KORONAVİRÜS (COVID-19) TEDAVİSİ TAMAMLANMIŞ BİREYLERİN TRAVMA SONRASI BÜYÜME DENEYİMLERİ: NİTEL BİR ÇALIŞMA

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1, 23 - 33, 14.03.2022

Adeviye Aydın , Yunus Kaya

https://doi.org/10.35365/ctjpp.22.1.03

Öz

Bu çalışmada, koronavirüs (COVID-19) tedavisi tamamlanmış bireylerde travma sonrası büyümeye ilişkin deneyimlerinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmada amaçlı örnekleme yöntemi kullanılmış 18 yaş üzerinde, COVID 19 tanısı alan ve tedavisi tamamlanan, araştırmaya katılmayı kabul eden bireylerle derinlemesine bireysel görüşmeler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırma kriterlerini karşılayan 16 bireyle (22-45 yaş) çalışma gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu çalışmada, fenomenolojik niteliksel araştırma yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Veriler, COVID-19 yayılmasını önlemek amacıyla internet tabanlı konferans görüşme programları üzerinden (Zoom, Google Meeting, Skype vb.) toplanmıştır. Verilerin analizinde tematik analiz yönteminden yararlanılmıştır. Nitel verilerin analizi sonucunda “COVID-19 Bütüncül Etkileri” ve “Travma Sonrası Büyüme” olmak üzere iki kategori elde edilmiştir. COVID-19 bütüncül etkileri kategorisinde üç tema ve beş alt tema, travma sonrası büyüme kategorisinde ise iki tema ve sekiz alt tema belirlenmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda, hastalığı deneyimleyen bireylerin yaşama bakış açılarında, kendilik algılarında pozitif değişim geliştiği, ilişkilerinin güçlendiği, süreç boyunca etrafındaki destek kaynaklarının bireyleri olumlu yönde etkilediği belirlenmiştir. Araştırma, COVID-19 hastalarının psikolojik yönden büyümelerini kolaylaştırıcı etmenlere yönelik müdahalelerin planlanması ve uygulanması açısından önemli deneyimler sunmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Travma Sonrası Büyüme, COVID-19, nitel çalışma

POST-TRAUMATIC GROWTH EXPERIENCES OF INDIVIDUALS HAVING COMPLETED TREATMENT FOR CORONAVIRUS (COVID -19): A QUALITATIVE STUDY

Öz

In this study, it is aimed that the experiences of post-traumatic growth in individuals treated for coronavirus (COVID -19) are examined. In this research, in-depth individual interviews were carried out with those over the age of 18 years old who had been diagnosed and completed treatment for COVID 19 and agreed to participate to the research. The research was conducted with 16 individuals (22-45 years) who met the research criteria. A phenomenological qualitative research method was used for this study. The data was gathered over the internet-based teleconferencing programs (Zoom, Google Meeting, Skype, etc.) in order to prevent the spread of COVID -19. The thematic analysis method was used in the data analysis. In consequence of the qualitative data analysis, two categories were obtained as "The Holistic Effects of COVID-19" and "Post Traumatic Growth." In the category of the holistic effects of COVID-19, three themes and five subordinate themes were established, and in the category of post-traumatic growth, two themes and eight subordinate themes were established. As a result of the research, it was established that the perspectives of individuals who experienced this sickness on life and their self-perception were positively developed, their relationships were strengthened, and the support resources surrounding them positively affected them during the period. The research presents significant experiences with regard to planning and implementing interventions aimed at the factors that promote psychological growth in COVID-19 patients.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Post-traumatic growth, COVID-19, qualitative study

