Türkiye’de Kamu Sağlık Harcamaları ve Sosyal Refah İlişkisi Üzerine Ampirik Bir Uygulama

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 19 Sayı: 1, 324 - 338, 30.04.2022

Zerrin Dürrü , Dündar Murat Demiröz

https://doi.org/10.33437/ksusbd.949543

Öz

Sosyal refah, bütün bireysel tercihlerin en yüksek düzeyde tatmin edildiği toplam bir toplumsal refahı işaret etmektedir. Bu nedenle, sosyal refahı etkileyen kamu sağlık ve eğitim hizmetleri gibi kamusal hizmetlerin nihai hedefi, sosyal refahta gözle görülür iyileşmeler kaydetmektir. Sosyal refahı etkileyen değişkenlere bağlı olarak Türkiye’de 1990-2017 arası dönemde kamu sağlık harcamalarının sosyal refah üzerindeki etkisine yönelik ampirik bir analiz yapılmıştır. Analizde eşbütünleşme testi (Maki (2012)), uzun dönem katsayı tahmini için dinamik en küçük kareler (DOLS) testi ve bootstrap nedensellik testi (Hacker ve Hatemi-J (2012)) uygulanmıştır. Kamu sağlık ve eğitim harcamaları, kişi başı gelir ve yönetişim kalitesinin sosyal refah üzerinde uzun dönemde etkili olduğu bulgusuna ulaşılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kamu Sağlık Harcamaları, Sosyal Refah, Yönetişim, Zaman Serisi

