A Research on the Expectations and Challenges of Predecessors and Successors in the Management Succession Process in Family Businesses

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1, 234 - 261, 10.09.2024

Gökhan Gürler , Nuri Erarslan

https://doi.org/10.33712/mana.1531397

Öz

It is of faced by importance to identify the expectations and challenges faced by the predecessor and successor in the management transfer processes in family businesses. However, within the national academic literature, there is a lack of sufficient studies aimed at identifying the expectations and perceptions of challenges successors and predecessors during the management transition process in family businesses, particularly in transitions from the first to the second generation and from the second to the third generation. Moreover, there are limited studies that examine potential differences between these generational groups and analyze these differences in a comparative manner. Existing research tends to focus on a single actor, such as the predecessor or the successor. This study aims to fill this gap by identifying predecessors and successors' expectations and perceptions of challenges during the management transition process in family businesses, specifically in transitions from the first to the second generation and from the second to the third generation, and comparing the intergenerational differences in these perceptions. The study selected four family businesses as a sample, using the deliberate sampling method, from those listed in the 2021 ISO 500/ISO second 500 or those that are members of TAİDER. The interview technique was chosen as the data collection tool, and a total of eight individuals (one successor and one predecessor from each business) were interviewed. The collected data were analyzed using the directed content analysis method. The study's findings reveal significant differences between the expectations and challenges experienced by successors and predecessors during the management transition process in family businesses and those described in the existing literature. The literature review identified a total of 21 expectations and challenges. Only 7 of these aligned with the existing literature, while the remaining 14 produced different results. The analyses indicated that factors such as "the level of institutionalization of businesses, the extent to which business operations are conducted within written rules and a specific plan, and the relationship level between the predecessor and successor" play a significant role in shaping the expectations and challenges perceived by successors and predecessors.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Management Transfer Process, Predecessor, Successor, Expectations and Challenges, Family Business

Aile İşletmelerinde Seleflerin ve Haleflerin Yönetim Devir Sürecindeki Beklentilerine ve Karşılaştıkları Zorluklara Yönelik Bir Araştırma

Öz

Aile işletmelerinde yönetimin devri sürecinde selef ve halefin beklentileri ile karşılaştıkları zorlukların tespiti büyük önem taşımaktadır. Ancak, ulusal akademik literatürde aile işletmelerinin yönetim devri süreçlerinde, birinciden ikinci nesile ve ikinciden üçüncü nesile geçişlerde, halef ve seleflerin beklenti ve zorluk algılarını belirlemeye yönelik yeterli sayıda çalışma bulunmamaktadır. Ayrıca, nesil grupları arasındaki potansiyel farklılıkların ortaya konulması ve bu farklılıkların karşılaştırmalı bir şekilde incelenmesi konusunda da sınırlı sayıda araştırma mevcuttur. Mevcut çalışmalarda genellikle selef veya halef gibi tek bir aktöre odaklanıldığı görülmektedir. Bu boşluğu doldurmayı amaçlayan bu çalışma, aile işletmelerinde yönetim devri sürecinde, birinciden ikinci nesile ve ikinciden üçüncü nesile geçişlerde selef ve haleflerin beklenti ve zorluk algılarını belirlemeyi ve bu algılar arasındaki nesiller arası farklılıkları karşılaştırmayı hedeflemektedir. Çalışmada, kasti örneklem yöntemi kullanılarak 2021 yılı İSO 500/İSO ikinci 500 listesinde olan veya TAİDER üyesi olan dört aile işletmesi örneklem olarak seçilmiştir. Veri toplama aracı olarak mülakat tekniği tercih edilmiş ve her işletmeden bir halef ve bir selef olmak üzere toplam sekiz kişi ile görüşme yapılmıştır. Elde edilen veriler, yönlendirilmiş içerik analizi yöntemiyle analiz edilmiştir. Araştırma bulguları, aile işletmelerinde yönetim devri sürecinde seleflerin ve haleflerin beklentileri ve zorluk algılarının büyük ölçüde literatürle uyumlu olmadığını ortaya koymuştur. Literatür taramasıyla belirlenen 21 beklenti ve zorluğun yalnızca 7’si literatürle uyum gösterirken, 14’ü literatürden farklı sonuçlar ortaya koymuştur. Yapılan analizler, “işletmelerin kurumsallaşma seviyeleri, faaliyetlerin yazılı olan kurallar ve belirli bir plan çerçevesinde gerçekleştirilmesi, selefler ve halefler arasındaki ilişki düzeyi” gibi faktörlerin, selef ve haleflerin beklenti ve zorluk algılarının şekillenmesinde etkili olduğunu göstermiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Yönetim Devir Süreci, Selef, Halef, Beklenti ve Zorluklar, Aile İşletmeleri

