Tez Özeti
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Eskiçağ Mezopotamya İnanışlarında Gök Hiyerofanisi

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 1, 37 - 43, 30.06.2022

Öz

Bu makalede, Eskiçağ Mezopotamya insanlarının gökyüzü hakkında hissettikleri, gökyüzünü kutsal saymaları ve bu kutsallık sonucunda da gökyüzüne bakarak kehanetler üretmeleri işlenmiştir. Eskiçağ Mezopotamya insanları kendi etrafında deneyimlediği doğaya veya doğa olaylarına, modern insanın bu olaylara bakış açısından farklı yaklaşarak bazı anlamlar yüklemiştir. Uçsuz bucaksız gökyüzüne baktığında buraya ulaşamadığı için göksel Hiyerofaniler meydana gelmiştir. Hiyerofani terimi, kısaca kutsalın tezahürü olarak çevrilebilir. Gökte yaşanan doğa olayları; yağmur, fırtına ve inceledikleri yedi gezegen; Venüs, Jüpiter, Mars, Uranüs, Satürn, Güneş ve Ay’ın hareketlerini her şeyin üstünde olan ve gökte yaşayan kutsal bir varlığa atfetmişlerdir. Bu yüzden göğü kişileştirerek ona An/Anu demişlerdir. Zamanla bu göksel varlık özellikle şehirleşmenin de etkisiyle Deus Otiosus yani ulaşılamaz ve uzak olan tanrı durumuna gelmiş ve Hiyerofanilerini daha dinamik ve yeni olan tanrılara bırakmıştır. Eskiçağ Mezopotamya insanları, göğü sadece kutsal saymamışlar, ayrıca göğü inceleyerek ve gezegenlerin hareketlerini gözlemleyerek astronomi ve astroloji konusunda günümüze kadar gelen önemli bilgiler bırakmışlardır. Bu bilgiler komşu memleketleri derinden etkilemiştir. Ayrıca gezegenlerin hareketlerini bir bakıma tanrıların insanlar ile bir haberleşme yolu olarak gördükleri için de bu gezegenlerin hareketlerine bakarak göksel kehanetler de üretmişlerdir.

