2019 Seçimleri Sonrasında Avrupa Parlamentosu’ndaki Siyasal Grupların Türkiye’ye Karşı Pozisyonları

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 18 Sayı: 1, 577 - 605, 29.04.2021

Oğuz Güner

https://doi.org/10.33437/ksusbd.633177

Cited By: 2

Öz

Avrupa Parlamentosu 2019 yılı Mart ayında Türkiye’nin üyelik müzakerelerinin askıya alınmasına dair karar almıştır. Bu karar sonrasında ise tüm Avrupa Birliği ülkelerinde 23-26 Mayıs 2019 tarihlerinde Avrupa Parlamentosu seçimleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Seçimler sonrasında Parlamentonun en büyük iki merkezi grubu Hristiyan Demokratlar ve Sosyal Demokratlar oy kaybı yaşarken Liberaller ve Yeşiller seçimden güçlenerek çıkmıştır. Aşırı sağcı popülist partiler de seçimle birlikte önemli bir güç kazanmış ve Parlamentoda kendi gruplarını oluşturmuşlardır. 

1999 yılındaki Helsinki Zirvesi ile aday ülke statüsü kazanan Türkiye’nin Avrupa Birliği ile ilişkileri özellikle 15 Temmuz darbe girişimi sonrasında olumsuz bir atmosferde seyretmektedir. Avrupa Parlamentosu’ndaki bazı siyasi gruplar Türkiye’de insan hakları, hukukun üstünlüğü ve demokrasi gibi değerlerin ihlal edildiği ve Doğu Akdeniz’deki sondaj faaliyetlerinin uluslararası hukuka aykırı olduğu iddiaları ile Türkiye’yi eleştirmekte, kimi zamanlarda da üyelik müzakerelerinin sonlandırılmasını talep etmektedir. 

Bu çalışma, 2019 seçimleri sonrasında Parlamentodaki siyasi grupların değişen aritmetiğini ve bu grupların Türkiye ile yaşanan siyasi sorunlara yönelik tutumlarını, söylemlerini ve yazılı açıklamalarını tartışmaktadır. Söz konusu yasama döneminde Parlamentonun siyasal aritmetiğinin değişmesi sebebiyle bu çalışmanın literatürdeki mevcut çalışmalardan ayrılabileceği düşünülmektedir.  Çalışmada Türkiye’nin Avrupa Parlamentosu’ndaki paydaşları ile güçlü bir diyalog geliştiremediği ve kendi tezleri başarılı bir şekilde anlatamadığı sonucuna ulaşılmış, bazı politika önerilerinde bulunulmuştur. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

Avrupa Birliği, Avrupa Parlamentosu, 2019 Seçimleri, Siyasi Gruplar, Türkiye

Political Groups’ Positioning Towards Turkey After the Elections in 2019 in The European Parliament

Öz

In March 2019, the European Parliament adopted a resolution for suspension of the accession negotiations of Turkey. Following the decision, European Parliament elections were held on May 23-26, 2019 in the European Union countries. In the post-election period, the two largest central groups in the Parliament, the Christian Democrats and the Social Democrats lost votes, while the Liberals and the Greens became stronger. The far-right, populist parties gained significant power and formed their groups in the Parliament.

Relationship of Turkey which gained candidacy status in Helsinki Summit in 1999, with the European Union has been continuing in a negative atmosphere- particularly after the 15 July coup attempt. Some political groups in the European Parliament criticize Turkey claiming that it violates values like human rights, rule of law, democracy and international law with its drilling operations in the Eastern Mediterranean and they ask for terminating Turkey’s accession negotiations some time in. 

This study discusses the changing arithmetic of political groups in the parliament after 2019 elections and these groups’ attitudes, discourses and written statements as to political problems with Turkey. Due to the change in the political arithmetic of the Parliament in the said legislative period, this study is thought to be distinguished from the existing studies in the literature. The study concludes that Turkey couldn’t develop a strong dialogue with stakeholders in the European Parliament and couldn’t defend its theses successfully. This study also presents certain policy recommendations. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

