Research Article
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DETERMINATION OF THE CARBON FOOTPRINT OF ANIMAL WASTE AND CLIMATE CHANGE; KARAMAN EXAMPLE

Year 2024, Volume: 12 Issue: 3, 783 - 800, 01.09.2024
https://doi.org/10.36306/konjes.1423761

Abstract

Climate change is a major concern around the world. In this context, the carbon footprint of animal waste is of critical importance for sustainability and climate change management. The aim of this study is to estimate the carbon footprint resulting from animal breeding and animal waste in the Karaman region. In the study, 2022 data was used and there are 1019277 sheep and 81368 cattle for Karaman. In the study, Tier 1 and Tier 2 approaches were used to estimate methane gas emissions related to both enteric fermentation resulting from animal digestive processes and manure management. According to the results of the study, the results obtained using Tier 1 and Tier 2 approaches are as follows: 0.4924-0.5014 kg CO2e per 1 liter of milk for Cattle. For sheep, it is 4.5167-6.5627 kg CO2e per 1 kg of meat. For goat, it is 5.0813-6.0231 kg CO2e per 1 kg of meat. These results can be taken into account when creating strategies to reduce methane gas emissions. It is recommended to add better quality and high energy content foods to the feed ration, especially to reduce enteric fermentation. In addition, this study is a resource for relevant researchers working in the field in calculating the carbon loads of animal waste and is thought to be a guide for decision makers and practitioners.

