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Ideological Context: Soviet Residential Architecture in the 1920s and Narkomfin Communal House

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 2, 364 - 375, 01.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.29048/makufebed.926919

Öz

In this study, the relationship between ideological context and residential planning is examined through the ideology in the Soviet Union in the 1920s being supported by the residential architecture. Besides economic difficulties experienced after the October Revolution and World War I, the topics like technological deficiencies and encouraging women's labor force participation affected the solutions addressed by many architects within the scope of residential architecture. To offer a solution for these problems, the architectural design competition was held in 1926. In most of these designs, spaces such as kindergartens, libraries, common kitchens, common dining rooms, etc. were emphasized as common places. The Narkomfin Communal House was designed for bureaucrats of the Russian Ministry of Finance in Moscow in 1928. The residents of the Narkomfin Communal House were led to common spaces in their daily life for eating, reading, doing exercises, etc. F-type apartments in Narkomfin Communal House were thought as transitional type to communal life. However, the assumption that the demand for F-type apartments would increase and the demand for K-type apartments would decrease over time did not realise. In this study, the new definition that was brought to residential planning by ideological context is examined within instances.

Kaynakça

  • Andrusz, G. D. (1990). Housing and Urban Development in the USSR. Macmillan, 371 p.
  • Arıtan, Ö. (2004). Kapitalist/ Sosyalist Modernleşme Modellerinin Erken Cumhuriyet Dönemi Mimarlığının Biçimlenişine Etkileri- Sümerbank KİT Yerleşkeleri Üzerinden Yeni Bir Anlamlandırma Denemesi. Doktora Tezi, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Bina Bilgisi Ana Bilim Dalı, İzmir, 459 s.
  • Buchli, V. (1998). Moisei Ginzburg’s Narkomfin Communal House in Moscow: Contesting the Social and Material World. Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, 57: 160- 181.
  • Ginzburg, A., Starostina, A. (2020a). Vladimir Ginzburg and the first steps toward the restoration of the Narkomfin Building. 1985-2015. In: The Narkomfin Building, Restoration 2016-2020, Alexey Ginzburg (auth.), Publication of Department of Cultural Heritage of the City of Moscow, 32-36. https://www.mos.ru/dkn/documents/view/248242220/ (Erişim Tarihi: 25.03.2021)
  • Ginzburg, A., Starostina, A. (2020b). The Restoration Project and Its Realization. 2016-2020. In: The Narkomfin Building, Restoration 2016-2020, Alexey Ginzburg (auth.), Publication of Department of Cultural Heritage of the City of Moscow, 37-125. https://www.mos.ru/dkn/documents/view/248242220/ (Erişim Tarihi: 25.03.2021)
  • Ginzburg, A., Starostina, A. (2020c). The new life of the Narkomfin building: the residential function 90 yearson. In: The Narkomfin Building, Restoration 2016-2020, Alexey Ginzburg (auth.), Publication of Department of Cultural Heritage of the City of Moscow, 37-125. https://www.mos.ru/dkn/documents/view/248242220/ (Erişim Tarihi: 25.03.2021)
  • Guillén, M., F. (2008). The Taylorized Beauty of the Mechanical: Scientific Management and the Rise of Modernist Architecture. Princeton University Press, 208 p.
  • Kazus, I. A. (2020). The Narkomfin building as a manifesto fort he modern way of life. In: The Narkomfin Building, Restoration 2016-2020, Alexey Ginzburg (auth.) Publication of Department of Cultural Heritage of the City of Moscow, 12-31. https://www.mos.ru/dkn/documents/view/248242220/ (Erişim Tarihi: 25.03.2021)
  • Khmelnitsky, D. (2016). Moisej Ginzburg and Soviet Residential Architecture. In: Narkomfin Moisej J. Ginzburg, Ignatij F. Milinis, Danilo Udovički- Selb (ed.), Wasmuth, 192 p.
  • Sherwood, R. (1981). Modern Housing Prototypes. Harvard University Press, 184 p.
  • Teige, K. (2002). The Minimum Dwelling. Translated by Eric Dluhosch, MIT Press, 432 p.
  • URL-1 (2015). https://monoskop.org/images/3/39/Sovremennaya_arkhitektura_1927_4-5.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 30.12.2020)
  • URL-2 (2020). http://inrussia.com/tour-the-house-of-narkomfin (Erişim Tarihi: 30.12.2020)
  • URL-3 (2012). https://laboratoireurbanismeinsurrectionnel.blogspot.com/2012/04/urss-habitat-et-dom-kommuny.html (Erişim Tarihi: 16.04.2021)
  • URL-4 (2017). https://www.architectural-review.com/essays/making-sense-of-narkomfin (Erişim Tarihi: 17.04.2021)
  • URL-5 (2015). https://i.pinimg.com/564x/9d/92/e8/9d92e88ad6da4661e08d5c74367abcbf.jpg (Erişim Tarihi: 30.12.2020)
  • URL-6 (2021). https://ginzburg-architects.com/en/projects/restoration/zdanie-prachechnoj-narkomifina (Erişim Tarihi: 17.04.2021)
  • URL-7 (2020). https://ginzburg-architects.com/media/projects/Proj1/Prachechnaya_narkomfina_before_restoration_2048x1500.jpg (Erişim Tarihi: 05.06.2021)
  • URL-8 (2020). https://ginzburg-architects.com/media/projects/Narkomfin/Ot_14_01_2020/_YPL4233.jpg (Erişim Tarihi: 17.04.2021)
  • URL-9 (2021). https://ginzburg-architects.com/media/projects/prachechnaya-narkomfina.jpg (Erişim Tarihi: 17.04.2021)
  • URL-10 (2020). https://www.archdaily.com/947148/the-winding-saga-of-the-restoration-of-the narkomfin-an-icon-of-soviet-constructivism (Erişim Tarihi: 24.01.2021)
  • Vega, D. M. (2020). Housing and Revolution: From the Dom-Kommuna to the Transitional Type of Experimental House (1926–30). Architectural Histories, 8(1): 2; DOI: http://doi.org/10.5334/ah.264

