Assessment of Some Nutrient Contents and Heavy Metal Accumulation in Some Wild Edible Mushrooms in Türkiye

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 2, 69 - 77, 30.10.2023

Yusuf Uzun , Salih Alkan , İlhan İrende , Hasan İlhan , Şeyda Çavuşoğlu , Ali Aslan

https://doi.org/10.30708/mantar.1270574

Cited By: 1

Öz

In this study, it was aimed to identify mushrooms gathered from two different regions and localities of Türkiye and to determine their heavy metal and nutrient contents. Four of the mushrooms (Coprinus comatus (O.F. Müll.) Pers, Cantharellus cibarius Fr., Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.) P. Kumm. and Lactarius glyciosmus (Fr.) Fr.) from nearby settlements, while the others (Hydnum repandum L., Pleurotus eryngii (DC.) Quél and Lactarius delicious (L.) Gray)) were collected from rural areas. All species have known and consume by local peoples. All identified species were given along with their trophic status, habitats, locations, Turkish names and edibility. Concentrations of elements were determined based on dry weight. The analysis of samples indicated that different result obtained from mushrooms. As (nd, 1.5-17.43), Ba (1.48-10.81), Cd (nd, 1.4-43.46), Co (nd, 12.0- 42.79), Cr (nd, 5.0-14.92), Cu (12.95-143.45), K (nd, 30085- 52680), Mg (nd, 5056-5955.9), Mn (52.45- 187.25), Mo (nd, 1.22-57.53), Ni (43.46-565), Pb (318.9-1483.5), Sb (nd, 0.14-4.12), Si (nd, 3.18-87.83), Ti (20.32-302.2), V (67.66-102.3), Zn (1026.8-2422.0), Ca (411.5 -2077), Na (752.5-2105.5) and Fe (470.5-1093.5) were determined and the elements studied were given in mg/kg. As a result, it was determined that C. comatus, H. repandum, C. cibarius and P. eryngii had the lowest content of heavy metals and P. ostreus had the highest value in terms of calcium and magnesium contents. Therefore, it has been determined that these mushroom species may have important beneficial effects to human health. It is thought that it can be used as a source in future studies.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Atomic absorption, Food analysis, Heavy metals, Minerals, Mushroom

Türkiye'de Yenilen Bazı Yabani Mantarlarda Bazı Besin İçerikleri ve Ağır Metal Birikiminin Değerlendirilmesi

Öz

Bu çalışmada, Türkiye'de iki farklı bölge ve lokalitelerinden toplanan yenilebilir yabani bazı mantar örneklerinin teşhis edilmesi ve ardından ağır metal ve besin içeriklerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu mantarların dördü (Coprinus comatus (O.F. Müll.) Pers, Cantharellus cibarius Fr, Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.) P. Kumm. ve Lactarius glyciosmus (Fr.) Fr.) yakın yerleşim yerlerinden, diğerleri ise (Hydnum repandum L., Pleurotus eryngii (DC.) Quél ve Lactarius deliciosus (L.) Gray) kırsal alanlardan toplanmıştır. Tüm türler yerel halk tarafından tanınmakta ve besin amaçlı tüketilmektedir. Teşhis edilen tüm türlerin, trofik durumları, habitatları Türkçe adları ve yenilebilirlikleri ile birlikte verilmiştir. Element konsantrasyonları kuru ağırlığa göre belirlenmiştir. Analiz edilen mantar türlerinden elde edilen sonuçların farklılık gösterdiği belirlenmiştir. Sonuçlara göre; As (nd, 1,5-17,43), Ba (1,48-10,81), Cd (nd, 1.4-43.46), Co (Nd, 12.0- 42.79), Cr (nd, 5.0-14.92), Cu (12.95-143.45), K (nd, 30085- 52680), Mg (nd, 5056-5955.9), Mn (52.45- 187.25), Mo (nd, 1.22-57.53), Ni (43.46-565), Pb (318.9-1483.5), Sb ( nd, 0.14-4.12), Si (nd, 3.18-87.83), Ti (20.32-302.2), V (67.66-102.3), Zn (1026.8-2422.0), Ca (411.5 -2077), Na (752.5-2105.5) ve Fe (470.5-1093.5) belirlenmiş ve incelenen elementler mg/kg olarak verilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, ağır metaller bakımından en düşük değere sahip mantarlar: C. comatus, H. repandum, C. cibarius ve P. eryngii, kalsiyum ve magnezyum içeriği bakımından ise en yüksek değere ise P. ostreus'un sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir. Dolayısıyla bu mantar türlerinin insan sağlığı açısından önemli potansiyele sahip olduğu görülmektedir. Daha sonra yapılacak ilgili çalışmalarda kaynak olarak kullanılabileceği düşünülmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Atomic absorption, Besin İçeriği, Ağır Metaller, Mineraller, Mantarlar

