Politik Doğruculuğu Karşıtıyla Düşünmek: Anti – Politik Doğruculuk

Yıl 2023, , 291 - 317, 14.09.2023

Mehmet Akif Kumtepe

https://doi.org/10.18691/kulturveiletisim.1308858

Öz

1960’ların sonlarında Amerikan Üniversitelerinde ilk olarak ortaya çıktığında Politik doğruculuk kavramı, en genel haliyle konuşurken ve davranışlarımızla başta etnik, dinsel, kültürel ve cinsel azınlıkları olmak üzere başkalarını incitecek ifade ve davranışlardan kaçınmayı ifade etmek için kullanılmıştır. 1980’lerin sonlarından itibaren politik doğruculuk üniversite kampüslerinin dışına taşarak Amerikan kamuoyunda ve güncel siyasetinde kendine yer bulmuştur. Kavramın kamuoyunda yaygın bilinirlik kazanması, özellikle muhafazakâr yazarların ona getirdiği, tartışmanın kapanmasına ve hoşgörüsüzlüğün büyümesine yol açtığı eleştirileriyle olmuştur. Bu eleştirilerle kavram, kendi işaret ettiği anlamdan uzaklaşmış ve karşıtlarının ona atfettiği olumsuz anlama bürünmüştür. Bu yeni anlamla politik doğruculuk, yeni bir ideolojik hoşgörüsüzlüğü ve bağnazlığı ifade etmek için kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. Kavramın yaşadığı bu anlam kayması muhafazakârlar için kullanışlı bir siyaset yapma olanağını da onlara kazandırmıştır. Çalışmayla amaçlanan, politik doğruculuğun yaşamış olduğu bu anlam kaymasını ortaya koymak ve onu politik doğrucuların kullandığı şekliyle kapsayıcı bir şekilde açıklamaktır. Bununla birlikte politik doğruculuk karşıtlarının, kavramı neden hedef tahtasına koydukları ve bunun onlara ne gibi bir siyaset yapma olanağı sağladığı da ele alınmaya çalışılmaktadır. Bunun için politik doğruculuğa ilişkin metinler ve onun karşıtlarının yapmış olduğu eleştiriler ve siyasetçilerin söylemleri üzerinde durulmaktadır. Sonuç olarak, politik doğruculuk taraftarlarının yapmış olduğu eleştirilerin önemli bir bölümü haklı olmakla birlikte, kimi eleştirilerinin tarihsel ve toplumsal bağlamdan kopuk olması, kavramın karşıtlarının bazı eleştirilerine de fırsat sunmaktadır. Bununla birlikte, politik doğruculuk karşıtları bu eleştiri noktalarını popülist bir söylemle genişleterek, politik doğruculuğu karşıt bir ideolojik kamp olarak yansıtmaya çalışmaktadır. Bu yaklaşım George H. W. Bush ve Donald Trump gibi muhafazakâr siyasetçilerin söylemlerinde de kendine yer bulmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Politik doğruculuk, politik olarak doğru, anti - politik doğruculuk, Donald Trump, kültürel Marksizm

Thinking of Political Correctness With Its Opposite: Anti – Political Correctness

Öz

When it first appeared in American Universities in the late 1960s, the concept of political correctness was used to express the avoidance of expression and behavior that would hurt others, especially ethnic, religious, cultural and sexual minorities, when speaking and by our behavior. Since the late 1980s, political correctness has spread beyond the university campuses and find its place in the American public and current politics. The concept gained widespread public awareness, especially with the criticism that conservative writers brought to it, leading to the closure of the debate and the growth of intolerance. With these criticisms, the concept moved away from the meaning it refers to and took on the negative meaning that its opponents ascribe to it. With this new meaning, political correctness began to be used to express a new ideological intolerance and bigotry. This shift in meaning of the concept has given conservatives the opportunity to make a useful policy. The aim of the study is to reveal this semantic shift experienced by political correctness and to reposition it within the framework used by political correctness. In addition, it is tried to be discussed why the opponents of political correctness put the concept on the target board and what kind of politics this gives them the opportunity to do. For this purpose, the texts on political correctness and the criticisms of its opponents and the discourses of politicians is emphasized. As a result, while most of the criticisms made by the supporters of political correctness are justified, the fact that some of their criticisms are disconnected from the historical and social context also provides an opportunity for some criticisms of the opponents of the concept. However, opponents of political correctness try to reflect political correctness as an opposing ideological camp by expanding these points of criticism with a populist discourse. This approach has also found a place in the discourses of conservative politicians such as George H. W. Bush and Donald Trump.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Political correctness, politically correct, anti – political correctness, Donald Trump, cultural Marxism.