İdeolojik Bağlam: 1920’li Yıllarda Sovyet Konut Mimarisi ve Narkomfin Komünal Konutu

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 2, 364 - 375, 01.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.29048/makufebed.926919

Öz

Çalışmada, ideolojik bağlam ve konut planlaması ilişkisi 1920'lerde Sovyetler Birliği'ndeki konut mimarisinin ideolojiyi desteklemesi üzerinden ele alınmaktadır. Ekim Devrimi ve I. Dünya Savaşı sonrasında yaşanan ekonomik zorlukların yanı sıra teknolojik eksiklikler, kadınların işgücüne katılımının sağlanması konut mimarisi kapsamında birçok mimarın ele aldığı çözümleri etkilemiştir. Bu sorunlara çözüm önermek için 1926'da mimari tasarım yarışması düzenlenmiştir. Bu tasarımların çoğunda anaokulları, kütüphaneler, ortak mutfaklar, ortak yeme- içme mekânları gibi ortak alanlar vurgulanmıştır. Narkomfin Komünal Konutu, 1928 yılında Moskova'da Finans Bakanlığı bürokratları için tasarlanmıştır. Narkomfin Komünal Konutu kullanıcıları günlük yaşamlarında yemek yemek, kitap okumak, egzersiz yapmak vb. için ortak alanlara yönlendirilmiştir. Narkomfin Komünal Konutu’nda F tipi konut birimleri komünal hayata geçiş birimi olarak düşünülmüştür. Ancak, zaman içinde F tipi konut birimlerine olan talebin artacağı ve K tipi konut birimlerinin azalacağı varsayımı gerçekleşmemiştir. Bu çalışmada, ideolojik bağlamın konut planlamasına getirdiği yeni tanım örnekler üzerinden irdelenmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Andrusz, G. D. (1990). Housing and Urban Development in the USSR. Macmillan, 371 p.
  • Arıtan, Ö. (2004). Kapitalist/ Sosyalist Modernleşme Modellerinin Erken Cumhuriyet Dönemi Mimarlığının Biçimlenişine Etkileri- Sümerbank KİT Yerleşkeleri Üzerinden Yeni Bir Anlamlandırma Denemesi. Doktora Tezi, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Bina Bilgisi Ana Bilim Dalı, İzmir, 459 s.
  • Buchli, V. (1998). Moisei Ginzburg’s Narkomfin Communal House in Moscow: Contesting the Social and Material World. Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, 57: 160- 181.
  • Ginzburg, A., Starostina, A. (2020a). Vladimir Ginzburg and the first steps toward the restoration of the Narkomfin Building. 1985-2015. In: The Narkomfin Building, Restoration 2016-2020, Alexey Ginzburg (auth.), Publication of Department of Cultural Heritage of the City of Moscow, 32-36. https://www.mos.ru/dkn/documents/view/248242220/ (Erişim Tarihi: 25.03.2021)
  • Ginzburg, A., Starostina, A. (2020b). The Restoration Project and Its Realization. 2016-2020. In: The Narkomfin Building, Restoration 2016-2020, Alexey Ginzburg (auth.), Publication of Department of Cultural Heritage of the City of Moscow, 37-125. https://www.mos.ru/dkn/documents/view/248242220/ (Erişim Tarihi: 25.03.2021)
  • Ginzburg, A., Starostina, A. (2020c). The new life of the Narkomfin building: the residential function 90 yearson. In: The Narkomfin Building, Restoration 2016-2020, Alexey Ginzburg (auth.), Publication of Department of Cultural Heritage of the City of Moscow, 37-125. https://www.mos.ru/dkn/documents/view/248242220/ (Erişim Tarihi: 25.03.2021)
