Echolalia in individuals with autism spectrum disorder

Yıl 2021, , 575 - 592, 30.11.2021

Derya Genç Tosun

https://doi.org/10.33400/kuje.904316

Öz

Individuals with autism spectrum disorder have deficiencies in social communication skills. Language development delay, repetitive and specific language use are among the common problems in social communication skills of individuals with autism spectrum disorder. Echolalia is a verbal repetition of previously spoken statement and is common in individuals with autism spectrum disorders. Echolalia negatively affects the social acceptance and independent life opportunities of individuals with autism spectrum disorder. Immediate echolalia, delayed echolalia, mitigated echolalia and unmitigated echolalia are types of echolalia. Immediate echolalia occurs when the latency between the first and the repeated utterance is within a few seconds. Delayed echolalia is the repetition of previously heard utterance after a few minutes, hours, days, weeks, months or years. Unmitigated echolalia is exact repetition of words spoken by others the repetition of the words in someone else's speech completely. Mitigated echolalia, on the other hand, is repetition the first few words spoken by others, and then continue to speak with his own words. "What is the definition of echolalia?", "Does echolalia have a function?", "Can echolalia be accepted as a vocal stereotype?", "Does echolalia affect language development negatively?", "What are the effective interventions for echolalia?" these questions are still need answer. It is suggested that the limited knowledge about echolalia may result from the confusion in terminology, the lack of detailed description of observed behavior, or differences in the philosophy and methodology of various disciplines. This study aimed to provide detailed information about the definition of echolalia, its functions and its relationship with speech. In addition, it was aimed to introduce commonly used intervention methods such as, differential reinforcement of other behaviors, cues pause-point and make suggestions for implementation.

Anahtar Kelimeler

autism spectrum disorder, echolalia, immediate echolalia, delayed echolalia, vocal stereotype

Otizm spektrum bozukluğu olan bireylerde ekolali

Öz

Otizm spektrum bozukluğu olan bireylerin, sosyal iletişim becerilerindeki eksiklikler görülmektedir. Dil gelişiminde gecikme, tekrarlayan ve kendine özgü dil kullanımı otizm spektrum bozukluğu olan bireylerin sosyal iletişim becerilerinde sık gözlenen sorunlar arasında yer almaktadır. Ekolali, daha önce söylenen bir ifadenin bir kısmının veya tamamının sözel olarak tekrarlanmasıdır ve otizm spektrum bozukluğu olan bireylerde yaygın olarak görülmektedir. Ekolali, otizm spektrum bozukluğu olan bireylerin sosyal kabulünü ve bağımsız yaşam fırsatlarını olumsuz etkilemektedir. Ekolalinin türleri; anında ekolali, gecikmiş ekolali, tam ekolali ve azaltılmış ekolalidir. Anında ekolali, ilk ifade ile tekrar edilen ifade arasındaki süre birkaç saniye olduğunda ortaya çıkmaktadır. Gecikmiş ekolali, daha önce duyulmuş ifadelerin birkaç dakika, saat, gün, hafta, ay veya yıl geçmesinden sonra tekrarlanmasıdır. Tam ekolali, başkasının konuşmasındaki sözcüklerin eksiksiz ve kişinin tonlamasına uygun olarak taklit edilmesidir. Azaltılmış ekolali ise başka biri tarafından söylenen cümlenin ilk birkaç sözcüğünü taklit etmek ve sonra kendi ürettiği sözcüklerle konuşmaya devam etmektir “Ekolalinin tanımı nedir?”, “Ekolalinin işlevi var mıdır?”, “Ekolali vokal stereotipi olarak kabul edilebilir mi?”, “Ekolali dil gelişimini olumsuz etkiler mi?”, “Ekolaliye yönelik etkili müdahaleler nelerdir?” gibi sorulara ulusal ve uluslararası alanyazında halen yanıt aranmaktadır. Ekolali hakkındaki sınırlı bilginin terminolojideki kavram karışıklığından, gözlenen davranışların detaylı tanımlanmamasından ya da çeşitli disiplinlerin felsefesindeki ve metodolojisindeki farklılıklardan kaynaklanabileceği ileri sürülmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, otizm spektrum bozukluğu olan bireylerin ailelerine, öğretmenlerine, dil ve konuşma terapistlerine ve diğer uzmanlara ekolalinin tanımı, işlevleri ve konuşmayla ilişkisi hakkında detaylı bilgi vermektir. Ayrıca, ekolalinin azaltılmasında yaygın olarak kullanılan diğer davranışların ayrımlı pekiştirilmesi, tepkiyi yarıda kesme ve yeniden yönlendirme, işaret et-duraklat-bitir müdahale yöntemlerini tanıtmak ve uygulamaya yönelik önerilerde bulunmak amaçlanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

otizm spektrum bozukluğu, ekolali, anında ekolali, gecikmiş ekolali, vokal stereotipi

Kaynakça

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