Kaynakça

• Agahar-Murugkar, D. and Subbulakshmi, G. (2005). Nutritional Value of Edible Wild Mushrooms Collected from the Khasihills of Meghalaya. Food Chemistry, 89: 599−603.
• Akın, İ., Alkan, S. ve Kaşık, G. (2019). Çorum İlinden Toplanan Agaricaceae Familyasına Ait Bazı Mantarlarda Ağır Metal Birikiminin Belirlenmesi. Mantar Dergisi. 10 (1) 48-55
• Anderson, A. (2000). Chromum, N the Preventon and Control of Dabetes. Dab. Metabol., 26: 22-27.
• Anonymous. (2001). Food and Nutrton Board (FNB), Detary Reference Intakes for Vtamn A, Vtamn K, Arsenc, Boron, Chromum, Copper, Iodne, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nckel, Slcon, Vanadum and Znc, Washngton, DC: Insttute of Medcne, Natonal Academy Press, 1-28
• Arora, D. (1986). Mushrooms Demystified: A Comprehensive Guide to the Fleshy Fungi. Berkeley, California: Ten Speed Press. ISBN 978-0-89815-169-5.
• Ayaz, F.A., Torun, H., Özel, A., Col, M., Duran, C., Sesli, E. and Colak, A. (2011a). Nutritional Value of Some Wild Edible Mushrooms from Black Sea Region (Turkey). Turk. Journal Biochemistry. 36 (3) 213-221.
• Ayaz, F.A., Torun, H., Colak, A., Sesli, E., Millson, M. and Glew, R.H. (2011b). Macro- and Microelement Contents of Fruiting Bodies of Wild-Edible Mushrooms Growing in the East Black Sea Region of Turkey. Food Nutritional. Sci., 2: 53-59.
• Barros, L.,Ferreira, M.-J., Queiro´ S, B., Ferreira, I. C. F. R. and Baptista, P. (2007). Total Phenols, Ascorbic Acid, b-Caroteneandlycopene in Portuguese Wild Edible Mushrooms and their Antioxidant Activities. Food Chemistry, 103: 413–419.
• Boa, E. (2004). Wild EdibleFungi –A Global Overview of their Use and İmportance to People, Non-Wood Forest Prouducts, Vialedelle Termedi Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy.
• Breitenbach, J., Kränzlın, F. (1984-2000). Fungi of Switzerland (Vol. 1–5). Switzerland: Verlag Mykologia Lucerne.
• Bresinsky, A., Besl, H. (1990). A Colour Atlas of Poisonous Fungi (295). Stuttgart: Wolfe Publishing Ltd.
• Buczacki, S. (1989). Fungi of Britain and Europe (320). Glasgow: William CollinsSons&Co Ltd.
• Bulam, S., Üstün, N. Ş. ve Pekşen, A. (2019). Yenebilir Doğa Mantarlarının Bazı Fiziksel ve Fizikokimyasal Özellikleri ile Mineral Madde İçeriklerinin Belirlenmesi. Mantar Dergisi, 10(3) 193-203.
• Cavusoglu, S. Uzun, Y. Yilmaz, N. Ercisli, S. Eren, E. Ekiert H. Elansary, H O. Szopa, A. (2021). Maintaining the Quality and Storage Life of Button Mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) with Gum, Agar, Sodium Alginate, Egg White Protein, and Lecithin Coating. Journal of Fungi 7 (8): 614.
• Çavuşoğlu, Ş. (2018). Effects of Hot Water and UV-C on Mineral Content Changes in Two Strawberry Cultivars Stored at Different Temperatures. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 42(6), 423-432.
• Chang, S.T., Miles, P.G. (1989). Edible Mushrooms and their Cultivation. CrcPress, (271), Hon Kong.
• Colak A, Kolcuoglu, Y. Sesli, E. and Dalman, O. (2007). Biochemical Composition of Some Turkish Fungi. Asian Journal Chemistry. 19: 2193- 2199.