Teşekkür

Bu makale, “Eskiçağ Mezopotamya İnanışlarında Gök Hiyerofanisi ve Yunan Dünyasına Etkisi” adlı doktora tezinden türetilmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • Adıbelli, R. (2011). Mircea Eliade ve Din: Mircea Eliade’nin Din Bilimi Çalışmalarının Metodolojik Açıdan Değerlendirilmesi. İz Yayıncılık, ISBN: 978975355820, 313-127s.
  • Annus, A. (2016). The Heavenly Counterparts of Adapa and Enoch in Babylonia and Israel. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341432342_The_Heavenly_Counterparts_of_Adapa_and_Enoch_in_Babylonia_and_Israel, Accessed 03.07.2021.
  • Barton, T. (1994). Ancient Astrology. Routledge, ISBN 0203410718, 12s.
  • Baysal, A. S. (2018). Mezopotamya Astrolojisinin Doğuşu, Gelişimi ve Kaynakları. The Journal of Academic Social Science, 65 (6), 461-475.
  • Black, J. & Green, A. (2003). Mezopotamya Mitolojisi Sözlüğü: Tanrılar İfritler Semboller (çev. Hasgül, N). Aram Yayıncılık ISBN: 9758242806, 31-29s.
  • Brown, D. (2006). Astral Divination in the Context of Mesopotamian Divination, Medicine, Religion, Magic, Society and Scholarship. East Asian Science Technology and Medicine, 25, 69-126.
  • Civil, M., Gelb, I. J., Landsberger, B., Oppenheim, A. L. & Reiner, E. (1968). The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institue of the University of Chicago (AII). Oriental Institue of the University of Chicago, ISBN: 0918986079, 166s.
  • Cooley, J. L. (2013). Poetic Astronomy in the Ancient Near East: The Reflexes of Celestial Science in Ancient Mesootamia, Ugaritic and Israelite Narrative. Eisenbrauns, ISBN: 9781575062624, 83s.
  • Cumont, F. (1912). Astrology and Religion among the Greeks and Romans. G. P. Putnam’s Sons Press, ISBN: 151974188X, 4s.
  • Dalley, S. (1989). Myths from Mesopotamia Creation, the Flood, Gilgamesh, and Others. Oxford University Press, ISBN: 0192835890791086, 182-185s.
  • Eliade, M. (2002). Babil Simyası ve Kozmolojisi (çev. Özcan, M.E). Kabalcı Yayınevi, ISBN: 9786257030311, 40-43s.
  • Eliade, M. (2018). Dinler Tarihine Giriş (çev. Özcan, L.A). Alfa Yayınları, ISBN: 9786051715544, 58-65-63-66-91-92-91-129-134s.
  • Fincke, J. C. (2014). Additions To Already Edited Enūma Anu Enlil (EAE) Tablets, Part 2: The Tablets Concerning the Appearance Of The Sun Published In Pihans 73 Part I. Kaskal, 11, 103-139.
  • Fincke, J. C. (2016). Additions to Already Edited Enuma Anu Enlil (EAE) Tablets, Part 4: The Lunar Eclipse Omens From Tablets 15-19 Published by Rochberg-Halton in AfO Beih 22. Kaskal, 13, 89-119.
  • Frayne, D. R. & Johanna, H. S. (2021). A Handbook of Gods and Goddesses of the Ancient Near East: Three Thousand Deities of Anatolia, Syria, Israel, Sumer, Babylonia and Elam. Eisenbrauns, ISBN: 9781575068374, 18-19s.
  • Gehlken, E. (2012). Weather Omens of Enuma Anu Enlil: Thunderstorm Wind and Rain Tablets (44-49). Brill, ISBN: 978900422588 6, 202-204s.
  • Gündüz, Ş., Ünal, Y. & Sarıkçıoğlu, E. (1996). Dinlerde Yükseliş Motifleri. Vadi Yayınları, ISBN: 9786055830519, 10-23-14s.
  • Leick, G. (1991). A Dictionary of Ancient Near Eastern Mythology. Routledge Press, ISBN: 020302852X, 4-5-6s.
  • Frankford, H. A., Wilson, J. A., Jacobsen, T. & Irwın, W. A. (1946). The Intellectual Adventure of Ancient Man: An Essay on Speculative Thought in the Ancient Near East. The Universtiy of Chicago Press, ISBN: 9780226260099, 138s.
  • Hale, V. (2014). Mesopotamian Gods Goddesses. Britannica Educational Publishing, ISBN: 9781622751624, 46s.
  • Hunger, H. & Pingree, D. (1999). Astral Science in Mesopotamia. Brill, ISBN: 9004101276, 7-13s.
  • James, E. O. (1963). The Worship of the Sky God: A Comparative Study in Semitic and Indo-European Religion. University of London Press, ISBN: 0485174065, 9780485174069, 12-9-22-23s.
  • Jung, C. G. (2006). Analitik Psikoloji (çev. Gürol, E). Payel Yayınevi, ISBN: 9753880952, 145s.
  • Kaçar, A. (2020). Eski Mezopotamya’da Büyü ve Büyücülük, Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara, 47s.
  • Markham, G. J. (2014). Melothesia in Mesopotamia: Medicine, Magic and Astrology in the Ancient Near East. De Gruyter, ISBN: 9781614517757, 27s.
  • Mieroop, M. V. D. (2016). Philosophy Before the Greeks: The Pursuit of Truth in Ancient Babylonia. Princeton University Press, ISBN: 9780691157184, 92-96-114s.
  • Nardo, D. (2007). Ancient Mesopotamia. Greenhaven Press, ISBN: 13 9780737734416, 29s,
  • Oppenheim, A. L. (1974) A Babylonian Diviner’s Manual. Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 33 (2), 197-220.
  • Oppenheim, A. L. (1974). Man and Nature in Mesopotamian Civilisation (ed. Charles Coulston Gillispie), Dictionary of Scientific Biography (s. 634-666). Charles Scribner’s Sons, ISBN: 0684169622, 634s.
  • Pettazzoni, R. (2002). Tanrıya Dair (çev. Aydın, F). İz Yayıncılık, ISBN: 10 9753555377, 27s.
  • Pinches, T. G. (1906). The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria. Archibald Constable Company Press, ISBN: 0524009589, 50s.
  • Rennie, B. S. (2007). Mircea Eliade and the Perception of the Sacred in the Profane: Intention, Reduction and Cognitive Theory. Temenos, 43 (1), 73-98.
  • Rochberg, F. (2004). The Heavenly Writings: Divinaion, Horoscopy and Astronomy in Mesopotamian Culture. Cambridge University Press, ISBN: 9780521830102, 210-212s.
  • Rochberg, F. (2018). The Catalogues of Enūma Anu Enlil. (ed. Ulrike Steinert), Assyrian and Babylonian Scholarly Text Catalogues (ss. 121-136), De Gruyter, ISBN: 9781501513633, 121s.
  • Selz, G. J. (2008). The Divine Prototypes. (ed. Nicole Brisch) Religion and Power: Divine Kingship in the Ancient World and Beyond (ss. 13-31). The Oriental Institue of the University of Chicago Press, ISBN: 139781-885923554, 13s.
  • Sümer, N. (2018). Mitolojik ve Dinsel Bir Yükseliş Simgesi Olarak Merdiven Motifi. Çukurova Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 18 (1), 257–269.
  • Tosun, M. & Yalvaç, K. (2002). Sümer, Babil. Assur Kanunları ve Ammi-Şaduqa Fermanı. Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, ISBN: 9789751601940, 87-187s.
  • Verderame, L. (2002). Enuma Anu Enlil Tablets 1-13. (ed. John M. Steele & Anette Imhausen), Under One Sky: Astronomy and Mathematics in the Ancient Near East (s.s 447-458). Ugarit Verlag, ISBN: 3934628265, 442s.
  • Widengren, G. (1950). The Ascension of the Apostle and the Heavenly Book: King and Savior III. A.B. Lundequistska Bokhandeln Press, 7-8-14s.
  • Wilson, E. J. (1994). Holiness and Purity in Mesopotamia. Kevelaer Butzon and Bercker Press, ISBN: 376669895X, 22s.