Kaynakça

• Aby, Steve (1993). “The Political Correctness Debate: An Essay Review.” Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education, 13(2), 46-54.
• Ackroyd, Judith ve Pilkington, Andrew (2007). “Keynote:“You're not allowed to say that” Minefields and political correctness.” Caribbean Quarterly, 53(1-2), 49-62. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/00086495.2007.11672305
• Adams, Nick (2016). Retaking Amerika: Crushing Political Correctness. New York: Post Hill Press.
• Ashbolt, Anthony (1994, December). “Postmodernity, Political Correctness and The Collapse of Ideology.” Australasian Journal of American Studies, 13(2), 35-44.
• Aufderheide, Patricia (1992). Beyond PC: Toward a Politics of Understanding. Minnesota: Graywolf Press.
• Bernstein, Richard (1990, Ekim 28). Ideas & Trends; The Rising Hegemony of the Politically Correct. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/1990/10/28/weekinreview/ideas-trends-the-rising-hegemony-of-the-politically-correct.html Erişim tarihi: 6.11.2021
• Bloom, Allan David (1987). The Closing of the American Mind. New York: Simon & Schuster.
• Bloom, Harold (1994). Western Canon: The books and school of the ages. New York: Harcourt Brace and Company.
• Breshears, Jefrey D. (2016). A Brief History of Cultural Marxism and Political Correctness. 1-43. https://archive.org/details/FreudianTheoryAndThePatternOfFascistPropagandaByTheodorW.Adorno24 Erişim tarihi: 08.01.2022.
• Breshears, Jefrey D. (2020). “American Crisis: Cultural Marxism and The Culture War: A Christian Response.” USA: Amazon Digital Services LLC - KDP Print US.
• Cameron, Deborah (1995). Verbal Hygiene: The Politics of Language. London: Routledge.
• Chait, Jonathan (2015, Ocak 27). “Not a Very P. C. Thing To Say.” New York Magazine. https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2015/01/not-a-very-pc-thing-to-say.html Erişim tarihi: 25.12.2021.
• Charlton, B. (2011). Thought Prison: The fundamental nature of political correctness. Buckingham: University of Buckingham Press.
• Cepeda-Mayorga, Ivón (2017). ““Political Correctness” from a “Border Reason”: Between Dignity and the Shadow of Exclusion.” Philosophies, 2(13), 1-12. doi:10.3390/philosophies2020013
• Cope, Bill ve Kalantzis, Mary (1997). “White noise: The attack on political correctness and the struggle for the Western Canon.” Interchange, 28(4), 283-329. doi:https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007483416121
• Crystal, David (2010). A Little Book of Language. New Have: Yale University.
• D’Souza, Dinesh (1991). Illiberal Education: The Politics of Race and Sex on Campus. New York: Free Press.
• D'Souza, Dinesh (1992). “The Visigoths in Tweed.” Beyond PC: Toward A Politics of Understanding Patricia Aufderheide (der.) içinde. Minnesota: Graywolf Press. s. 11-22.
• Diamond, Sara (1992). “The Funding of the NAS.” Beyond PC: Toward A Politics of Understanding P. Aufderheide (der.) içinde. Minnesota: Graywolf Press. s. 89–96.
• Dzenis, Sandra ve Faria, Filipe Nobre (2020). “Political Correctness: The Twofold Protection of Liberalism.” Philosophia (48), 95-114.
• Esposito, Luigi (2019). “Introduction: Understanding Political Correctness: History, Philosophy, and its Current Revelance in the Era of Trump.” Political Correctness in the Era of Trump: Threat to Freedom od Ideological Scapegoat? Luigi Esposito ve Laura Finley, (der.) içinde. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. s. 1-26.
