İnovasyon ve İstihdam İlişkisi: NIC Ülkeleri Örneği

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 19 Sayı: 2, 1057 - 1068, 31.08.2022

Selen Utlu Koçdemir , Tuğba Özyıldız

https://doi.org/10.33437/ksusbd.1087468

Cited By: 1

Öz

Küreselleşme sürecinin yarattığı rekabet ortamı ülke ekonomilerinde sürdürülebilir büyüme için teknolojik gelişmelerin yakından izlenmesini zorunlu hale getirmiştir. Bu noktada inovasyon, ülkelerde teknolojiyi ekonomik ve sosyal faydaya dönüştürmede en etkili güç olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. İnovasyonla birlikte ülke ekonomilerinde istihdam yapısının da önemli ölçüde değiştiği gözlemlenmektedir. Bu çalışma, yeni sanayileşen ülke kategorisinde yer alan 8 ülkeye ait 2007-2020 dönemine ait verileri kullanarak istihdam ile inovasyon, yüksek teknoloji ihracatı ve büyüme arasındaki ilişkiyi araştırmaktadır. Çalışmadan elde edilen sonuçlar, NIC Ülkelerinde teknolojik değişim emeğin yerini alırken, yapılan panel eşbütünleşme ve nedensellik testlerine göre istihdam ile Ar-Ge harcamaları ve yüksek teknoloji ihracatı arasında negatif ilişkiye rastlanmıştır. Değişkenler arasındaki ilişkide Ar-Ge ve ekonomik büyüme ile istihdam arasında çift yönlü bir nedensellik ilişkisi mevcutken yüksek teknolojili ürün ihracatı ile istihdam arasında nedensellik ilişkisine rastlanamamıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