• Demirbaş, A. (2001). Concentrations of 21 Metals in 18 Species of Mushrooms Growing in the East Black Sea Region. Food Chemistry. 75: 453-457.
• Demirbas¸ A. (2000). Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Some Edible Mushrooms from Turkey. Food Chemistry, 68:415–419. doi:10.1016/ S0308-8146(99)00210-1
• Ekiz, C., Agaoglu, L., Karakas, Z., Gural, N. and Yalcin, I. (2005). The Effect of Iron Deficiency Anemia on the Function of the Immune System. Hematology Journal 5: 579-583.
• Gast, CH., Jansen, E, Bierling, J. and Haanstra, L. (1988). Heavy Metals in Mushrooms and their Relationship with Soil Characteristics. Chemosphere 17:789–799. doi:10.1016/0045-6535(88)90258-5
• Gençcelep, H., Uzun, Y., Tunçtürk, Y. and Demirel, K. (2009). Determination of Mineral Contents of Wildgrown Edible Mushrooms. Food Chemistry 113: 1033-1036.
• Györfi, J., Geösel, A. and Vetter, J. (2010). Mineral Composition of Different Strains of Edible Medicinal Mushroom Agaricus Subrufescens Peck. Journal of Medicinal Food, 13(6) 1510-1514.
• Heyes, RB, (1997). The Carcinogenicity of Metals in Humans. Cancer Causes Control, 8: 371-385.
• İlker, A., Alkan, S. ve Kaşik, G. (2019). Çorum İli’nden Toplanan Agaricaceae Familyasına Ait Bazı Mantarlarda Ağır Metal Birikiminin Belirlenmesi. Mantar Dergisi. 10(1) 48-55.
• Işıloğlu, M, Yılmaz, F and Merdivan, M. (2001). Concentrations of Trace Elements in Wild Edible Mushrooms. Food Chemistry. 73: 163-175.
• Jordan, M. (1995). The Encyclopedia of Fungi of Great Britain and Europe (884). UK: David & Charles BookCo. Alam, N., Yoon, K. N., Lee, J. S., Cho, H. J., Shim, M. J., Lee, T. S. (2011). Dietary effect of Pleurotus eryngii on biochemical function and histology in hypercholesterolemic rats. Saudi journal of biological sciences, 18(4), 403-409.
• Kacar, B ve Katkat V (2010). Bitki Besleme. 5. Baskı, Nobel Yayın Dağıtım Tic. Ltd. Şti, Kızılay-Ankara
• Kalač P. (2009). Chemical Composition and Nutritional Value of European Species of Wild Growing Mushrooms: A review. Food Chemistry. 113: 9-16
• Kalač, P. and Svaboda, L. (2000). A Review of Trace Element Concentrations in Edible Mushrooms. Food Chemistry. 69: 273-281.
• Kibby, G. (1997). An Illustrated Guide to Mushrooms and Other Fungi of Britain and Northern Europe. London: Parkgate Boks Ltd.
• Kiremedijian-Schumacher, L., Roy, M., Wishe, H.I., Cohen, M.W. and Stotzky, G. (1994). Supplementation with Selenium and Human Immune Cell Functions. II. Effect of Cytotoxic Lympghocytes and Natural Killer Cells. Biological Trace Element Research 41: 115-127.
• Koch, I., Wang, L., Reimer, K.J. and Cullen, WR. (2000). Arsenic Species in Terrestrial Fungi and Lichens from Yellowknife, NWT, Canada. Appl Organomet Chemistry. 14: 245–252
• Koyyalamudi, S. R., Jeong, S. C., Manavalan, S., Vysetti, B. and Pang, G. (2013). Micronutrient Mineral Content of the Fruiting Bodies of Australian Cultivated Agaricus Bisporus White Button Mushrooms. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 31(1) 109-114.