Etik Beyan

Çalışmada bilimsel ve toplumsal etik kurallara uyulduğunu beyan ediyoruz.

Kaynakça

• ADEDAYO, Oludare Simeon, OLANIPEKUN, Ojo James ve OJO, Oladipupo (2016), “Planning for Succession and Firms Sustainability: Evidence from Family Owned Businesses in Lagos and Ogun States Nigeria”, Business Management and Economics, S.4(6), ss.63-69.
• ALAYOĞLU, Nihat (2007), “Aile İşletmeleri Yol Ayrımında”, İgiad Bülten, S.5(13), ss.4-9.
• ALSHANTY, Abdallah Mohammad ve EMEAGWALI, Okechukwu Lawrence (2019), “Market Sensing Capability, Knowledge Creation and Innovation: The Moderating Role of Entrepreneurial-Orientation”, Journal of Innovation & Knowledge, S.4(3), ss.171-178.
• GARCIA ALVAREZ, Ercilia ve LÓPEZ SINTAS, Jordi (2003), Coherence Between Values and Successor Socialization: Facilitating Family Business Continuity, IESE Working Paper, S.D/512.
• ERDİRENÇELEBİ, Meral, ARICIOĞLU, Mustafa A. ve GÜLEŞ, Hasan Kürşat (2015), “Aile İşletmelerinde Sürdürülebilirlik Nasıl Sağlanır”, Harvard Business Review Türkiye (E-Makale), https://Hturkiye.Com/Dergi/Aile-İsletmelerinde-Surdurulebilirlik-Nasil-Saglanir (Erişim Tarihi: 21.06.2024).
• STRACHAN, Joseph H. ve SHANKER, Melissa Carey (2003), “Family Businesses Contribution to the U.İ. Economy: A Closer Look”, Family Business Review, S.16(3), ss.211-219.
• BARRY, Bernard (1975), “The Development of Organization Structure in the Family Firm”, Journal of General Management, S.3(1), ss.42-60.
• ASCO, Rodrigo ve CALABRÒ, Andrea (2017), “Whom Do I Want to be the Next Ceo? Desirable Successor Attributes in Family Firms”, Journal of Business Economics, S.87(4), ss.487-509.
• BERTRAND, Marianne ve SCHOAR, Antoinette (2006), “The Role of Family in Family Firms”, Journal of Economic Perspectives, S.20(2), ss.73-96.
• BIRCH, Maxine ve MILLER, Tina (2002), “Encouraging Participation: Ethics and Responsibilities”, Ethics in Qualitative Research (Ed. Melanie Mauthner, Maxine Birch, Julie Jessop, Tina Miller), Sage Publications, London (UK), ss.91-106.
• BIZRI, Rima (2016), “Succession in the Family Business: Drivers and Pathways”, International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior and Research, S.22(1), ss.133-154.
• BJUGGREN, Per-Olof ve SUND, Lars-Göran (2002), “A Transaction Rational Cost for Transition of the Firm within Family”, Small Business Economics, S.19(2), ss.123-133.
• BLOTNICK, Srully (1984), “The Case of the Reluctant Heirs”, Forbes, S.1984(2), ss.134-180.
• BLUMENTRITT, Tim, MATHEWS, Timothy ve MARCHISIO, Gaia (2013), “Game Theory and Family Business Succession: An Introduction”, Family Business Review, S.26(1), ss.51-67.
• BOCATTO, Eduardo, GISPERT, Carles ve RIALP, Josep (2010), “Family Owned Business Succession: The Influence of Pre-Performance in the Nomination of Family and Nonfamily Members: Evidence from Spanish Firms”, Journal of Small Business Management, S.48(4), ss.497-523.
• BOWMAN-UPTON, Nancy (1991), Transferring Management in the Family-Owned Business, U.S. Small Business Administration Publisher, Riverfront (US).
• BROCKHAUS, Robert H. (2004), “Family Business Succession: Suggestions for Future Research”, Family Business Review, S.17(2), ss.165-177.