  • Guillén, M., F. (2008). The Taylorized Beauty of the Mechanical: Scientific Management and the Rise of Modernist Architecture. Princeton University Press, 208 p.
  • Kazus, I. A. (2020). The Narkomfin building as a manifesto fort he modern way of life. In: The Narkomfin Building, Restoration 2016-2020, Alexey Ginzburg (auth.) Publication of Department of Cultural Heritage of the City of Moscow, 12-31. https://www.mos.ru/dkn/documents/view/248242220/ (Erişim Tarihi: 25.03.2021)
  • Khmelnitsky, D. (2016). Moisej Ginzburg and Soviet Residential Architecture. In: Narkomfin Moisej J. Ginzburg, Ignatij F. Milinis, Danilo Udovički- Selb (ed.), Wasmuth, 192 p.
  • Sherwood, R. (1981). Modern Housing Prototypes. Harvard University Press, 184 p.
  • Teige, K. (2002). The Minimum Dwelling. Translated by Eric Dluhosch, MIT Press, 432 p.
  • URL-1 (2015). https://monoskop.org/images/3/39/Sovremennaya_arkhitektura_1927_4-5.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 30.12.2020)
  • URL-2 (2020). http://inrussia.com/tour-the-house-of-narkomfin (Erişim Tarihi: 30.12.2020)
  • URL-3 (2012). https://laboratoireurbanismeinsurrectionnel.blogspot.com/2012/04/urss-habitat-et-dom-kommuny.html (Erişim Tarihi: 16.04.2021)
  • URL-4 (2017). https://www.architectural-review.com/essays/making-sense-of-narkomfin (Erişim Tarihi: 17.04.2021)
  • URL-5 (2015). https://i.pinimg.com/564x/9d/92/e8/9d92e88ad6da4661e08d5c74367abcbf.jpg (Erişim Tarihi: 30.12.2020)
  • URL-6 (2021). https://ginzburg-architects.com/en/projects/restoration/zdanie-prachechnoj-narkomifina (Erişim Tarihi: 17.04.2021)
  • URL-7 (2020). https://ginzburg-architects.com/media/projects/Proj1/Prachechnaya_narkomfina_before_restoration_2048x1500.jpg (Erişim Tarihi: 05.06.2021)
  • URL-8 (2020). https://ginzburg-architects.com/media/projects/Narkomfin/Ot_14_01_2020/_YPL4233.jpg (Erişim Tarihi: 17.04.2021)
  • URL-9 (2021). https://ginzburg-architects.com/media/projects/prachechnaya-narkomfina.jpg (Erişim Tarihi: 17.04.2021)
  • URL-10 (2020). https://www.archdaily.com/947148/the-winding-saga-of-the-restoration-of-the narkomfin-an-icon-of-soviet-constructivism (Erişim Tarihi: 24.01.2021)
  • Vega, D. M. (2020). Housing and Revolution: From the Dom-Kommuna to the Transitional Type of Experimental House (1926–30). Architectural Histories, 8(1): 2; DOI: http://doi.org/10.5334/ah.264
Toplam 22 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Mimarlık
Bölüm Derleme Makale
Yazarlar

Sevim Ateş Can 0000-0003-0836-2084

Kadir Emre Bakır 0000-0003-2262-4423

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Aralık 2021
Kabul Tarihi 10 Haziran 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 12 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Ateş Can, S., & Bakır, K. E. (2021). İdeolojik Bağlam: 1920’li Yıllarda Sovyet Konut Mimarisi ve Narkomfin Komünal Konutu. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 12(2), 364-375. https://doi.org/10.29048/makufebed.926919