European Union, European Parliament, 2019 Elections, Political Groups, Turkey

Kaynakça

• Alternative für Deutschland (2017), Manifesto for Germany, Berlin, Germany.
• Aydoğan, Betül (2012), “Avrupa Parlamentosu’nda Yer Alan Siyasi Grupların Helsinki Zirvesi Sonrası Türkiye İle İlgili Siyasi Sorunlara Yaklaşımları”, Spectrum: Journal of Global Studies Special Issues, Cilt:4, Sayı:2, ss. 47-71.
• Boyraz, Hacı Mehmet - Oğuz Güngörmez- Furkan Onuk Kavukçu (2019), Aşırı Sağ ve Brexit'in Gölgesinde 2019 Avrupa Parlamentosu Seçimleri, Seta Yayınları, İstanbul.
• Bressanelli, Edoardo (2012), “National parties and group membership in the European Parliament: ideology or pragmatism”, Journal of European Public Policy, 19:5, ss. 737-754.
• Corbett, Richard, Jacobs Francis ve Darre ve Michael Shackleton (2003), The European Parliament, John Harper Publishing, London.
• Dinan, Desmond (2010), “Institutions and Governance: A New Treaty, a Newly Elected Parliament and a New Commission”, Journal of Common Market Studies, ss. 95-118.
• ECR Group (2016), https://ecrgroup.eu/article/kamall_time_for_a_new_eu_relationship_with_turkey_based_on_honesty (22.10.2016).
• ECR Group (2017), https://ecrgroup.eu/article/bernd_koelmel_2018_budget_fails_to_prepare_for_the_future (30.10.2017).
• ECR Group (2018), “ECR Group calls on Turkey to respect international law over actions in Cyprus” https://ecrgroup.eu/article/ecr_group_calls_on_turkey_to_respect_international_law_over_actions_in_cypr (08.03.2018).
• EPP (2018), https://www.epp.eu/press-releases/turkey-must-immediately-halt-its-aggression-against-cyprus/ (22.03.2018).
• EPP (2019), https://www.eppgroup.eu/newsroom/videos/eu-values-at-stake-in-debates-on-turkey-and-hungary (28.07.2019).
• ERT International (2019), https://int.ert.gr/marine-le-pen-frexit-is-part-of-my-policy/ (14.07.2019).
• EUReporter (2017), https://www.eureporter.co/politics/2017/04/27/eu-must-rethink-its-relations-with-turkey/ (24.04.2019).
• Euronews (2019), https://www.euronews.com/2019/04/23/turkey-cannot-become-a-member-of-the-eu-says-epp-leader-manfred-weber (23.04.2019).
• European Greens (2017), https://europeangreens.eu/content/we-demand-turkish-authorities-immediately-and-unconditionally-release-idil-eser-director (06.07.2017).
• European Interest (2018), https://www.europeaninterest.eu/article/kati-piri-without-urgent-reforms-no-improvement-eu-turkey-relations/ (20.10.2018).
• European Parliament (2014), http://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/TA-8-2014-0052_EN.pdf (13.10.2014).
• European Parliament (2015), http://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/TA-8-2015-0094_EN.html?redirect (15.04.2015).
• European Parliament (2017), http://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/TA-8-2017-0306_EN.html (06.07.2017).
• European Parliament (2018), http://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/press-room/20180926IPR14407/turkey-meps-cut-support-by-EU70m-due-to-no-improvement-in-respect-for-eu-values (02.10.2018).
• European Parliament (2019a), http://www.europarl.europa.eu/factsheets/en/sheet/11/the-european-parliament-historical-background (05.2019).
• European Parliament (2019b), https://election-results.eu/seats-political-group-country/2019-2024/ (02.07.2019).
• European Parliament. (2019c), https://election-results.eu/turnout/ (24.06.2019).
• European Parliament (2019d), http://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/press-room/20190307IPR30746/parliament-wants-to-suspend-eu-accession-negotiations-with-turkey (13.03.2019).
• European Parliament (2019e), http://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/faq/1/what-are-political-groups-and-how-are-they-formed (11.07.2019).
• European Parliament (2019f), http://www.europarl.europa.eu/contracts-and-grants/en/20150201PVL00101/Political-parties-and-foundations (11.07.2019).
• European People's Party (2019), EPP Manifesto:Let's Open the next chapter for Europe together, EPP, Brussels.
• Fiorino, Nadia, Nicola Pontarollo ve Roberto Ricciuti (2019) “Supranational, National and Local Dimensions of Voter Turnout in European Parliament Elections”, Journal of Common Market Studies, ss. 1-17.
• Fromage, Diana (2019), “The 2019 European Parliament elections: Looking back and ahead”, Perspectives on Federalism, ss. 94-101.
