Ethno-Assyrıologıcal Analogıes And Eclectıc Landscape From Glocal To Global

Yıl 2024, Sayı: 72, 57 - 72, 12.06.2024

Serdar Özbilen

https://doi.org/10.55590/literatureandhumanities.1456463

Öz

Archaeology as a discipline began in the 19th century following the main moves of globalization, such as the worldwide spread of capitalism and the imperialist moves of the colonial powers. The discipline's core intellectual goals were also global, such as understanding the vast spread of material culture and the evolution of human ancestors later in the century. In the 20th century, this trend grew even greater; however, with the emergence of numerous social actors towards the end of the 20th century, this situation changed dramatically for many reasons. Archaeology has shifted from a potentially limited, Western narrative of the past to a chaotic but pluralistic study of past material culture from a variety of contradictory perspectives. This is actually a major epistemological shift from a normative, uniform, and integrative narrative to a diversity of different interpretations. The idea of glocalization has been put forward in order to clearly reveal the 'heterogenizing' aspects of globalization. In this vein, it is quite common to find proposed issues related to the "rehumanization" of archaeology and global archaeology. In this article, in the light of a number of examples, the ways in which localities were 'produced' in the ancient Near East, especially in the light of Assyrian examples in the Upper Tigris Basin, and some of their reflections on the global are examined. Our goal is to understand some of the ideas that underpin these recommendations.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Global, Glocal, Assyrian, Birkleyn Cave, Salmanassar III.

KÜYEREL'DEN KÜRESEL'E ETNO-ASUROLOJİK ANALOJİLER VE EKLEKTİK MANZARALAR

Öz

Bir disiplin olarak arkeoloji, kapitalizmin dünya çapında yayılması ve sömürgeci güçlerin emperyalist hamleleri gibi küreselleşmenin ana hamlelerinin ardından 19. yüzyılda başlamıştır. Disiplinin temel entelektüel hedefleri de maddi kültürün geniş alanlara yayılmasını ve yüzyılın ilerleyen dönemlerinde insan atalarının evrimini anlamak gibi küreseldi. 20. yüzyılda bu eğilim daha da büyüdü; ancak 20. yüzyılın sonlarına doğru çok sayıda toplumsal aktörün ortaya çıkışı ile pek çok nedenden ötürü bu durum çarpıcı biçimde değişti. Arkeoloji, geçmişe ilişkin potansiyel olarak sınırlı, Batılı bir anlatıdan, çeşitli çelişkili bakış açılarından geçmiş maddi kültüre ilişkin kaotik ama çoğulcu bir çalışmaya doğru kaydı. Bu aslında normatif, tekdüze ve bütünleştirici bir anlatıdan farklı yorumların çeşitliliğine doğru büyük bir epistemolojik değişimdir. Küreselleşmenin 'heterojenleştirici' yönlerini açıkça ortaya koymak için küyerelleşme fikri ortaya atılmıştır. Bu doğrultuda arkeolojinin ve küresel arkeolojinin “yeniden insanlaştırılması” ile ilgili önerilen konuların bulunması oldukça yaygındır. Bu makalede birtakım örnekler ışığında Antik Yakın Doğu’da, özellikle de Yukarı Dicle Havzası’ndaki Asur örnekleri ışığında yerelliklerin 'üretilme' yolları ve bunun küresele olan birtakım yansımaları incelenmektedir. Amacımız bu önerileri destekleyen bazı fikirleri anlamaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Küresel, Küyerel, Asur, Birkleyn Mağarası, III. Salmanassar