İnovasyon, İstihdam, Ekonomik Büyüme, NIC ülkeleri

Kaynakça

• Acar, M., ve Sever, E. (2022). İnovasyonun İstihdam üzerindeki etkisi: Türkiye için bir ARDL sınır testi yaklaşımı, Sosyoekonomi, 30 (51), 33-52.
• Acemoğlu, D., and P. Restrepo (2018). The race between man and machine: ımplications of technology for growth, factor shares, and employment, American Economic Review, 108 (6): 1488–1542. doi:10.1257/aer.20160696
• Aghion, P., and Howitt, P. (1992). A model of growth through creative destruction, Econometrica, 60(2), 323–351.
• Avila-Lopez, L. A., Lyu, C., and Lopez-Leyva, S. (2019). Innovation and growth: evidence from Latin American countries, Journal of Applied Economics, 22(1), 287-303.
• Breusch, T. S., and Pagan, A. R. (1980). The Lagrange multiplier test and its applications to model specification in econometrics. The Review of Economic Studies, 47(1), 239-253.
• Brouwer, E., Kleinknecht, A., and Reijnen, J.O.N. (1993). Employment growth and innovation at the firm level, J Evol Econ 3, 153–159. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01213832
• Bogliacino, F., and Vivarelli, M. (2012). The job creation effect of R&D expenditures. Australian Economic Papers, 51(2), 96–113.
• Cvetanović, S., Mitrović, U., and Jurakić, M. (2019). Institutions as the driver of economic growth in classic, neoclasic and endogenous theory, Economic Themes, 57(1), 111-125.
• Emirmahmutoğlu, F. And Kose N. (2011). Testing for granger causality in heterogeneous mixed panels, Economic Modelling, 28, 870-876.
• Erkişi, K., ve Boğa, S. (2019). Yüksek teknoloji ürünleri ihracatı ve ekonomik büyüme: AB-15 ülkeleri için bir panel veri analizi. Bingöl Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi.
• Feldmann, H. (2013a). Financial system sophistication and unemployment in industrial countries, International Journal of Finance & Economics, 18(4), 319– 338.
• Feldmann, H. (2013b). Technological unemployment in industrial countries, Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 23(5), 1099– 1126.
• Gerçeker, M., Özmen, İ., ve Mucuk, M. (2019). AR-GE harcamaları ve işsizlik arasındaki nedenselliğin ampirik analizi: G7 ülkeleri örneği, Marmara Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 41(2), 413-431. https://doi.org/10.14780/muiibd.665104
• Gherghina, Ș. C., Botezatu, M. A., Hosszu, A., and Simionescu, L. N. (2020). Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs): The engine of economic growth through investments and innovation, Sustainability, 12(1), 347.
• Gaur, M., Kant, R., and Verma, N. M. P. (2020). Macro-economic determinants of high technology exports. European Journal of Business and Management Research, 5(5). https://doi.org/10.24018/ejbmr.2020.5.5.506
• Hadri, K., and Kurozumi, E. (2012). A simple panel stationarity test in the presence of serial correlation and a common factor. Economics Letters, 115(1), 31-34.
• Harrod, R. (1948). Towads a dynamic economics. London: Macmillan.
• Krousie, C. (2018). Technological unemployment in the United States: A state-level analysis. Major Themes in Economics, 20(1), 87-101.
• Li, P. (2021). An empirical analysis of the impact of technological innovation on China’s total employment. In E3S Web of Conferences (Vol. 235, p. 02042). EDP Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202123502042
• Marchant, G.E., Stevens, Y.A. and Hennessy, J.M. 2014. Technology,unemployment&policy options: navigating the transition to a betterworld, Journal of Evolution and Technology ,24 (1), 26–44.
• Neves, F., Campos, P., and Silva, S. (2019). Innovation and employment: an agent-based approach, Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation, 22 (1).
• Onea, I. A. (2020). Innovation ındicators and the ınnovation process - evidence from the european ınnovation scoreboard, management & marketing, Challenges for the Knowledge Society, 15(4), 605-620, DOI: 10.2478/mmcks-2020-0035.
• Oyegoke, E. ve Aras, O. N. (2021). Nexus between technological ınnovation and economic growth: evidence from Nigeria (1980-2018). Nile Journal of Business and Economics, 7(18), 3-14.
• Pesaran, M.H. (2004). General diagnostic tests for cross-sectional dependence in panels. Empirical Economics, 60, 13-50.
• Pesaran, M. H., A. Ullah and T. Yamagata. (2008). A bias-adjusted LM test of error cross section independence, The Econometrics Journal, 11(1), 105–127.
• Pesaran, M. H. and T. Yamagata. (2008). Testing slope homogeneity in large panels, Journal of Econometrics, 142(1), 50–93.
• Pesaran, M. H. (2007). A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross section dependence, Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22(2), 265-312.
• Porath, D., Nabachwa, S., Agasha, E. and Kijjambu, N.F. (2021): Innovation and employment in Sub-Saharan Africa, In: UASM Discussion Paper Series No. 10, University of Applied Sciences Mainz/Germany.
• Piva, M. and Vivarelli, M. (2018). Technological change and employment: is Europe ready for the challenge?. Eurasian Business Review, 8(1), 13-32.
• Rahman, M. M., Nepal, R., & Alam, K. (2021). Impacts of human capital, exports, economic growth and energy consumption on CO2 emissions of a cross-sectionally dependent panel: Evidence from the newly industrialized countries (NICs). Environmental Science & Policy, 121, 24-36.
• Rothman, D. 2013. How technology is destroying jobs, Technology Review 16 (4): 28–35.
• Sandu, S., and Ciocanel, B. (2014). Impact of R&D and ınnovation on high-tech export, Procedia Economics and Finance, 15,80-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(14)00450-X
• Sasaki, H. (2020). Product and process innovation, keynesian unemployment, and economic growth. https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/id/eprint/101031
• Sezer, S. (2018). Impacts of R & D expenditures on high technology product exports in BRICST countries, The Journal of Social Sciences Research, 4(10),165-175.
• Sezgin, F. H., Bayar, Y., and Bandirma, B. T. (2021). Impact of ınnovation on employment: evidence from BRICS-T countries. PaKSoM 2021, 473.
• Westerlund, J., and Edgerton, D. L. (2007). A panel bootstrap cointegration test. Economics letters, 97(3), 185-190.
• Vivarelli, M. (2014). Innovation, employment and skills in advanced and developing countries: a survey of economic literatüre, Journal of Economic Issues, 48(1), 123-154.
• Yerdelen Tatoğlu, F. (2018) Panel Zaman Serileri Analizi, Beta Basım Yayım Dağıtım İstanbul.
• Yildirim, D. Ç., Yildirim, S., Erdogan, S., & Kantarci, T. (2020). Innovation—Unemployment Nexus: The case of EU countries. International Journal of Finance & Economics.
• Zera, Z.I., Normaz, W.I., Saifuzzaman,I. ve Hanny, Z.H. (2021) The impact of high-technology trade on employment, The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, 30:4, 512-529. DOI:10.1080/09638199.2020.1852301
• Zhylinska, O. and Bazhenova, O. (2019, September). Innovation driven economic growth: evidence for G7 countries. In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Strategies, Models and Technologies of Economic Systems Management (SMTESM, 2019), 29-32.