Sky Hierophany in Ancient Mesopotamıa Beliefs

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 1, 37 - 43, 30.06.2022

Öz

In this article, the feelings of the Ancient Mesopotamian people about the sky, their regard for the sky as sacred, and their making prophecies by looking at the sky because of this sanctity are discussed. Ancient Mesopotamian people attributed some meanings to the nature or natural events that they experienced around themselves, by approaching them differently from the perspective of modern people. Celestial Hierophanies occurred because they could not reach here when they looked at the vast sky. The term hierophany can be translated briefly as the manifestation of the sacred. Natural events in the sky; the rain, storm, and the movements of the seven planets; Venus, Jupiter, Mars, Uranus, Saturn, Sun, and Moon, they attributed to a divine being who is above everything and lives in the sky. Therefore, they personified the sky and called it an/Anu. Over time, this celestial entity, especially with the effect of urbanization, became Deus Otiosus, the god who is inaccessible and distant and left his hierophanies to the more dynamic and new gods. Ancient Mesopotamian people not only regarded the sky as sacred, but also left important information on astronomy and astrology by examining the sky and observing the movements of the planets. This informations deeply affected the neighboring countries. In addition, they also produced celestial prophecies by looking at the movements of these planets, as they saw the movements of the planets as a way of communication between the gods and humans.