• Faloppa, Federico (2019). “PC Or Not PC? Some Reflections Upon Political Correctness And Its Influence On The Italian Language.” Italy and the USA: Cultural Change Through Language and Narrative Guido Bonsaver, Alessandro Carlucci, Matthew Reza (der.) içinde. Oxford: Legenda. s. 174-198.
• Feldstein, Richard (1997). Political Correctness: A Response From The Cultural Left. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota.
• Fish, S. (1994). There's No Such Thing As Free Speech And It's A Good Thing, Too. New York: Oxford University Press.
• Friedman, Jonathan (2019). PC Worlds: Political Correctness and Rising Elites at the End of the Hegemony. New York: Berghahn Books.
• Fuente, Oscar Perez de la (2019). “On Political Correctness.” Social Sciences, 8(277), 1-9. doi:doi:10.3390/socsci8100277
• Fukuyama, Francis (1993). Tarihin Sonu ve Son İnsan. İstanbul: Simavi Yayınları.
• Goodheart, Eugene (1993). “PC or Not PC.” Partisan Review, 60(4), 550-556.
• Gross, Larry (1992). “There They Go Again.” Journal of Communication, 42(2), 105-112.
• Hall, Sturart (1994). “Some "Politically Incorrect" Pathways Through PC.” The War of The Words: The Political Correctness Debate. Sarah Dunant (der.) içinde. London: Virago Press. 164-184.
• Harvey, Miles (1992). " Politically Correct is Politically Suspect. P. Aufderheide (der.) içinde, Beyond PC: Toward a Politics of Understanding 142-147. Minnesota: Graywolf Press.
• Hendley, W. Clarck (1996). “What is Political Correctness? Shifting Understandings as the Media Define a New Ideology.” The European Legacy: Toward New Paradigms, 1(4), 1615-1621. doi:10.1080/10848779608579620
• Henry, William A. (1991, April 1). “Upside Down in the Groves of Academe.” Time Magazine, 137(13). https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,972652-1,00.html adresinden alındı
• Hirsch, Eric D. (1998). Cultural Literacy: What Every American Needs to Know. New York: Vintage Books.
• Houli, Luo (1997). “The American Way and the American Dream.” ChineseStudies in Philosophy, 28(3), 44-56. doi:https://doi.org/10.2753/CSP1097-1467280344
• Johnson, Sally ve Suhr, Stephanie (2003). From 'political correctness' to 'politische Korrektheit': discourses of 'PC' in the German newspaper, Die Welt. Discourse & Society - Special Issue: Political Correctness, 14(1), 49-68.
• Johnson, Sally vd. (2003). “From 'politically correct councillors' to 'Blairite nonsense': discourses of 'political correctness' in three British newspapers.” Discourse & Society- Special Issue: Political Correctness, 14(1), 29-47.
• Keskin, Fatih (2015). “Erdem Koruyucuların Mücadele Alanı: Politik Doğruculuk Üzerine Düşünceler.” Kültür ve İletişim (36), 155-179.
• Keyman, E. Fuat (1999). Türkiye ve Radikal Demokrasi. İstanbul:Bağlam Yayınları.
• Kimball, Roger (1990). Tenured Radicals: How Politics Has Corrupted Our Higher Education. New York: Harper Collins.
• Kimball, Roder (2003, December 1). “Political Correctness, Or The Perils of Benevolence.” National Interest. https://nationalinterest.org/article/political-correctness-or-the-perils-of-benevolence-784. Erişim tarihi: 06.11.2021.
• Lakoff, Robin Tolmach (2000). “The Language War.” London: University of California Press.
• Lind, William S. (2000, February 5). “The Origins of Political Correctness.” Speech Givenat the Accuracy in Academia Conference. https://www.academia.org/the-origins-of-political-correctness/ Erişim tarihi: 12.05.2022.