• Kulhari, A., Sheorayan, A., Bajar, S., Sarkar, S., Chaudhury A and Kalia RK, (2013). Investigation of Heavy Metals Infrequently Utilized Medicinal Plants Collected from Environmentally Diverse Locations of North Western India. SpringerPlus. 2(1) 676
• Laessoe, T., and Lincoff, G. (2002). Mushrooms. Smithsonian Handbooks (2nd ed.). London: Dorling Kindersley Adult. (238). ISBN 978-0-7894-8986-9.
• Lepsova,´ A and Mejestrı´k, V. (1988). Accumulation of Trace Elements in Fruiting Bodies of Macro Fungi in The Krusne Hory Mountains Czecholovakia. Sci Total Environ 76: 117–128. doi:10.1016/ 0048-9697(88)90101-5
• Liu, B., Huang, Q., Cai, H., Guo, X., Wang, T. and Gui, M. (2015). Study of Heavy Metal Concentrations in Wild Edible Mushrooms in Yunnan Province, China. Food Chemistry, 188(2015) 294-300.
• Mendil, D., Uluözlü, Ö. D., Tüzen, M., Hasdemir, E. and Sarı, H. (2005). Trace Metal Levels in Mushroom Samples from Ordu, Turkey. Food Chemistry 91: 463-467.
• Moser, M. (1983). Keys to Agarics and Boleti (535). Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer Verlag.
• Mukherjeea, B., Patraa, B., Mahapatraa, S., Banerjeea, P., Tiwarib, A. and Chatterjeea, M. (2004). Vanadium-an Element of Atypical Biological Significance, Toxicol. Lett. 150: 135–143.
• Nozaki, H., Itonori, S., Sugita, M., Nakamura, K., Ohba, K., Suzuki, A. and Kushi, Y. (2008). "Mushroom Acidic Glycos Phingo Lipidinduction of Cytokinese Cretion from Murine T Cells And Proliferation of NK1.1 alpha/beta TCR-double Positive Cells in vitro", Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 373 (3): 435–9, doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.06.047, PMID 18577373
• Okut, N. (2019). Van İlinden Seçilmiş Bazı Tıbbi Bitkilerin Ağır Metal İçerikleri. Iğdır Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 9(1) 533-544.
• Ouzouni, PK., Veltsistas, PG., Paleologos, EK., and Riganakos, KA., (2007). Determination of Metal Content in Wild Edible Mushroom Species from Regions of Greece. J. Food Compos. Anal. 20: 480-486
• Pekşen, A., Kibar, B. ve Yakupoğlu, G. (2007). Yenilebilir Bazı Lactarius Türlerinin Morfolojik Özelliklerinin, Protein ve Mineral İçeriklerinin Belirlenmesi. OMÜ Zir. Fak. Der. 22 (3) 301-305.
• Pekşen, A., Yakupoglu, G. and Kibar, B. (2008). Some Chemical Components of Lactarius pyragalus from Diverse Locations. Asian Journal Chemistry. 20 (4) 3109-3114.
• Phillips, R. (1981). Mushrooms and Other Fungi of Great Britain and Europe (287). London: Pan Books Ltd.
• Pilz, D., Norvell, L., Danell, E. and Molina, R. (2003). Ecology and Management of Commercially Harvested Chanterelle Mushrooms. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-576 (PDF). Portland, OR: Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. Retrieved (2011). 03-25.
• Plaster, E. J. (1992). Soil Science and Management. 2nd Edition, Delmar Publishers Inc., Albany, New York, USA
• Rop, O., Mlcek, J. and Jurikova, T. (2009)."Beta-Glucans in Higher Fungi and their Health Effects". Nutrition Reviews. 67 (11) 624–31. doi:10.1111/j.1753- 4887.2009.00230.x. PMID 19906249
• Samur, G. (2008). Vitaminler, Mineraller ve Sağlığımız. Sağlık Bakanlığı Yayın No: 727. Ankara, Türkiye: T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı (in Turkish).