References

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  • P. J. Gerber, H. Steinfeld, B. Henderson, A. Mottet, C. Opio, J. Dijkman, A. Falcucci and G. Tempio, ‘’Tackling Climate Change through Livestock - A Global Assessment of Emissions and Mitigation Opportunities,’’ Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome, 2013.
  • U.S. EPA (Environmental Protection Agency), Erişim Tarihi 24.05.2022.
  • E. Scheehle, ‘’Emissions and Projections of Non CO2 Green House Gases from Developing Countries 1990-2020,2022.
  • P. Demir, Y. Cevger, ‘’Küresel Isınma ve Hayvancılık Sektörü,’’ Veteriner Hekimler Derneği Dergisi, 78(1): 13-16, 2007.
  • FAO, ‘’Greenhouse gas emissions from the dairy sector: A life cycle assessment,’’ 2010.
  • K.A. Beauchemin, H.H. Janzen, S.M. Little, T.A. McAllister, S.M. McGinn, ‘’ Life cycle assessment of greenhouse gas emissions from beef production in western Canada: A case study,’’ Agricultural Systems, 103(6), 371-379, 2009.
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  • L.J. Müller, A. Kätelhön, M. Bachmann, A. Zimmermann, A. Sternberg, A. Bardow, ‘’A guideline for life cycle assessment of carbon capture and utilization,’’ Frontiers in Energy Research, 8-15, 2020.
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  • R. Schils, A. Verhagen, H. Aarts, L. Şebek, ‘’A farm level approach to define successful mitigation strategies for GHG emissions from ruminant livestock systems,’’ Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 71(2): 163-175, 2005.
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  • S. Wiedemann, S. Ledgard, B. Henry, M. Yan, N. Mao, S. Russell, ‘’Application of life cycle assessment to sheep production systems: investigating co- production of wool and meat using case studies from major global producers,’’ The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 20(4): 463-476, 2015.
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  • J. Owen, W. Silver, ‘’Greenhouse gas emissions from dairy manure management: a review of fıeld-based studies,’’ Global Change Biology, 21(2): 550-565, 2015.
  • C. Dunkley, B. Fairchild, C. Ritz, B. Kiepper, M. Lacy, ‘’Carbon footprint of poultry production farms in South Georgia: A case study,’’ Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 24(1): 73-79, 2015.
  • I. Batalla, M. Knudsen, L. Mogensen, O. del Hierro, M. Pinto, J Hermansen, ‘’Carbon footprint of milk from sheep farming systems in northern Spain including soil carbon sequestration in grasslands,’’ Journal of Cleaner Production, 104: 121-129, 2015.
  • M. Mujica, G. Blanco, E. Santalla, ‘’Carbon footprint of honey produced in Argentina,’’ Journal of cleaner production, 116: 50-60, 2016.
  • V. Cesari, M. Zucali, A. Sandrucci, A. Tamburini, L. Bava, I. Toschi, ‘’Environmental impact assessment of an Italian vertically integrated broiler system through a Life Cycle approach,’’ Journal of cleaner production, 143: 94-911, 2017.
  • R. Ibidhi, A. Hoekstra, P. Gerbens-Leenes, H. Chouchane, ‘’Water, land and carbon footprints of sheep and chicken meat produced in Tunisia under different farming systems,’’ Ecological indicators, 77: 304-313, 2017.
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  • Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı, 2020 Yılı Organik Tarım İstatistikleri,’’ 2020.
  • URL-1 Bursa Büyükşehir Belediyesi 2017. http://www.bursa.com.tr/bursanin-cografyasi- iklimi-ve-nufusu (Erişim Tarihi:18.04.2019)
  • IPCC, ‘’Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Chapter1: Introduction 1.1-1.21,‘’ 2006.
  • I. Maj, S. Kalisz, S. Ciukaj, ‘’Properties of animal-origin ash—A valuable material for circular economy,’’ Energies, 15(4), 1274, 2022.