• Lind, William S. (2004, November ). “"Political Correctness": A Short History of an Ideology.” A Product of the Free Congress Foundation. https://www.nationalists.org/pdf/political_correctness_a_short_history_of_an_ideology.pdf Erişim tarihi: 26.03.2021.
• Mayer, Jane (2016). Dark Monkey: The Hidden History of the Billionaires Behind The Rise of the Radical Right. New York: Anchor Books.
• Moller, Dan (2016). “Dilemmas of Political Correctness.” Journal of Practical Ethics, 4(1), 1–22.
• Mudde, Cas ve Kaltwasser, Cristobal Rovira (2019). Popülizm: Kısa Bir Giriş. S. Eerdem Türközü (çev.) Ankara: Nika Yayınevi.
• New York Magazine (21 January 1991).
• Newsweek. (24 December 1990).
• Orwell, George (1949). Ninteen Eighty Four. London: Secker & Warburg.
• Oxford Dictionary (2010). Oxford Dictionary of English. New York: Oxford University Press.
• Özkazanç, Alev (2000). “Eğitim ve Çokkültürlülük: Amerikan Üniversitelerinde Irk ve Kültür Savaşları.” Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 55(4), 111-141.
• Preston, Keith (2016). The Tyranny of The Politically Correct - Totalitarianism in the Postmodern Age. London: Black House Publishing.
• Raehn, Raymond V. (2004). The Historical Roots of “Political Correctness”. W. L. (Ed.) içinde, "Political Correctness": A Short History of an Ideology (1-12). Free Congress Foundation. Mart 26, 2021 tarihinde https://www.nationalists.org/pdf/political_correctness_a_short_history_of_an_ideology.pdf adresinden alındı
• Roberts, Peter (1997). Paulo Freire and Political Correctness. Educational Philosophy and Theory, 29(2), 83-01.
• Searle, John R. (1993). “Is There a Crissis in American Higher Education?” Partisan Review, 60(4), 693-709.
• Sparrow, Jeff (2018). Trigger Warnings: Political Correctness and The Rise of The Right. Minnesota: Scribe Publications.
• Sparrow, Robert (2002). Talking Sense About Political Correctness. Journal of Australian Studies, 26:73, 119-131. doi:10.1080/14443050209387772
• Suhr, Stephanie ve Johnson, Sally (2003). “Re-visiting 'PC': Introduction to Special Issue on 'Political Correctness'.” Discourse & Society- Special Issue: Political Correctness, 14(1), 5-16.
• Şıvgın, Zeynep Merve (2019). “Sosyal Medyada İdeolojik Bir Mücadele Alanı Olarak Politik Doğruculuk.” Moment Dergi (6(2)), 354-381. doi:https://doi.org/10.17572//mj2019.2.354381
• Taylor, Charles (1996). Tanınma Politikası, Charles Taylor (der.) içinde, Çokkültürcülük, İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları. 42-84.
• Taylor, John (1991, January 21). “Are You Politically Correct?” New York Magazine, 32-40.
• Toolan, Michael (2003). Le politiquement correct dans le monde français. Discourse & Society - Special Issue: Political Correctness, 14(1), 69-86.
• Topal, Aylin (2012). Yeni Sağ. E. A. Gökhan Atılgan içinde, Siyaset Bilimi: Kavramlar, İdeolojiler, Disiplinler Arası İlişkiler (423-435). İstanbul: Yordam Kitap.
• Time Magazine (1 April 1991).
• Weigel, Moira (2016, Kasım 30). “Political Correctness: How The Right Invented a Phantom Enemy.” The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/nov/30/political-correctness-how-the-right-invented-phantom-enemy-donald-trump. Erişim tarihi: 25.12.2021.
• William, Michael (2016). The Genesis of Political Correctness: The Basis of a False Morality.?: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.
• Wilson, John K. (1995). The Myth of Political Correctness: The Conservative Attack On Higher Education. Durham: Duke University Press.