Kaynakça

• Appadurai, A. (1996). Modernity at Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalization. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
• ARAB I:D. D. Luckenbill. (1926-1927). Ancient Records of Assyrian and Babylonia I, Chicago.
• Ascher, R. (1961). Analogy in Archaeological Interpretation, Southwestern Journal of Anthropology, Vol. 17, No:4, 317-325.
• Balandier, G. (2021). Sahnelenen İktidar. (Çev. Ö. Karakaş). İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
• Baudrillard, J. (2021). Tüketim Toplumu (Çev. N. Tutal & F. Kesken), 15. Basım. İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
• Bernbeck, R. (2010). Imperialist Networks: Ancient Assyria and the United States. Present PastsVol 2, 142-168.
• Bortolotto, C. (2010). Globalising intangible cultural heritage? Between international arenas and local appropriations, In Heritage and Globalisation, Ed. S. Labadi and C. Long. (97-114). Routledge.
• Bottéro, J. & Kramer, S. N. (1989). Lorsque les dieuxfaisaientl’homme: Mythologie Mesopotamienne. Paris: Gallimard.
• Brzezinski, Z. (1998). The Grand Chessboard: American Primacy and Its Geostrategic Imperatives. Basic Books.
• CAD. (1958). The Assyrian Dictionary Volume 4 "E". Chicago, Illinois.
• CAD. (1968). The Assyrian Dictionary Volume 1A Part II "A". Chicago, Illinois.
• Cancik-Kirschbaum, E. (2003). Die Assyrer: Geschichte, Gesellschaft, Kultur. Verlag C.H.Beck.
• Clarkson, C. (2008). Lithics and Landscape Archaeology. In B. David and J. Thomas (eds.) Manual of Landscape Archaeology, (490-501).Walnut Creek: Left Coast Press.
• Cunliffe, E. (2012). Modernity, Monumentality and the Moment: A Syrian Case Study. In Kiel Volume 2 ed by Martin F. M. Hinz and D. Mischka Universitäts for schungenzur prähistorischen Archäologie Band 206 (61-70).Verlag, Bonn.
• Curtis, E. J. &Tallis, N. (2008).The Balawat Gates of Ashurnasirpal II.The British Museum Press.
• Darvill, T. (2005). “The Historic Environment, Historic Landscapes, And Space-Time-Action Models İn Landscape Archaeology”. In The Archaeology and Anthropology of Landscape Edited by Peter J. Ucko and Robert Layton (106-119). Routledge.
• David, B. & Thomas, J. (2008). Landscape Archaeology: Introduction. In B. David and J. Thomas (eds.) Manual of Landscape Archaeology (27-43). Walnut Creek: Left Coast Press.
• Delnero, P. (2011). Inana and Ebih and the Scribal Tradition, In A Common Cultural Heritage: Studies on Mesopotamia and the Biblical World in Honor of Barry L. Eichler, Eds. G. Frame (123-149). CDL Press.
• Düring, B. S. (2018). Engineering Empire: A Provincial Perspective on the Middle Assyrian Empire. In B. Düring & T. Stek (Eds.), The Archaeology of Imperial Landscapes: A Comparative Study of Empires in the Ancient Near East and Mediterranean World (21-47). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Düring, B. S. (2020). The Imperialisation of Assyria: An Archaeological Approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Fahlander, F. & Oestigaard, T. (2004). Material Culture and Post-disciplinary Sciences, In Material Culture and Other Things Post-disciplinary Studies in the 21st Century (Eds. F. Fahlander & T. Oestigaard) (1-19).Vällingby: Printed by Elanders Gotab.
• Fahlander, F. (2001). Archaeology as science fiction. A microarchaeology of the unknown. Department of Archaeology, University of Gothenburg.
• Fales, F. M. (2017). Khinis/Bavian: Changing Models for an Assyrian Monumental Complex. Al-Sharq 1/2, December 2017, 1-31.
• Feldman, M. H. (2005). Mesopotamian Art. In A Companion to the Ancient Near East (Ed. by D. C. Snell), 281-301.
• Funari, P. P. A. &Carvalho, A. V. (2014). Global Archaeology, In Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology (Ed. C. Smith)(4594-4601).New York: Springer.
• Gillmann, N. (2015).Tradition and Innovation in the Neo-Assyrian Reliefs. In Tradition and Innovation in the Ancient Near East. Ed. by A. Archi (267-276). Winona Lake, Indiana Eisenbrauns.
• Grayson, A. K. (1975). Assyrian and Babylonian Chronicles.Text from Cuneiform Sources Vol V. Locust Valley, New York.
• Grayson, A. K. (2006). Assyria: Ashur-dan II to Ashur-Nirari V (934-745 BC). In The Cambridge Ancient History Second Edition Vol. III.(Ed. by J. Boardman)(238-281). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Guarducci, G. & Laneri, N. (2010).Hirbemerdon Tepe During the Iron Age Period: A Case Study in the Upper Tigris River Region. Anatolica 36, 17-65.
• Guldi, J. & Armitage, D. (2016). Tarih Manifestosu. (Çev. S. Çağlayan). İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