  • A. Sharma, S. Gupta, A. Bhardwaj, A. Goel, K. K. Chaubey, S.V. Singh, ‘’Managing Cow Manure for Clean Energy: An Approach Towards Sustainable Conservation. In Animal Manure: Agricultural and Biotechnological Applications’’ (pp. 261-274). Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022.
  • G. Kara, İ. Yalınız, M. Sayar, ‘’Konya ili hayvansal gübre kaynaklı sera gazı emisyonları durumu,’’ Ulusal çevre bilimleri araştırma dergisi, 2(2), 57-60, 2019.
  • S. Tırınk, ‘’Hayvansal atıkların biyogaz üretim potansiyelinin hesaplanması: Iğdır ili örneği,’’ Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology, 12(1), 152-163, 2022.
  • N.K. Salihoğlu, A. Teksoy, K. Altan, ‘’Büyükbaş ve küçükbaş hayvan atiklarindan biyogaz üretim potansiyelinin belirlenmesi: Balikesir ili örneği,’’ Niğde Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 8(1), 31-47, 2019.
  • URL-1:https://arastirma.tarimorman.gov.tr/tepge/Belgeler/PDF%20Durum- Tahmin%20Raporlar%C4%B1/2023%20DurumTahmin%20Raporlar%C4%B1/S%C3%BCt%20ve%20S%C3%BCT%20%C3%9Cr%C3%BCnleri%20Durum%20Tahmin%20Raporu%202023372%20TEPGE.pdf
  • Ö. Elmaz, C. Sipahi, M. Saatci, M.Ö. Metin, ‘’Current trends in dairy cattle farming in the Mediterranean region of Turkey,’’ Outlook on Agrıculture, 41(2), 133-138, 2012.
  • URL-2: https://www.tobb.org.tr/SanayiMudurlugu/Documents/KapasiteKriterleri/grup3112.pdf
  • R. Yanardag, H. Orak, ‘’Selenium content of milk and milk products of Turkey,’’ II. Biological trace element research, 68, 79-95, 1999.
  • M. Hadjipanayiotou, ‘’Composition of ewe, goat and cow milk and of colostrum of ewes and goats,’’ Small Ruminant Research, 18(3), 255-262, 1995.
  • M. Cimen, H. Topcu, ‘’Effect of body condition score on biochemical milk parameters having economic importance in dairy goat during the first month of postpartum period,’’ International Journal of Agriculture and Biology 15(2):395-397, 2013.
  • S. Behrem, S. Gül,‘’ Effects of age and body region on wool characteristics of Merino sheep crossbreds in Turkey,’’ Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, 46(2), 235-247, 2022.
  • İ. Yılmaz, İ. Savaş, M. Yanar, ‘’Göçer ailelerin hayvancılıkta sürü yönetimi ve yaylacılık faaliyetleri: Türkiye, Iğdır ili örneği,’’ Türkiye Tarımsal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 7(1), 34-40, 2020.
  • A. Semerci, ‘’Süt Sığırcılığı İşletmelerinde Yem Tüketimi ve Yem Dönüşüm Oranının Belirlenmesi: Hatay İli Örneği,’’ Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Science and Technology, 10(7), 1214-1223, 2022.
  • F. Gençdal, M. Terin, İ. Yıldırım, ‘’The influence of scale on profitability of dairy cattle farms: a case study in eastern part of Turkey,’’ Custos e Agronegocio 15(3), 50-63, 2019.
  • C. Oguz, S. Kaya, ‘’Factors affecting milk production in dairy farming enterprises and effectiveness analysis: A case study in Konya Province of Turkey,’’ Cust Agronegocio, 12, 121-136, 2016.
  • C. Rotz, F. Montes, D. Chianese, ‘’The carbon footprint of dairy production systems through partial life cycle assessment,’’ Journal of dairy science, 93(3): 1266¬1282, 2010.
  • A. Flysjö, C. Cederberg,, M. Henriksson, S. Ledgard, ‘’How does co-product handling affect the carbon footprint of milk? Case study of milk production in New Zealand and Sweden,’’ The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 16(5): 420¬430, 2011.
  • C. Cederberg, M. Stadig, ‘’ System expansion and allocation in life cycle assessment of milk and beef production,’’ The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 8, 350-356, 2003.
  • P. Crosson, L. Shalloo, D. O’Brien, G.J. Lanigan, P.A. Foley, T.M. Boland, D.A. Kenny, ‘’A review of whole farm systems models of greenhouse gas emissions from beef and dairy cattle production systems,’’Animal Feed Science and Technology, Volumes 166–167, 29-45, 2011.
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Year 2024, Volume: 12 Issue: 3, 783 - 800, 01.09.2024
https://doi.org/10.36306/konjes.1423761