• Greens-EFA (2018), https://www.greens-efa.eu/en/article/news/hdp-and-democracy-in-turkey/ (04.07.2018).
• GUE/NGL (2019a), https://www.guengl.eu/cyprus-eu-must-take-action-over-turkeys-provocations/ (19.06.2019).
• GUE/NGL (2019b), https://www.guengl.eu/cyprus-marking-45-years-since-the-fascist-coup-and-turkish-invasion/ (19.06.2019).
• Hix, Simon (2002), “Parliamentary Behaviour with Two Principles: Preferences, Parties, and Voting in the European Parliament”, Midwest Political Science Association, Vol:46, No.3, ss. 688-298.
• Karaca, Kayhan (2017), https://www.dw.com/tr/fransada-adaylar-türkiyeyi-istemiyor/a-38376901 (11.04.2017).
• Karlıdağ, Ilgın (2014), https://www.aa.com.tr/en/politics/european-conservatives-reject-ep-resolution-on-cyprus/101744# (13.11.2014).
• Kaya, Ayhan (2018), “Populism as a neo-liberal form of governmentality: Resorting to Heritage, Culture and Past”, Galani Lia, Evangelia Mavrigaki ve Kostas Skordulis (Der.), Geographical Literacy and European Heritage: A Challenging Convention in the field of Education. Solva-Tech, Limassol, ss. 64-94.
• Kayalı, Laura, Zoya Sheftalovich (2019), https://www.politico.eu/article/uk-brexit-party-meps-turn-backs-during-european-anthem/ (02.07.2019).
• Keskin, Hakan (2014), “Mitos'tan Lizbon'a Avrupa Birliği El Kitabı” Seçkin Yayıncılık, Ankara.
• Kiriş, Hakan Mahmet (2013), “Avrupa Parlamentosu'nda Siyasi Gruplar ve Parlamento Seçimleri”, Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi (29): ss. 123-135.
• Kostakopoulou, Dora (2018), “Imagine: European Union Social Citizenship and Post-Marshallian Rights and Duties”, Rainer Bauböck (Der.), Debating European Citizenship, Springer, Cham.
• Laffan, Brigid (2019), “The European Parliament in turbulent political times: concluding reflections”, Journal of European Integration, 41/3: ss. 405-416.
• McElroy, Gail ve Kenneth Benoit (2011) “Policy positioning in the European Parliament”, European Union Politics, 13(1), ss. 150-167.
• Öner, Selcen (2014), “Different Manifestations of the Rise of Far-Right in European Politics: The Cases of Germany and Austria”, Marmara Journal of European Studies, Vol.22, No.2: 85-106.
• Panizza, Roberta (2019), http://www.europarl.europa.eu/ftu/pdf/en/FTU_1.3.4.pdf (05/2019).
• Politico (2019), https://www.politico.eu/article/turkey-european-union-member-italy-turkey-policy-rejected/ (28.02.2019).
• S&D (2016), https://www.socialistsanddemocrats.eu/newsroom/lack-democracy-and-rule-law-have-frozen-eu-turkey-accession-process (24/11/2016).
• S&D (2018), https://www.socialistsanddemocrats.eu/newsroom/sds-meps-call-improvement-human-rights-situation-turkey-after-recent-visit (20.09.2018).
• S&D (2019), https://www.socialistsanddemocrats.eu/newsroom/sds-call-turkey-respect-sovereign-rights-cyprus (06.05.2019).
• Schulte-Cloos, Julia (2019), “The effect of European Parliament elections on political socialisation”, Journal of European Public Policy 26.7, ss. 1094-1111.
• Sputnik (2019), https://sputniknews.com/europe/201904261074495181-salvini-turkish-russian-eu-membership/ (02.08.2019).
• Türkeş-Kılıç, Selin (2019), “Justifying priveleged partnership with Turkey: an analysis of debates in the European Parliament”, Turkish Studies, ss. 1-27.
• TBMM (2019), https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/ul_kom/kpk/genelbilgiler.htm (20.07.2019).
• The Greens/EFA (2017), https://www.greens-efa.eu/en/article/press/meps-sharply-criticize-human-rights-violations-in-turkey/ (06.07.2017).
• The Greens/EFA (2019), https://www.greens-efa.eu/en/our-group/meps/ (19.07.2019).
• Verhofstadt, Guy (2019), https://twitter.com/guyverhofstadt/status/1125510836225748992?lang=en (06.05.2019).
• Voice of Europe (2019), https://voiceofeurope.com/2019/04/salvini-turkey-has-nothing-to-do-with-europe-and-will-never-enter-eu-on-our-watch/ (04.10.2019).
• Yıldız, Uğur Burç (2017), “How can Turkey Protect Its Interests in the European Union?: The Role of the European People’s Party”, Bilge Strateji, Cilt 9, Sayı 17, ss. 59-83.
• Yıldız, Uğur Burç (2018), “The Impact of the Rise of Far-Right Parties in Europe on Turkey's European Union Membership Bid”, İzmir Katip Çelebi Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi, ss. 86-100.
• Zúquete, Jose Pedro (2008), “The European extreme-right and Islam: New Directions?” Journal of Political Ideologies, 13/3, ss. 321-344.