• Hallo, W. W. (2010). The World’s Oldest Literature: Studies in Sumerian Belles-Lettres. Leiden-Boston: Brill Publication.
• Harmanşah, Ö. (2007). Upright Stones and Building Narratives: Formation of a Shared Architectural Practice in the Ancient Near East. In Ancient Near Eastern Art in Context. Studies in Honor of Irene J. Winter by Her Students. (Ed. by. J. Cheng and H. Feldman). 69-99.
• Harmanşah, Ö. (2015). Place, Memory, And Healing an Archaeology of Anatolian Rock Monuments. Routledge.
• Harmanşah, Ö. (2018). Karşılaşmalar, Etkileşimler ve Ortak Bir Kültürel Alan: Assur İmparatorluğu ve Demir Çağı Suriye-Hitit Devletleri. Assurlular. Dicle'den Toroslar'a Tanrı Assur'un Krallığı (Ed. K. KöroğluveS. F. Adalı) (256-275). İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları.
• Harmanşah, Ö. (2019). Rock Reliefs and Landscape Monuments. In A Companion to Ancient Near Eastern Art, First Edition. Ed. by Ann C. Gunter(483-505). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Published John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hauser, A. (1973). Kunst und Gesellschaft. München: C.H. Beck.
• Hinz.K. (2012). Preserving the Past, Building the Future? Concepts of Time and Prehistoric Monumental Architecture. “As time goes by? In “Human Development in Landscapes” der Universität Kiel (45-60).Verlag Dr. Rudolf Habelt GmbH, Bonn.
• Horowitz, W. (1998). Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography. Eisenbrauns Winona Lake, Indiana.
• Janusek, J. W. (2004). Identity anda Power in the Ancient Andes. Tiwanaku Cities Through Time. Routledge.
• Janusek, J. W. (2015). Of Monoliths and Men: Human-Lithic Encounters and the Production of an Animistic Ecology at KhonkhoWankane. In The Archaeology of Wak’as Explorations of the Sacred in the Pre-Columbian Andes (Ed. by Tamara L.) (335-365). Bray Unıversity Press of Colorado Boulder.
• Jonker, G. (1995). The Topography of Remembrance: The Dead, Tradition and Collective Memory in Mesopotamia. Leiden.
• Kennedy, P. (2009). Büyük Güçlerin Yükseliş ve Çöküşleri. (Çev. B. Karanakçı), İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
• Kissinger, H. (2008). Diplomasi. (Çev. İ. H. Kurt), İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
• Köroğlu, K. (2011). “Urartu: Krallık ve Aşiretler”, Urartu Doğuda Değişim, (12-51). İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları. Lambert, W. G. (1983).The God Aššur. Iraq, 45(1), 82–86.
• Laneri, N. (2015). Introduction: Investigating archaeological approaches to the study of religious practices and beliefs, In Defining the Sacred Approaches to the Archaeology of Religion in the Near East (Ed. by N. Laneri) (1-10). Oxford & Philadelphia: Oxbow Books.
• Leick, G. (1991). A Dictionary of Ancient Near Eastern Mythology. Routledge.
• Liverani, M. (1988). The Growth of the Assyrian Empire in the Habur/Middle Euphrates Area: A New Paradigim. State Archives of Assyria Bulletin II/2, 81-98.
• Liverani, M. (1992).Studies on the Annals of Ashurnasirpal II, 2: Topographical Analysis. Universita di Roma "La Sapienza," Dipartimento di Scienzestoriche, archeologiche e antropologiche dell' AntichitaQuaderni di GeograficaStorice, 4. Roma.
• Liverani, M. (2014). The Ancient Near East. History, society and economy. Routledge.
• Liverani, M. (2016). Imaging Babylon. The Modern Story of an Ancient City. De Gruyter.
• Liverani, M. (2017).Thoughts on the Assyrian Empire and Assyrian Kingship, In A Companion to Assyria, (Edited by EckartFrahm) (534-546). John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Published.
• Logan, W. S. (2002). Globalising heritage: World Heritage as a manifestation of modernism, and challenges from the periphery, In D. Jones (ed.) Twentieth Century Heritage: Our Recent Cultural Legacy, 51-57.
• Maul, S. M. (2017). Assyrian Religion. In A Companion to Assyria, (Edited by EckartFrahm) (336-358). John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Published.
• Meskell, L. (1998). Archaeology matters, In Archaeology Under Fire: Nationalism, politics and heritage in the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East. (Ed. by L. Meskell) (1-12). London and New York: Routledge.
• Meskell, L. (2010). The glocalisation of heritage through tourism: Balancing standardisation and differentiation, In Heritage and Globalisation, Ed. S. Labadi and C. Long. (192-201). Routledge.
• MŞK Arşivi, Korkusuz, M. Ş. (1999). Bir Zamanlar Diyarbekir: Zamanlar-Mekânlar-İnsanlar. İstanbul.