Abstract

References

  • UNFCCC, Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 1997.
  • H.N. Bayraç, ‘’Enerji Kullanımının Küresel Isınmaya Etkisi ve Önleyici Politikalar,’’ Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, vol. 11(2): pp. 229-259, 2010.
  • E. Çınar, ‘’İneklerin ekolojik ayak izi raporu,’’ Animal Science Journal, 2013 (Rum 38): pp. 210-218., 2007.
  • İ. Kılıç, B. Amet, ‘’Bir Süt Sığırı İşletmesinin Karbon Ayak İzinin Tahminlenmesi: Bursa Örneği,’’ Journal of Agricultural Faculty of Gaziosmanpaşa University (JAFAG), 34(Ek Sayı), 132-140, 2017.
  • S. Bauer, ‘’Development of environmental impact assessment tools for livestock production systems, ’’Vol. 1 :Research Report, Giessen, Germany, pp.4-16, 1994.
  • P. J. Gerber, H. Steinfeld, B. Henderson, A. Mottet, C. Opio, J. Dijkman, A. Falcucci and G. Tempio, ‘’Tackling Climate Change through Livestock - A Global Assessment of Emissions and Mitigation Opportunities,’’ Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome, 2013.
  • U.S. EPA (Environmental Protection Agency), Erişim Tarihi 24.05.2022.
  • E. Scheehle, ‘’Emissions and Projections of Non CO2 Green House Gases from Developing Countries 1990-2020,2022.
  • P. Demir, Y. Cevger, ‘’Küresel Isınma ve Hayvancılık Sektörü,’’ Veteriner Hekimler Derneği Dergisi, 78(1): 13-16, 2007.
  • FAO, ‘’Greenhouse gas emissions from the dairy sector: A life cycle assessment,’’ 2010.
  • K.A. Beauchemin, H.H. Janzen, S.M. Little, T.A. McAllister, S.M. McGinn, ‘’ Life cycle assessment of greenhouse gas emissions from beef production in western Canada: A case study,’’ Agricultural Systems, 103(6), 371-379, 2009.
  • IPCC., Climate change 2007: The physical science basis. Contribution of working group I to the fourth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change’’, 2007.
  • L.J. Müller, A. Kätelhön, M. Bachmann, A. Zimmermann, A. Sternberg, A. Bardow, ‘’A guideline for life cycle assessment of carbon capture and utilization,’’ Frontiers in Energy Research, 8-15, 2020.
  • D. Boadi, C. Benchaar, J. Chiquette, D. Massé, ‘’Mitigation strategies to reduce enteric methane emissions from dairy cows: Update review,’’ Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 84(3), 319-335, 2004.
  • R. Schils, A. Verhagen, H. Aarts, L. Şebek, ‘’A farm level approach to define successful mitigation strategies for GHG emissions from ruminant livestock systems,’’ Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 71(2): 163-175, 2005.
  • M.S. Mitsumori, ‘’Control of Rumen Microbial Fermentation for Mitigating Methane Emissions from the Rumen, ’’ Asian Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 144-154, 2008.
  • H. Allard,‘’Methane emissions from Swedish sheep production,’’ Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2009.
  • G. Edwards-Jones, K. Plassmann, I. Harris,‘’Carbon footprinting of lamb and beef production systems: insights from an empirical analysis of farms in Wales, UK,’’Journal of Agricultural Science, 147: 707-719, 2009.
  • S. Ledgard, M. Lieffering, J. Devitt, M. Boyes, R. Kemp, ‘’A greenhouse gas footprint study for exported New Zealand lamb,’’ Report for Meat Industry Association, Ballance Agri-nutrients, Landcorp and MAF. AgResearch, Hamilton, 2010.
  • G. Aydın, İ. Karakurt, K. Aydıner,‘’Antropojenik Metan Emisyonlarının Sektörel Analizi,’’ Tübav Bilim Dergisi, 42-51, 2011.
  • J. Lesschen, M. Van den Berg, H. Westhoek, H. Witzke, O. Oenema, ‘’ Greenhouse gas emission profiles of European livestock sectors,’’ Animal Feed Science and Technology, 166: 16-28, 2011.
  • M. Henriksson, A. Flysjö, C. Cederberg, C. Swensson, ‘’Variation in carbon footprint of milk due to management differences between Swedish dairy farms,’’ Animal, 5(9): 1474-1484, 2011.