Kaynakça

• 1. Bo, H.X., Li, W., Yang, Y., Wang, Y., Zhang, Q., Cheung, T., Wu, X., Xiang, Y.T. (2021). Posttraumatic stress symptoms and attitude toward crisis mental health services among clinically stable patients with COVID-19 in China. Psychological Medicine, 51(6), 1052-1053.
• 2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) situation summary. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/index.html Erişim Tarihi: 23.05.2020.
• 3. Chen, D., Song, F., Tang, L., Zhang, H., Shao, J., Qiui, R., Wang, X., Ye, Z. (2020). Quarantine experience of close contacts of COVID-19 patients in China: A qualitative descriptive study. Gen Hosp Psychiatry, 66, 81-88.
• 4. Chew, C.C., Lim, X.J., Chang, C.T., Rajan, P., Nasir, N., Low, W.Y. (2021). Experiences of social stigma among patients tested positive for COVID-19 and their family members: a qualitative study. BMC Public Health, 21(1),1623. doi: 10.1186/s12889-021-11679-8.
• 5. Connelly, L.M. (2016). Trustworthiness in qualitative research. Medsurg Nursing, 25(6), 435-436.
• 6. Dorman-Ilan, S., Hertz-Palmor, N., Brand-Gothelf, A., Hasson-Ohayon, I., Matalon, N., Gross, R., Chen, W., Abramovich, A., Afek, A., Ziv, A., Kreiss, Y., Pessach, IM., Gothelf, D. (2020). Anxiety and depression symptoms in COVID-19 ısolated patients and in their relatives. Front Psychiatry, 11, 581598. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.581598.
• 7. Ermi̇ş, E., ve Bayraktar, S. (2021). Travma sonrası gelişim perspektifinden gelişimsel eğride yeni bir kuşak olarak COVID-19. International Journal of Social Sciences and Education Research, 7 (1), 150-162.
• 8. Gopichandran, V., Subramaniam, S. (2021). A qualitative inquiry into stigma among patients with Covid-19 in Chennai, India. Indian J Med Ethics, 6(3),1-21.
• 9. Gürsu, O., ve Bayındır, S. (2021). Covid-19 hastalığını geçiren sağlık çalışanlarının başa çıkma sürecinde din ve maneviyat. Turkish Academic Research Review, 6 (1), 181-220.
• 10. Hamam, A.A., Milo, S., Mor, I., Shaked, E., Eliav, A.S., Lahav Y. (2021). Peritraumatic reactions during the COVID-19 pandemic – The contribution of posttraumatic growth attributed to prior trauma. Journal of Psychiaric Research, 132, 23-31.
• 11. Huang, Y., Zhao, N. (2020). Generalized anxiety disorder, depressive symptoms and sleep quality during COVID-19 outbreak in China: A web-based cross-sectional survey. Psychiatry Research, 288, 112954.
• 12. Jacobs, L.G., Gourna Paleoudis, E., Lesky-Di Bari, D., Nyirenda, T., Friedman, T., Gupta, A…Aschner, J. (2020) Persistence of symptoms and quality of life at 35 days after hospitalization for COVID-19 infection. PLoS ONE, 15(12), e0243882. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243882
• 13. Karataş, Z (2020). COVID-19 pandemisinin toplumsal etkileri, değişim ve güçlenme. Türkiye Sosyal Hizmet Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(1), 3-17.
• 14. Kaya, Y. ve Akın Işık, R. (2021). COVID-19 ile yaşanan sosyal izolasyonun aile ve evlilik yaşamına yansımaları: afenomenolojik bir çalışma . Turkish Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 15 (3), 510-520.
• 15. Liu, N., Zhang F., Wei C., Jia Y., Shang Z., Sun L., Wu L., Sun Z., Zhou Y., Wang Y., Liu W. (2020). Prevalence and predictors of PTSS during COVID-19 outbreak in China hardest-hit areas: Gender differences matter. Psychiatry Research, 287, 112921.
• 16. Liu, W., Liu, J. (2021). Living with COVID-19: a phenomenological study of hospitalised patients involved in family cluster transmission. BMJ Open, 11(2), e046128. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-046128
• 17. Lohiniva, A.L., Dub, T., Hagberg, L., Nohynek, H. (2021). Learning about COVID-19-related stigma, quarantine and isolation experiences in Finland. PLoS One, 16(4), e0247962. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247962.