• CABRERA-SUÁREZ, Katiuska, DE SAÁ-PÉREZ, Petra ve GARCIA-ALMEIDA, Desiderio (2001), “The Succession Process from a Resource-and Knowledge-Based View of the Family Firm”, Family Business Review, S.14(1), ss.37-46.
• CHUA, Jess, CHRISMAN, James J. ve SHARMA, Pramodita (2003), “Succession and Nonsuccession Concerns of Family Firms and Agency Relationship with Nonfamily Managers”, Family Business Review, S.16(2), ss.89-107.
• CHURCHILL, Neil C. ve HATTEN, Kenneth J. (1987), “Non-Market-Based Transfers of Wealth and Power: A Research Framework for Family Businesses”, American Journal of Small Business, S.11(3), ss.51-64.
• COLLI, Andrea ve ROSE, Mary B. (2009), “Family Business”, Oxford Handbook of Business History (Ed. Jones Geoffrey, Jonathan Zeitlin), Oxford Academic Publisher, Oxford, ss.194-218.
• COŞKUN, Recai (2017), “Yönetim Organizasyon Kitaplarında Klasik Yönetime Atfedilen ‘Kapalı Sistem’ Yakıştırmasına İtiraz: 1925 Yılından Önce Yazılmış Seçilmiş Kitaplarda ‘Açık Sistem İmaları Üzerine Nitel Bir Çözümleme’”, 8. Balkanlarda Sosyal Bilimler Kongresi Bildiriler Kitabı, 6-11 Eylül, Köstence/Romanya, ss.357-371.
• DASCHER, Paul E. ve JENS, William G. (1999), “Family Business Succession Planning”, Business Horizons, S.43(5), ss.2-4.
• DASPIT, Joshua J., HOLT, Daniel T., CHRISMAN James ve LONG, Rebecca G. (2016), “Examining Family Firm Succession from a Social Exchange Perspective: A Multiphase, Multistakeholder Review”, Family Business Review, S.29(1), ss.44-64.
• DYER, W. Gibb (1992), “The Entrepreneurial Experience: Confronting Career Dilemmas of the Start-Up Executive”, Jossey Bass Business and Management Series, San Francisco (US).
• DYER, W. Gibb ve HANDLER, Wendy (1994), “Entrepreneurship and Family Business: Exploring the Connection”, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, S.19(1), ss.71-83.
• ERDOĞMUŞ, Nihat (2004), “Birinci Kuşağın Gözüyle Aile İşletmelerinde Örgütsel Yedekleme”, 1. Aile İşletmeleri Kongresi Bildiriler Kitabı, İstanbul Kültür Üniversitesi Yayınları, İstanbul, ss.203- 204.
• FİLİZÖZ, Berrin ve KILIÇ, Arzu (2018), “Girişimci Olmak ya da Olmamak: Aile İşletmelerinde 2. ve 3. Kuşağın İkilemi”, İktisadi İdari ve Siyasal Araştırmalar Dergisi, S.3(7), ss.186-202.
• FILSER, Matthiasi, KRAUS, Sascha ve MÄRK, Stefan (2013), “Psychological Aspects of Succession in Family Business Management”, Management Research Review, S.36(3), ss.256-277.
• GENÇ, Nurullah ve KARCIOĞLU, Fatih (2004), “Aile İşletmelerinin Karşılaştıkları Sorunlar ve Çözüm Önerileri - Bir Uygulama”, 1. Aile İşletmeleri Kongre Bildiriler Kitabı, Kültür Üniversitesi Yayını, İstanbul, ss.21-32.
• GERSICK, Kelin E., DAVIS, John A., McCOLLOM HAMPTON, Marion ve LANSBERG, Ivan (1997), Generation to Generation: Life Cycles of Family Business, Harvard Business School Press, Boston.
• GERSICK, Kelin.E., LANSBERG, Ivan, DESJARDINS, Michele ve DUNN, Barbara (1999), “Stages and Transitions: Managing Ange in the Family Business”, Family Business Review, S.12(4), ss.287-297.
• GOLDBERG, Steven D. ve WOOLDRIDGE, Bill (1993), “Self-Confidence and Managerial Autonomy: Successor Characteristics Critical to Succession in Family Firms”, Family Business Review, S.6(1), ss.55-72.
• GÜNEY, Semra (2007), “Aile İşletmelerinde İkinci Nesile Devir Sürecinde Başarı Koşulları”, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi Girişimcilik ve Kalkınma Dergisi, S.2(1), ss.103-126.