  • X. Verge, D. Maxime, J. Dyer, R. Desjardins, Y. Arcand, A. Vanderzaag, ‘’Carbon footprint of Canadian dairy products: Calculations and issues,’’ Journal of dairy science, 96(9): 6091-6104, 2013.
  • S. Wiedemann, S. Ledgard, B. Henry, M. Yan, N. Mao, S. Russell, ‘’Application of life cycle assessment to sheep production systems: investigating co- production of wool and meat using case studies from major global producers,’’ The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 20(4): 463-476, 2015.
  • R. Jacobsen, V. Vandermeulen, G. Vanhuylenbroeck, X. Gellynck, ‘’A life cycle assessment application: the carbon footprint of beef in Flanders (Belgium), ’’ In Assessment of Carbon Footprint in Different Industrial Sectors, Volume 2, 31-52, 2014.
  • J. Owen, W. Silver, ‘’Greenhouse gas emissions from dairy manure management: a review of fıeld-based studies,’’ Global Change Biology, 21(2): 550-565, 2015.
  • C. Dunkley, B. Fairchild, C. Ritz, B. Kiepper, M. Lacy, ‘’Carbon footprint of poultry production farms in South Georgia: A case study,’’ Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 24(1): 73-79, 2015.
  • I. Batalla, M. Knudsen, L. Mogensen, O. del Hierro, M. Pinto, J Hermansen, ‘’Carbon footprint of milk from sheep farming systems in northern Spain including soil carbon sequestration in grasslands,’’ Journal of Cleaner Production, 104: 121-129, 2015.
  • M. Mujica, G. Blanco, E. Santalla, ‘’Carbon footprint of honey produced in Argentina,’’ Journal of cleaner production, 116: 50-60, 2016.
  • V. Cesari, M. Zucali, A. Sandrucci, A. Tamburini, L. Bava, I. Toschi, ‘’Environmental impact assessment of an Italian vertically integrated broiler system through a Life Cycle approach,’’ Journal of cleaner production, 143: 94-911, 2017.
  • R. Ibidhi, A. Hoekstra, P. Gerbens-Leenes, H. Chouchane, ‘’Water, land and carbon footprints of sheep and chicken meat produced in Tunisia under different farming systems,’’ Ecological indicators, 77: 304-313, 2017.
  • Çevre, Şehircilik Ve İklim Değişikliği, ‘Karaman İli 2022 Yılı Çevre Durum Raporu,’’ 2022.
  • Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı, 2020 Yılı Organik Tarım İstatistikleri,’’ 2020.
  • URL-1 Bursa Büyükşehir Belediyesi 2017. http://www.bursa.com.tr/bursanin-cografyasi- iklimi-ve-nufusu (Erişim Tarihi:18.04.2019)
  • IPCC, ‘’Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Chapter1: Introduction 1.1-1.21,‘’ 2006.
  • I. Maj, S. Kalisz, S. Ciukaj, ‘’Properties of animal-origin ash—A valuable material for circular economy,’’ Energies, 15(4), 1274, 2022.
  • A. Sharma, S. Gupta, A. Bhardwaj, A. Goel, K. K. Chaubey, S.V. Singh, ‘’Managing Cow Manure for Clean Energy: An Approach Towards Sustainable Conservation. In Animal Manure: Agricultural and Biotechnological Applications’’ (pp. 261-274). Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022.
  • G. Kara, İ. Yalınız, M. Sayar, ‘’Konya ili hayvansal gübre kaynaklı sera gazı emisyonları durumu,’’ Ulusal çevre bilimleri araştırma dergisi, 2(2), 57-60, 2019.
  • S. Tırınk, ‘’Hayvansal atıkların biyogaz üretim potansiyelinin hesaplanması: Iğdır ili örneği,’’ Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology, 12(1), 152-163, 2022.
  • N.K. Salihoğlu, A. Teksoy, K. Altan, ‘’Büyükbaş ve küçükbaş hayvan atiklarindan biyogaz üretim potansiyelinin belirlenmesi: Balikesir ili örneği,’’ Niğde Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 8(1), 31-47, 2019.
  • URL-1:https://arastirma.tarimorman.gov.tr/tepge/Belgeler/PDF%20Durum- Tahmin%20Raporlar%C4%B1/2023%20DurumTahmin%20Raporlar%C4%B1/S%C3%BCt%20ve%20S%C3%BCT%20%C3%9Cr%C3%BCnleri%20Durum%20Tahmin%20Raporu%202023372%20TEPGE.pdf
  • Ö. Elmaz, C. Sipahi, M. Saatci, M.Ö. Metin, ‘’Current trends in dairy cattle farming in the Mediterranean region of Turkey,’’ Outlook on Agrıculture, 41(2), 133-138, 2012.