• 18. Moradi, Y., Mollazadeh, F., Karimi, P. et al. (2020). Psychological disturbances of survivors throughout COVID-19 crisis: a qualitative study. BMC Psychiatry, 20, 594. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-020-03009-w
• 19. Patil, S.T., Datar, M. C., Shetty, J. V., Naphade, N. M. (2021). Psychological consequences and coping strategies of patients undergoing treatment for COVID-19 at a tertiary care hospital: A qualitative study. Asian Journal of Social Health and Behavior, 4(2), 62-68.
• 20. Polizzi, C., Lynn, S. J., Perry, A. (2020). Stress and coping in the time of COVID-19: Pathways to resilience and recovery. Clinical Neuropsychiatry: Journal of Treatment Evaluation, 17(2), 59–62.
• 21. Rizvi Jafree, S., Naqi, S. A. (2020). Significant other family members and their experiences of COVID-19 in Pakistan: A qualitative study with implications for social policy. Stigma and Health, 5(4), 380-389.
• 22. Sağlık Bakanlığı (2020). Pandemi. https://covid19.saglik.gov.tr/TR-66494/pandemi.html
• 23. Shakespeare-Finch, J., Bowen-Salter, H., Cashin, M., Badawi, A., Wells, R., Rosenbaum, S., Steel, Z. (2020). COVID-19: An Australian Perspective. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 25 (8), 662-672.
• 24. Sun, W., Zhou, Y., Chen, W.T., Huang, F., Sun, M., Shen, L., Gao, Y., Zhang, Q., Ma, S., Shiu, C., Zhang, L., Lu, H. (2021a)Disclosure experience among COVID-19-confirmed patients in China: A qualitative study. J Clin Nurs, 30(5-6),783-792. doi: 10.1111/jocn.15616.
• 25. Sun, W., Chen, W. T., Zhang, Q., Ma, S., Huang, F., Zhang, L., Lu, H. (2021b). Post-traumatic growth experiences among COVID-19 confirmed cases in China: A qualitative study. Clinical Nursing Research, 30(7), 1079-1087.
• 26. Tan, J., Andriessen, K. (2021). The experiences of grief and personal growth in university students: A qualitative study. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 18(4), 1899. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18041899.
• 27. Tedeschi, R.G., Calhoun, L.G. (2004). Posttraumatic growth: conceptual foundations and empirical evidence. Psychological Inquiry, 15(1), 1-18. doi: 10.1207/s15327965pli1501_01
• 28. Tedeschi, R. G., Calhoun, L.G. (1996). The Posttraumatic Growth Inventory: Measuring the positive legacy of trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 9(3), 455-471.
• 29. Tedeschi, R. G., Shakespeare-Finch, J., Taku, K., Calhoun, L. G. (2018). Posttraumatic growth. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315527451.
• 30. Tong, A., Sainsbury, P., Craig, J. (2007). Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ): A 32-item checklist for interviews and focus groups. International Journal for Quality in Health Care, 19(6), 349-357.
• 31. Villa, S., Jaramillo, E., Mangioni, D., Bandera, A., Gori, A., Raviglione, M.C. (2020). Stigma at the time of the COVID-19 pandemic. Clin Microbiol Infect, 26(11):1450-1452.
• 32. Walton, M. (2020). Post traumatic growth during a pandemic: A literature review. International Journal of Research in Medical and Basic Sciences. 6(8), 1-8.
• 33. World Health Organization (2020) Naming the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and the virus that causes it. https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/technical-guidance/naming-the-coronavirus-disease-(covid-2019)-and-the-virus-that-causes-it. Erişim Tarihi: 20.12.2020
• 34. Wu, Z., McGoogan J.M. (2020). Characteristics of and important lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: summary of a report of 72314 cases from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. JAMA, 323(13), 1239-1242.
• 35. Yan, S., Yang, J., Ye, M., Chen, S., Xie, C., Huang, J., Liu, H (2021). Post-traumatic growth and related ınfluencing factors in discharged COVID-19 patients: A cross-sectional study. Front. Psychol, 12, 658307. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.658307.
• 36. Yılmaz, Y., Erdoğan, A., Hocaoglu, C. (2021). COVID-19 ve damgalanma. Kocaeli Tıp Dergisi, 10(Supp: 1), 47-55.