• GÜNVER, Bahadır Akıngüç (2004), “Aile İşletmelerinin Geleceği”, 1. Aile İşletmeleri Kongresi Bildiriler Kitabı, İstanbul Kültür Üniversitesi Yayınları, İstanbul, ss.169-177.
• GÜRLER, Gökhan (2018), “Aile İşletmelerinin Anayasa Oluşturma ve Kurumsallaşma Çalışmalarında Makro ve Mikro Bağlamsal Unsurların Rolü: Örnek Olaylar”, Doktora Tezi, Sakarya Üniversitesi İşletme Enstitüsü, Sakarya.
• GÜRLER, Gökhan ve ERARSLAN, Nuri (2022), “Aile İşletmelerinde Sürdürülebilirlik ve Halefiyet Sürecine Etki Eden Aktörler”, Dijital Dönüşüm ve Sürdürülebilirlik Güncel Konular ve Tartışmalar (Ed. Metin Saygılı), Efe Akademi Yayınları, İstanbul, ss.451-477.
• HANDLER, Wendy C. (1989), “Methodological Issues and Considerations in Studying Family Businesses”, Family Business Review, S.2(3), ss.257-276.
• HANDLER, Wendy C. (1991), “Key Interpersonal Relationships of Next Generation Family Members in Family Firms”, Journal of Small Business Management, S.29(3), ss.21-32.
• HANDLER, Wendy C. (1994), “Succession in Family Business a Reviof the Research”, Family Business Review, S.7(2), ss.133-174.
• HANDLER, Wendy C. ve KRAM, Kathy E. (1998), “Succession in Family Firms: The Problem of Resistance”, Family Business Review, S.1(4), ss.361-381.
• HAUSER, Hans-Eduard, KAY, Rosemarie ve BOERGER, Sven (2010), Unternehmensnachfolgen in Deutschland 2010 bis 2014 - Schatzung mit Weiterentwickeltem Verfahren, IfM Materialen Press, IfM Bonn.
• HELMICH, Donald L. ve BROWN, Warren B. (1972), “Successor Type Organizational Change in the Corporate Enterprises”, Administrative Science Quarterly, S.17(3), ss.371-381.
• JULIEN, Heidi (2008), “Content Analysis”, The Sage Encyclopedia of Qualitative Research Methods (Ed. Lisa M. Given), Sage Publications, London (UK), ss.120-122.
• KAMEI, Katsuyuki ve DANA, Leo-Paul (2012), “Examining the Impact of New Policy Facilitating SMe Succession in Japan: From a Viewpoint of Risk Management in Family Business”, International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, S.16(1), ss.60-70.
• KARACA, Sinan (2022), “Aile İşletmelerinde 2. ve 3. Kuşakların Gelecek Beklentileri Üzerine Bir Araştırma”, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Burdur.
• KETS DE VRIES, Manfred (1996), Family Business: Human Dilemmas in the Family Firm, International Thompson Business Press, New York (US).
• LANSBERG, Ivan (1988), “The Succession Conspiracy”, Family Business Review, S.1(2), ss.119-143.
• LANSBERG, Ivan (1999), Succeding Generations, Harvard Business School Press, Boston (US).
• LANSBERG, Ivan ve ASTRACHAN, Joseph H. (1994), “Influence of Family Relationships on Succession Planning and Training: The Importance af Mediating Factors”, Family Business Review, S.7(1), ss.39-59.
• LE BRETON–MILLER, Isabelle, MILLER, Danny ve STEIER, Lloyd P. (2004), “Toward an Integrative Model of Effective Fob Succession”, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, S.28(4), ss.305-328.
• LEACH, Peter (1991), The Family Business, Kogan Page Press, London (UK)..
• LEVINSON, Harry (1971), “Conflicts That Plague the Family Business”, Harvard Business Review, S.49, ss.90- 98.