Kaynakça

• Alin, O., Mariet, D.M.(2011).“Correlation Analysis Between the Health System and Human Development Level Within the European Union”. International Journal of Trade, Economics and Finance, Vol. 2(2).
• Aysu, A., İlgün, M.F. ve Çobanoğulları, G. (2020). “Hizmet Türleri İtibarıyla Kamu Harcamalarının Hava Kalitesi Üzerindeki Etkisi: AB Ülkelerine Yönelik Panel Veri Analizi”. Maliye Dergisi, Temmuz-Aralık 2020 (179), 118-139.
• Baujard, A. (2015). “Economic Science Vs. Welfare Economics: An Epistemological Reading of the History of Welfare Economics”. https://ideas.repec.org/p/hal/journl/halshs.
• Becker, G. (1993). “Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis with Special Reference to Education”, National Bureau of Economic Research, New York; 2nd edition, NBER, New York, 1975; 3rd Edition, Chicago Uni. Press, Chicago, 1993.
• Bergh, V.D., Jeroen A.M.(2014). “Evaluating Alternatives to GDP as Measures of Social Welfare/Progress”. WWWforEurope Working Paper, No. 56, Vienna.
• Bidani, B. Ravallion, M.(1997). “Decomposing Social Indicators Using Distributional Data”. Journal of Econometrics, 77, 125-139.
• Bloom, D., Canning, D. (2003). “Health as Human Capital and its Impact on Economic Performance”. The Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance, 28(2), 304–315.
• Erdem, E., Çelik, B. (2019). “İnsani Gelişme ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Bazı Afrika Ülkeleri Üzerine Bir Uygulama”. Bingöl Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 9(17)
• Gomanee, K., Morrissey, O., Mosley, P. ve Verschoor, A. (2005). “Aid, Government Expenditure, and Aggregate Welfare”. World Development, 33(3), 355–370.
• Gomanee, K., Girma, S., ve Morrissey, O. (2005). “Aid, Public Spending, and Welfare: Evidence from Quantile Regressions”. Journal of International Development 17,299–309.
• Griffin, K., Knight, J.(1992). Human Development: The Case For Renewed Emphasis, The Political Economy Of Development and Under Development. NewYork: Mc Graw Hill Inc.,1992.
• Grossman, M.(1972). “On the Concept of Health Capital and the Demand for Health”. The Journal of Political Economy, 223-255.
• Gupta, S. Clements, B. ve Tiongson, E.(1998). “Public Spending on Human Development”. Finance & Development, 35 (3), 1-10.
• Gupta, S.,Verhoeven, M. (2001). “The Efficiency of Government Expenditure Experiences from Africa”. Journal of Policy Modeling, 23, 433–467.
• Gupta, S.,Verhoeven, M.,ve Tiongson, E.(2002). “The Effectiveness of Government Spending on Education and Health Care in Developing and Transition Economies”. European Journal of Political Economy, 18 (4), 717- 737.
• Hacker, R. S., Hatemi-J, A.(2006). “Tests for Causality between Integrated Variables Using Asymptotic And Bootstrap Distributions: Theory and Application”. Applied Economics, 38(13), 1489-1500.
• Hacker, R. S., Hatemi-J, A.(2012). “A Bootstrap Test For Causality With Endogenous Lag Length Choice: Theory And Application in Finance”. Journal of Economic Studies, 39(2), 144-160.
• Haile, F., Zarazua, M.,(2018). Does Social Spending Improve Welfare in Low‐income and Middle‐income Countries?, Journal of International Development 30. 367–398.
• IFPRI, (2019). Statistics on Public Expenditures for Economic Development (SPEED), https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/MKX1TU&widget=dataverse@IFPRI. International Country Risk Guide PRS Grup, Country Data Online, 2017. (https://epub.prsgroup.com/countrydatabase/country-data.)
• Islam, M.N.S ve Clarke,M. (2002). The Relationship Batween Economic Development and Social Welfare: A New Adjusted GDP Measure Of Welfare. Social Indicators Research, 57:201-228.
• Karaarslan, E.(2005). “Kamu Kesimi Eğitim Harcamalarının Analizi”. Maliye Dergisi, Sayı 149. Kosack, S.(2003). “Effective Aid: How Democracy Allows Development Aid to Improve the Quality of Life”. World Development, 31(1), 1–22.
• Lee, J., M. C., Strazicich (2013). “Minimum LM Unit Root Test with One Structural Break”. Economics Bulletin, 33(4), 2483-2492.
• Lipsey, R., Lancaster, K.(1956). “The General Theory of Second Best”. Review of Economic Studies, 24(1), 11- 32.
• Maki, D. (2012). Tests for Cointegration allowing for an Unknown Number of Breaks. Economic Modelling, 29(5), 2011-2015
• Makuta, I. O’Hare, B.(2015). “Quality of Governance, Public Spending on Health and Health Status in Sub Saharan Africa: A Panel Data Regression Analysis”. BMC Public Health, 15:932.
• McPake, B., Normand, C.(2008). Health Economics: An International Perspective,. Second Edition, New York, Routledge.
• Mushkin, S.(1962). “Health as an Investment”. The Journal of Political Economy. University of Chicago Press, Vol. LXX, No.5(2).
• Paliova, I, McNown R.ve Nülle, G. (2019). “The Relationship Between Economic Development and Social Welfare: A New Adjusted GDP Measure Of Welfare”. Social Indicators Research, Kluwer Academic Publishers,Netherlands,57: 201–228.
• Patel, G., Annapoorna, M. S.(2019). “Public Education Expenditure and Its Impact on Human Resource Development in India: An Empirical Analysis”. South Asian Journal of Human Resources Management, 6(1), 97–109.
• Penn World Table, Version 9.1. (https://www.rug.nl/ggdc/productivity/pwt/pwt-releases/pwt9.1?lang=en).
• Perron, P.(1989). “The Great Crash, the Oil Price Shock, and the Unit Root Hypothesis”. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 57(6), 1361-1401.
• Pigou, A., C.(1951). “Some Aspects of Welfare Economics”. American Economic Review, Vol. 41, 287-302.
• Pigou, A., C.(1962). The Economics of Welfare. 4th Edition, Macmillian, Londra.
• Prasetyo, A.D., Zuhdi, U.(2013). “The Government Expenditure Efficiency towards the Human Development, International Conference on Applied Economics”. Procedia Economics and Finance, 615 – 622.
• Sağlık Bakanlığı. (2004). OECD Sağlık Hesapları Sistemine Göre Türkiye Ulusal Sağlık Hesapları 1999-2000. Hıfzıssıhha Mektebi Müdürlüğü, Sağlık Bakanlığı, Ankara.
• Schultz W.T. (1961). “Investment in Human Capital”. The American Economic Review,51(1),March, 1-17.
• Scott H., Hatemi-J,A. (2012). "A bootstrap test for causality with endogenous lag length choice: theory and application in finance". Journal of Economic Studies, 39 (2), 144 – 161.
• Self, S., Grabowski, R. (2003). “How Effective is Public Health Expenditure in Improving Overall Health? A Cross-Country Analysis”. Applied Economics, 35, 835-845.
• Sen, A. (1991). On Ethics and Economics, Wiley Blackwell Press, Oxford, 1991.
• Sen, A. (1999). Development as Freedom, Alfred A. Knopf Inc., Newyork, USA.
• Sen, A. (1984). Resources, Values and Development, Harvard University Press, Cambridge,,
• Stock, J. ,Watson, M. (1993). “A Simple Estimator of Cointegrating Vectors in Higher Order Integrated Systems”, Econometrica, 61(4), 783-820.
• Sudirman, M.S.Z. (2017). “The Effect of Government Expenditures in Education and Health against Human Development Index in Jambi Province”. The International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Invention, 4(8), 3823-3829.
• Sülkü, S. N. (2011). “Türkiye’de Sağlıkta Dönüşüm Programı Öncesinde ve Sonrasında Sağlık Hizmetlerinin Sunumu, Finansmanı ve Sağlık Harcamaları”. T.C. Maliye Bakanlığı Strateji Geliştirme Dairesi Başkanlığı Yayın No. 2011/414, Ankara.
• Yalçın, A.Z., Çakmak, F. (2016). “Türkiye’de Sağlık Harcamalarının İnsani Gelişim Üzerindeki Etkisi”. Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 30(4),705-723.