467
• Koç, S., & Buluş, G. C. (2020). Testing validity of the EKC hypothesis in South Korea: Role of renewable energy and trade openness. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09172-7
• Lin, S., Zhao, D., & Marinova, D. (2009). Analysis of the environmental impact of China based on STIRPAT model. Environ. Impact Assess. Rev, 29, 341-347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eiar.2009.01.009
• Liu, X., & Bae, J. (2018). Urbanization and industrialization impact of CO2 emissions in China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 172, 178-186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.10.156
• López-Menéndez, A. J., Pérez, R., & Moreno, B. (2014). Environmental costs and renewable energy: Re-visiting the Environmental Kuznets Curve. Journal of Environmental Management, 145, 368-373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.07.017
• Naz, S., Sultan, R., Zaman, K., Aldakhil, A. M., Nassani, A. A., & Abro, M. M. Q. (2019). Moderating and mediating role of renewable energy consumption, FDI inflows, and economic growth on carbon dioxide emissions: Evidence from robust least square estimator. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(3), 2806-2819. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-3837-6
• Ongan, S., Işık, C., & Özdemir, D. (2020). Economic growth and environmental gegradation: Evidence from the US case Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis with application of decomposition. Journal of Environmental Economics and Policy, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1080/21606544.2020.1756419
• Pesaran, M. H., & Shin, Y. (1998). An autoregressive distributed-lag modelling approachto cointegration analysis. Econometric Society Monographs, 31, 371-413. https://doi.org/10.1017/CCOL0521633230.011
• Raza, S. A., & Shah, N. (2018). Testing Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis in G7 countries: The role of renewable energy consumption and trade. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(27), 26965-26977. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-2673-z
• Ridzuan, N. H. A. M., Marwan, N. F., Khalid, N., Ali, M. H., & Tseng, M. L. (2020). Effects of agriculture, renewable energy, and economic growth on carbon dioxide emissions: Evidence of the Environmental Kuznets Curve. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 160, 104879. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.104879
• Shafik, N., & Bandyopadhyay, S. (1992). Economic growth and environmental quality: Time series and cross-country evidence (English). Policy, Research Working Papers; No. WPS 904. World Development Report, World Bank Group. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/833431468739515725/Economic-growth-and-environmental-quality-time-series-and-cross-country-evidence
• Shahbaz, M., Nasreen, S., Ahmed, K., & Hammoudeh, S. (2017). Trade openness–carbon emissions nexus: The importance of turning points of trade openness for country panels. Energy Econ, 61, 221-232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2016.11.008
• Shuai, C., Chen, X., Shen, L., Jiao, L., Wu, Y., & Tan, Y. (2017). The turning points of carbon Kuznets curve: Evidences from panel and time-series data of 164 countries. Journal of Cleaner Production, 162, 1031-1047. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.06.049
• Sinha, A., & Shahbaz, M. (2018). Estimation of Environmental Kuznets Curve for CO2 emission: Role of renewable energy generation in India. Renew Energy, 119, 703-711. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2017.12.058
• Sinha, A., Shahbaz, M., & Balsalobre, D. (2017). Exploring the relationship between energy usage segregation and environmental degradation in N-11 countries. J Clean Prod, 168, 1217-1229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.09.071
• Sulaiman, J., Azman, A., & Saboori, B. (2013). The potential of renewable energy: Using the Environmental Kuznets Curve model. Am J Environ Sci, 9(2), 103-112. http:// doi:10.3844/ajessp.2013.103.112
• Tachie, A. K., Xingle, L., Dauda, L., Mensah, C. N., Appiah-Twum, F., & Mensah, I. A. (2020). The influence of trade openness on environmental pollution in EU-18 countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09718-9
• United Nations (UN), (2015). The Paris aggrement. https://unfccc.int/files/essential_background/convention/application/pdf/english_paris_agreement.pdf
• World Health Organization, (2018). Achieving health benefit from carbon reductions. https://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/386923/health-carbon-reductions-eng.pdf?ua=1
• Yazdi, S. K., & Shakouri, B. (2017). Renewable energy, nonrenewable energy consumption, and economic growth, Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy, 12(12), 1038-1045. https://doi.org/10.1080/15567249.2017.1316795
• Zafar, M. W., Mirza, F. M., Zaidi, S. A. H., & Hou, F. (2019). The nexus of renewable and nonrenewable energy consumption, trade openness, and CO2 emissions in the framework of EKC: Evidence from emerging economies. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(15), 15162-15173. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-04912-w
• Zhou, X., Zhang, J., & Li, J. (2013). Industrial structural transformation and carbon dioxide emissions in China. Energy Policy, 57, 43-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2012.07.017