Kaynakça

  • Adıbelli, R. (2011). Mircea Eliade ve Din: Mircea Eliade’nin Din Bilimi Çalışmalarının Metodolojik Açıdan Değerlendirilmesi. İz Yayıncılık, ISBN: 978975355820, 313-127s.
  • Annus, A. (2016). The Heavenly Counterparts of Adapa and Enoch in Babylonia and Israel. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341432342_The_Heavenly_Counterparts_of_Adapa_and_Enoch_in_Babylonia_and_Israel, Accessed 03.07.2021.
  • Barton, T. (1994). Ancient Astrology. Routledge, ISBN 0203410718, 12s.
  • Baysal, A. S. (2018). Mezopotamya Astrolojisinin Doğuşu, Gelişimi ve Kaynakları. The Journal of Academic Social Science, 65 (6), 461-475.
  • Black, J. & Green, A. (2003). Mezopotamya Mitolojisi Sözlüğü: Tanrılar İfritler Semboller (çev. Hasgül, N). Aram Yayıncılık ISBN: 9758242806, 31-29s.
  • Brown, D. (2006). Astral Divination in the Context of Mesopotamian Divination, Medicine, Religion, Magic, Society and Scholarship. East Asian Science Technology and Medicine, 25, 69-126.
  • Civil, M., Gelb, I. J., Landsberger, B., Oppenheim, A. L. & Reiner, E. (1968). The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institue of the University of Chicago (AII). Oriental Institue of the University of Chicago, ISBN: 0918986079, 166s.
  • Cooley, J. L. (2013). Poetic Astronomy in the Ancient Near East: The Reflexes of Celestial Science in Ancient Mesootamia, Ugaritic and Israelite Narrative. Eisenbrauns, ISBN: 9781575062624, 83s.
  • Cumont, F. (1912). Astrology and Religion among the Greeks and Romans. G. P. Putnam’s Sons Press, ISBN: 151974188X, 4s.
  • Dalley, S. (1989). Myths from Mesopotamia Creation, the Flood, Gilgamesh, and Others. Oxford University Press, ISBN: 0192835890791086, 182-185s.
  • Eliade, M. (2002). Babil Simyası ve Kozmolojisi (çev. Özcan, M.E). Kabalcı Yayınevi, ISBN: 9786257030311, 40-43s.
  • Eliade, M. (2018). Dinler Tarihine Giriş (çev. Özcan, L.A). Alfa Yayınları, ISBN: 9786051715544, 58-65-63-66-91-92-91-129-134s.
  • Fincke, J. C. (2014). Additions To Already Edited Enūma Anu Enlil (EAE) Tablets, Part 2: The Tablets Concerning the Appearance Of The Sun Published In Pihans 73 Part I. Kaskal, 11, 103-139.
  • Fincke, J. C. (2016). Additions to Already Edited Enuma Anu Enlil (EAE) Tablets, Part 4: The Lunar Eclipse Omens From Tablets 15-19 Published by Rochberg-Halton in AfO Beih 22. Kaskal, 13, 89-119.
  • Frayne, D. R. & Johanna, H. S. (2021). A Handbook of Gods and Goddesses of the Ancient Near East: Three Thousand Deities of Anatolia, Syria, Israel, Sumer, Babylonia and Elam. Eisenbrauns, ISBN: 9781575068374, 18-19s.
  • Gehlken, E. (2012). Weather Omens of Enuma Anu Enlil: Thunderstorm Wind and Rain Tablets (44-49). Brill, ISBN: 978900422588 6, 202-204s.
  • Gündüz, Ş., Ünal, Y. & Sarıkçıoğlu, E. (1996). Dinlerde Yükseliş Motifleri. Vadi Yayınları, ISBN: 9786055830519, 10-23-14s.
  • Leick, G. (1991). A Dictionary of Ancient Near Eastern Mythology. Routledge Press, ISBN: 020302852X, 4-5-6s.
  • Frankford, H. A., Wilson, J. A., Jacobsen, T. & Irwın, W. A. (1946). The Intellectual Adventure of Ancient Man: An Essay on Speculative Thought in the Ancient Near East. The Universtiy of Chicago Press, ISBN: 9780226260099, 138s.
  • Hale, V. (2014). Mesopotamian Gods Goddesses. Britannica Educational Publishing, ISBN: 9781622751624, 46s.
  • Hunger, H. & Pingree, D. (1999). Astral Science in Mesopotamia. Brill, ISBN: 9004101276, 7-13s.