  • URL-2: https://www.tobb.org.tr/SanayiMudurlugu/Documents/KapasiteKriterleri/grup3112.pdf
  • R. Yanardag, H. Orak, ‘’Selenium content of milk and milk products of Turkey,’’ II. Biological trace element research, 68, 79-95, 1999.
  • M. Hadjipanayiotou, ‘’Composition of ewe, goat and cow milk and of colostrum of ewes and goats,’’ Small Ruminant Research, 18(3), 255-262, 1995.
  • M. Cimen, H. Topcu, ‘’Effect of body condition score on biochemical milk parameters having economic importance in dairy goat during the first month of postpartum period,’’ International Journal of Agriculture and Biology 15(2):395-397, 2013.
  • S. Behrem, S. Gül,‘’ Effects of age and body region on wool characteristics of Merino sheep crossbreds in Turkey,’’ Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, 46(2), 235-247, 2022.
  • İ. Yılmaz, İ. Savaş, M. Yanar, ‘’Göçer ailelerin hayvancılıkta sürü yönetimi ve yaylacılık faaliyetleri: Türkiye, Iğdır ili örneği,’’ Türkiye Tarımsal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 7(1), 34-40, 2020.
  • A. Semerci, ‘’Süt Sığırcılığı İşletmelerinde Yem Tüketimi ve Yem Dönüşüm Oranının Belirlenmesi: Hatay İli Örneği,’’ Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Science and Technology, 10(7), 1214-1223, 2022.
  • F. Gençdal, M. Terin, İ. Yıldırım, ‘’The influence of scale on profitability of dairy cattle farms: a case study in eastern part of Turkey,’’ Custos e Agronegocio 15(3), 50-63, 2019.
  • C. Oguz, S. Kaya, ‘’Factors affecting milk production in dairy farming enterprises and effectiveness analysis: A case study in Konya Province of Turkey,’’ Cust Agronegocio, 12, 121-136, 2016.
  • C. Rotz, F. Montes, D. Chianese, ‘’The carbon footprint of dairy production systems through partial life cycle assessment,’’ Journal of dairy science, 93(3): 1266¬1282, 2010.
  • A. Flysjö, C. Cederberg,, M. Henriksson, S. Ledgard, ‘’How does co-product handling affect the carbon footprint of milk? Case study of milk production in New Zealand and Sweden,’’ The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 16(5): 420¬430, 2011.
  • C. Cederberg, M. Stadig, ‘’ System expansion and allocation in life cycle assessment of milk and beef production,’’ The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 8, 350-356, 2003.
  • P. Crosson, L. Shalloo, D. O’Brien, G.J. Lanigan, P.A. Foley, T.M. Boland, D.A. Kenny, ‘’A review of whole farm systems models of greenhouse gas emissions from beef and dairy cattle production systems,’’Animal Feed Science and Technology, Volumes 166–167, 29-45, 2011.
  • A. E. Ersoy,‘’Türkiye'nin Hayvansal Gübre Kaynaklı Sera Gazı Emisyonları Durumu ve Biyogaz enerjisi Potansiyeli,’’ Yüksek Lisans Tezi, HÜ, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü,Çevre Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı, Ankara, 2017.
  • MGM, T.C. Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü https://www.mgm.gov.tr/- (Erişim Tarihi:12.12.2022), 2022.
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There are 64 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Waste Management, Reduction, Reuse and Recycling, Environmental Pollution and Prevention, Air Pollution Modelling and Control, Air Pollution and Gas Cleaning
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Yusuf Alparslan Argun 0000-0001-6452-3634

Özgür Çakmakcı 0000-0002-9152-5069

Publication Date September 1, 2024
Submission Date January 22, 2024
Acceptance Date August 24, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 12 Issue: 3

Cite

IEEE Y. A. Argun and Ö. Çakmakcı, “DETERMINATION OF THE CARBON FOOTPRINT OF ANIMAL WASTE AND CLIMATE CHANGE; KARAMAN EXAMPLE”, KONJES, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 783–800, 2024, doi: 10.36306/konjes.1423761.