Fumonisinler: İnsan ve Hayvan Sağlığı Üzerine Olumsuz Etkileri

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2, 95 - 108, 30.12.2018

Rıza Yalçın Asım Kart

https://doi.org/10.24998/maeusabed.497432

Öz

Fumonisinler başlıca Fusarium türü mantarlar tarafından üretilen özellikle mısır ve mısır bazlı ürünlerde sıklıkla bulunan bir grup mikotoksindir. Fumonisinler A, B, C ve P şeklinde 4 formda olmakla birlikte bunlar içerisinde toksikolojik açıdan en önemlisi fumonisin B'dir. Fumonisinler yapısal olarak sfingolipidlere önemli derecede benzerlik gösterirler. Sfingolipidler bütün ökaryotik hücrelerde özellikle de membranlarda bulunan, hücre membran biyolojisinde önemli rol oynayan ve hücre işlevini düzenleyen birçok biyoaktif metabolitleri içeren geniş bir lipid ailesidir. Bunlar hücre büyümesinin regülasyonunda, hücreler arası iletişimde, apoptozisde, hücre farklılaşmasında ve sitosikletal proteinler, immunglobinler ve bazı bakteriyel toksinler için hücre yüzeyi
reseptörü olarak bilinmektedir. Fumonisinler toksik etkilerini, sfinganin, sfingozin ve diğer sfingoid bazların N-asilasyonunu katalize eden seramid sentaz enzimini (Sfinganin N-asiltransferaz) inhibisyonu sonucu sfingolipid metabolizmasını bozarak gösterirler. Fumonisinler hayvan türlerine özgü farklı toksik etkiler göstermekle birlikte benzer etkiler de gösterebilirler. Atlarda lökoensefalomalazi, domuzlarda pulmoner ödem ve nefrotoksisite, rat, fare ve tavşanlarda karaciğer toksisitesi ve nefrotoksisiteye yol açtığı bilinmektedir. İnsanlarda Güney Afrika’nın bazı bölgelerinde Fusarium türleri ile kontamine mısır ve mısır ürünlerini yüksek oranda tüketen yerel halkta özofagus kanseri görülme sıklığında artış tespit edilmiştir. Fumonisinlerin insanlardaki toksik etkileri özellikle karsinojenik etkileri tam olarak kanıtlanmasa da toplum sağlığı açısından bu konuda daha detaylı çalışmaların yapılması gerekmektedir. Fumonisinler insan ve hayvan sağlığı açısından günümüzde potansiyel bir tehlike olarak görülmektedir. Bununla birlikte fumonisinler ile kontaminasyon doğada kaçınılmaz görülmemektedir. Dolasıyla hayvan yemlerinde ve insan tüketimine sunulan gıdalarda otoritelerce belirlenen güvenli limitlerin sağlanması insan ve hayvan sağlığı açısından önem arz etmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

ELEM, Fumonisin, Hepatotoksisite, Mikotoksin, Nefrotoksisite

Fumonisins: Adverse Effects on Human and Animal Health

Öz

Fumonisins are a group of mycotoxins that are commonly found in Fusarium-type fungi, especially in corn and cornbased products. Fumonisins A, B, C and P in the form of 4 form, although the most toxicologically important fumonisin B (B1, B2 and B3) 'is. Fumonisins are structurally similar to sphingolipids. Sphingolipids are a wide family of lipids that contain many bioactive metabolites in all eukaryotic cells, especially membranes, which play an important role in cell membrane biology and regulate cell function. They are known to act in cell growth regulation, intercellular communication, apoptosis, cell differentiation, and as cell surface receptors for cytoskeletal proteins, immunoglobulins and some bacterial toxins. Fumonisins show toxic effects by disrupting sphingolipid metabolism as a result of inhibition of ceramide synthase enzyme (Sfinganine N-acyltransferase) which catalyzes N-acylation of sphinganine, sphingosine and other sphingoid bases. Fumonisins show different toxic effects specific to animal species, but may also have similar effects. It is known that leukoencephalomalacia in horses, pulmonary edema and nephrotoxicity in pigs, liver toxicity and nephrotoxicity in rats, mice and rabbits. An increase in the prevalence of esophageal cancer has been found in the local population, who consume high levels of corn and corn products contaminated with Fusarium species in humans in some parts of South Africa. Although the toxic effects of fumonisins in human beings are not fully proved, especially in terms of public health, more detailed studies should be done about this issue. Fumonisins are considered to be a potential threat to human and animal health. However, contamination with fumonisins is not inevitable in nature. Therefore, it is important for human and animal health to provide safe limits determined by the authorities in animal feeds and foods that are offered to human consumption.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Mikotoksin, Fumonisin, Hepatotoksisite, Nefrotoksisite, ELEM

Kaynakça

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