  • James, E. O. (1963). The Worship of the Sky God: A Comparative Study in Semitic and Indo-European Religion. University of London Press, ISBN: 0485174065, 9780485174069, 12-9-22-23s.
  • Jung, C. G. (2006). Analitik Psikoloji (çev. Gürol, E). Payel Yayınevi, ISBN: 9753880952, 145s.
  • Kaçar, A. (2020). Eski Mezopotamya’da Büyü ve Büyücülük, Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara, 47s.
  • Markham, G. J. (2014). Melothesia in Mesopotamia: Medicine, Magic and Astrology in the Ancient Near East. De Gruyter, ISBN: 9781614517757, 27s.
  • Mieroop, M. V. D. (2016). Philosophy Before the Greeks: The Pursuit of Truth in Ancient Babylonia. Princeton University Press, ISBN: 9780691157184, 92-96-114s.
  • Nardo, D. (2007). Ancient Mesopotamia. Greenhaven Press, ISBN: 13 9780737734416, 29s,
  • Oppenheim, A. L. (1974) A Babylonian Diviner’s Manual. Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 33 (2), 197-220.
  • Oppenheim, A. L. (1974). Man and Nature in Mesopotamian Civilisation (ed. Charles Coulston Gillispie), Dictionary of Scientific Biography (s. 634-666). Charles Scribner’s Sons, ISBN: 0684169622, 634s.
  • Pettazzoni, R. (2002). Tanrıya Dair (çev. Aydın, F). İz Yayıncılık, ISBN: 10 9753555377, 27s.
  • Pinches, T. G. (1906). The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria. Archibald Constable Company Press, ISBN: 0524009589, 50s.
  • Rennie, B. S. (2007). Mircea Eliade and the Perception of the Sacred in the Profane: Intention, Reduction and Cognitive Theory. Temenos, 43 (1), 73-98.
  • Rochberg, F. (2004). The Heavenly Writings: Divinaion, Horoscopy and Astronomy in Mesopotamian Culture. Cambridge University Press, ISBN: 9780521830102, 210-212s.
  • Rochberg, F. (2018). The Catalogues of Enūma Anu Enlil. (ed. Ulrike Steinert), Assyrian and Babylonian Scholarly Text Catalogues (ss. 121-136), De Gruyter, ISBN: 9781501513633, 121s.
  • Selz, G. J. (2008). The Divine Prototypes. (ed. Nicole Brisch) Religion and Power: Divine Kingship in the Ancient World and Beyond (ss. 13-31). The Oriental Institue of the University of Chicago Press, ISBN: 139781-885923554, 13s.
  • Sümer, N. (2018). Mitolojik ve Dinsel Bir Yükseliş Simgesi Olarak Merdiven Motifi. Çukurova Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 18 (1), 257–269.
  • Tosun, M. & Yalvaç, K. (2002). Sümer, Babil. Assur Kanunları ve Ammi-Şaduqa Fermanı. Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, ISBN: 9789751601940, 87-187s.
  • Verderame, L. (2002). Enuma Anu Enlil Tablets 1-13. (ed. John M. Steele & Anette Imhausen), Under One Sky: Astronomy and Mathematics in the Ancient Near East (s.s 447-458). Ugarit Verlag, ISBN: 3934628265, 442s.
  • Widengren, G. (1950). The Ascension of the Apostle and the Heavenly Book: King and Savior III. A.B. Lundequistska Bokhandeln Press, 7-8-14s.
  • Wilson, E. J. (1994). Holiness and Purity in Mesopotamia. Kevelaer Butzon and Bercker Press, ISBN: 376669895X, 22s.
Toplam 40 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Arkeoloji
Bölüm Tez Özeti
Yazarlar

Harun Duman 0000-0002-9477-8248

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 21 Ocak 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 3 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Duman, H. (2022). Eskiçağ Mezopotamya İnanışlarında Gök Hiyerofanisi. Kültürel Miras Araştırmaları, 3(1), 37-43.

CC-BY-SA_icon.svg Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License tarafından lisanslanmıştır.