• MALONE, Stewart C. (1989), “Selected Correlates of Business Continuity Planning in the Family Business”, Family Business Review, S.2(4), ss.341-353.
• DE MASSIS, Alfredo, CHUA, Jess H. ve CHRISMAN, James J. (2008), “Factors Preventing Intra-Family Succession”, Family Business Review, S.21(2), ss.183-199.
• MATTHEWS, Charles H., MOORE, Terrence W. ve FIALKO, Anne S. (1999), “Succession in the Family Firm: A Cognitive Categorization Perspective”, Family Business Review, S.12(2), ss.159-170.
• MORRIS, Michael H., WILLIAMS, Roy W. ve NEL, Deon (1996), “Factors Influencing Family Business Sucessionn”, International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, S.2(3), ss.68-81.
• NORDQVIST, Mattias, WENNBERG, Karl, BAU, Massim ve HELLERSTEDT, Karin (2013), “An Entrepreneurial Process Perspective on Succession in Family Firms”, Small Business Economics, S.40(4), ss.1087-1122.
• PRIOR, Stuart (2012), “Determinants of Successful Succession in Family Businesses”, Unpublished Degree Thesis, Universty of Pretoria, South Africa.
• ÖZTÜRK, Oğuzhan (2019), “Firmalar İçin Stratejik Bir Seçenek Olarak Bağımlılık: Kaynak Bağımlılığı Kuramına Bir Katkı”, Doktora Tezi, Sakarya Üniversitesi İşletme Enstitüsü, Sakarya.
• PEKSAYGILI, Mutlu ve TUTAN, Mehmet (2015), “Aile İşletmelerinde Yönetim Devri ve Temel Kurumsallaşma Uygulamaları: Ege Otomotiv Derneği Üyeleri Çalışması”, Journal of Yasar University, S.10(37), ss.6432- 6441.
• PERAKYLA, Anssi (2005), “Analysing Talk and Text”, The Sage Handbook of Qualitative Research (Ed. Norman Denzin, Yvonna Lincoln), Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, Third Edition, ss.869-886.
• PRICEWATERHOUSECOOPERS (2012), “2012 Küresel Aile Şirketleri Araştırması”, PWC Kurumsal Web Sayfası (E-Makale), http://www.pwc.com.tr/tr/press-releases/2012/pages/aile-sirketler iarastirmasi.jhtml (Erişim Tarihi: 12.06.2024).
• RUMANKO, Borris, LUSNAKOVA, Zuzana, MORAVANSKA, Monica ve SAJBIDIROVA, Maria (2021), “Succession as a Risk Process Inchur the Survival of a Family Business-Case of Slovakia”, Journal of Risk and Financial Management, S.14(10), ss.458(1-20).
• RUMANKO, Borris, JANA, Kazakova, MARIA, Urbanova ve HUDAKOVA, Monika (2021), “Family Business as a Bearer of Social Sustainability in Multinationals-Case of Slovakia”, Sustainability, S.13(14), ss.(7747).
• SHAFIEYOON, Rasoul ve MANSOURI, Marjan (2014), “Factors Dominating the Continuity and Decline of Family Businesses”, International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, S.4(1), ss.327-343.
• SHARMA, Pramoditai, CHRISMAN, James J. ve CHUA, Jess H. (1997), “Strategic Management of the Family Business: Past Research and Future Challenges”, Family Business Revıew, S.10(1), ss.1-35.
• SONGINI, Lucrezia, GNAN, Luca ve MALMI, Teemu (2013), “The Role and Impact of Accounting in Family Business”, Journal of Family Business Strategy, S.4(2), ss.71–83.
• STAVROU, Eleni T. (1999), “Succession in Family Businesses: Exploring the Effects of Demograpnic Factors on Offspring Intentions to Join and Take Over the Business”, Journal of Small Business Management, S.37(3), ss.43-61.
• WARD, John (1987), Keeping the Family Business Healthy: How to Plan for Continuing Growth, Profitability and Family Leadership, Jossey-Brass Publisher, San Francisco (US).