• Nielsen, J. P. (2012). Marduk's Return: Assyrian Imperial Propaganda, Babylonian Cultural Memory and the akitu Festival of 667 BC. Memory and Urban Religion in the Ancient World Ed. by M. Bommas, J. Harrisson and P. Roy(3-32). Bloomsbury.
• OBD (2013). Osmanlı Belgelerinde Diyarbakır. Yay. Haz.Yakuboğlu, K., Erpolat, M. S., Sarıbıyık, M. DiyarbıkırValiliği.
• Oestigaard, T. (2004). The World as Artefact: Material Culture Studies and Archaeology, In Material Culture and Other Things Post-disciplinary Studies in the 21st Century (Eds. F. Fahlander& T. Oestigaard) (21-55). Vällingby: Printed by Elanders Gotab.
• Pacelli, V. & Sica, E. (2021). The Economics and Finance of Cultural Heritage: How to Make Tourist Attractions a Regional Economic Resource. Routledge.
• Radner, K. (2018). The City of Assur and the Kingdom of Assyria: Historical Overview, In The Assyrians: Kingdom of the God Assur from Tigris to Taurus, Ed. by K. Köroğlu-S. F. Adalı (2-23). İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları.
• Reade, J. E. (1978). Studies in Assyrian Geography. Part I: Sennacherib and the Waters of Nineveh, RA, 72 /2, 47-72.
• RIMA I Grayson, A.K. (1987). Assyrian rulers of the third and second millennia BC (to 1115 BC), The royal inscriptions of Mesopotamia, Assyrian periods, vol. 1, Toronto.
• RIMA II; Grayson, A. K. (1991). Assyrian Rulers of the First Millenium (1114-859 BC). Toronto-Buffalo-London.
• RIMA III; Grayson, A. K. (1996). Assyrian Rulers of the Early First Millenium BC II (858-745 BC). Toronto-Buffalo-London.
• Rosenzweig, M. S. (2014). Imperial Environments: The Politics of Agricultural Practice at Ziyaret Tepe, Turkey in the First Millennium BCE. PhD diss., Department of Anthropology, University of Chicago.
• Roudometof, V. (2016). Glocalization: A critical introduction. London and New York: Routledge. Russell, H. F. (1986). Assyrian Monuments at the Tigris Tunnel, 3. Araştırma Sonuçları Toplantısı (171-201). Ankara: T.C. Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı Yayınları.
• Salazar, N. B. (2010). The glocalisation of heritage through tourism: Balancing standardisation and differentiation, In Heritage and Globalisation, Ed. S. Labadi and C. Long (130-146). Routledge.
• Schachner, A. (2006). Birkleyn Mağaraları (Dicle Tüneli) Yüzey Araştırması. 23. Araştırma Sonuçları Toplantısı 1. Cilt (367-384). Ankara: T.C. Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı Yayınları.
• Schachner, A. (2007). Bildereines Weltreichs. Kunst- und kulturgeschichtliche Untersu-chun gen zu den Verzierungeneines Toresaus Balawat (Imgur-Enlil) aus der Zeit von Shalmanassar III, Konig von Assyrien.Subartu XX. Turnhout: Brepols.
• Schachner, A. (2009). Die Assyrischen Reliefs Und Inschriften, Die assyrischen Königsinschriftenan der Tigrisgrotte. In A. Schachner (ed.), Assyriens Könige an einer der Quellen des Tigris: Archäologische Forschungenim Höhlensystem von Bırkleyn und am sogenannten Tigris-Tunnel (172-223). Tübingen.
• Schachner, A. (2018). The Anatolian Interests of the Middle Assyrian Kings, In The Assyrians: Kingdom of the God Assur from Tigris to Taurus, Ed. by K. Köroğlu-S. F. Adalı (108-125). İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları.
• Shafer, A. (2007). Assyrian Royal Monuments on the Periphery: Ritual and the Making of Imperial Space, In Ancient Near Eastern Art in Context Studies in Honor of Irene J. Winter by Her Students (Ed. by J. Cheng, M. H. Feldman) (133-159). Leiden-Boston: Birll.
• Snell, D. C. (2011). Religions of the Ancient Near East. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Tacon, P. S. C. (1994). Socialising Landscapes: The Long-Term Implications of Signs, Symbols and Marks on the Land, Archaeology in Oceania, Vol. 29, No. 3, Social Landscapes (Oct., 1994), 117-129.
• Tenu, A. (2015). Building the Empire. Settlement Patterns in the Middle Assyrian Empire. In Understanding Hegemonic Practices of the Early Assyrian Empire, ed. B. S. Düring (75-87). Leiden: NINO.
• Thomas, W. D. (2010). Symbols of American Freedom Mount Rushmore. Series Consultant: Jerry D. Thompson, Regents Professor of History, Texas A&M International University.
• Todras, E. (2010). The Gettysburg Battlefield. New York: An imprint of Chelsea House Publishers.
• Ulanowski, K. (2015). The Rituals of Power: The Akkadian Tradition in Neo-Assyrian Policy. In Tradition and Innovation in the Ancient Near East.Ed. byA.Archi (237-250). Winona Lake, Indiana Eisenbrauns.
• Unger, E. (1913). Zum Bronzetor von Balawat. Beiträgezur Erklärung und Deutung der assyrischen Inschriften und Reliefs Salmanassars III. Leipzig.
• Yakar, J. (2007). Anadolu’nun Etnoarkeolojisi. (Çev. S. H. Riegel), Homer.