• Sarıkürkçü, C., Çopur, M., Yıldız, D. and Akata, I. (2011). Metal Concentration of Wild Edible Mushrooms in Soguksu National Park in Turkey. Food Chemistry. 128 (3) 731-734.
• Sesli, E. and Tüzen, M. (1999). Levels of Trace Elements in The Fruiting Bodies of Macrofungi Growing in The East Black Sea Region of Turkey. Food Chemistry. 65: 453-460.
• Sesli, E. (2006). Trace Element Contents of Some Selected Fungi in the Ecosystem of Turkey. Fresenius Environ. Bull. 15 (6) 518-523.
• Sesli, E. (2007). Trace Metal Contents of Higher Fungi from Zigana Highland in Turkey. Asian Journal Chemistry. 19 (1) 636-640.
• Sesli, E. and Dalman, Ö. (2006). Concentrations of Trace Elements in Fruiting Bodies of Wild Growing Fungi in Rize Province of Turkey. Asian Journal Chemistry. 18 (3) 2179-2184.
• Sesli, E. and Tuzen, M. (2006). Micro- and Macroelement Contents in Fruiting Bodies of Edible Wild Growing Mushrooms in Artvin Province of Turkey. Asian Journal Chemistry. 18 (2) 1423-1429.
• Sesli, E., Asan, A., and Selçuk, F. (eds) Abacı Günyar, Ö., Akata, I., Akgül, H., Aktaş, S., Alkan, S., Allı, H., Aydoğdu, H., Berikten, D., Demirel, K., Demirel, R., Doğan, H.H., Erdoğdu, M., Ergül, C.C., Eroğlu, G., Giray, G., Haliki Uztan, A., Kabaktepe, Ş., Kadaifçiler, D., Kalyoncu, F., Karaltı, İ., Kaşık, G., Kaya, A., Keleş, A., Kırbağ, S., Kıvanç, M., Ocak, İ., Ökten, S., Özkale, E., Öztürk, C., Sevindil, M., Şen, B., Şen, İ., Türkekul, İ., Ulukapı, M., Uzun, Ya., Uzun, Yu., Yoltaş, A. (2020). Türkiye Mantarları Listesi (The Checklist of Fungi of Turkey). Ali Nihat Gökyiğit Vakfı Yayını. İstanbul. P. 1177.
• Sevindik, M., Eraslan, E. C. ve Akgül, H. (2015). Bazı Makrofungus Türlerinin Ağır Metal İçeriklerinin Belirlenmesi. Ormancılık Dergisi 11(2) 48-53.
• Sevindik, M., Akgul, H., Bal, C., and Selamoglu, Z. (2018). Phenolic contents, oxidant/antioxidant potential and heavy metal levels in Cyclocybe cylindracea. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, 52(3): 437-441.
• Shankar, A.H. and Prasad, A.S. (1998). Zinc and Immune Function: The Biological Basis of Altered Resistance to Infection. The American Hournal of Clinical Nutrition 68: 447-463.
• Soylak, M., Saraçoğlu, S., Tüzen, M. and Mendil, D. (2005). Determination of Trace Metals in Mushroom Samples from Kayseri, Turkey. Food Chemistry 92: 649-652.
• Sripanyakorn, S., Raviin, J., Thompson, R.P.H. and Powell, J.J. (2005). “Dietary Silicon and Bone Health”, Nutrition Bulletin, 30 (3) 222-230
• Sterry, P and Hughes, B. (2009). Complete Guide to British Mushrooms and Toadstools. London, UK: Collins. (300). ISBN 978-0-00-723224-6.
• Şaran, E. Y., Çavuşoğlu, Ş., Alpaslan, D., Eren, E., Yilmaz, N., & Uzun, Y. (2022). Effect of egg white protein and agar-agar on quality of button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) during cold storage. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 46(2), 173-181.
• Turfan, N., Pekşen, A., Kibar, B. and Ünal, S. (2018). Determination of Nutritional and Bioactive Properties in Some Selected Wild Growing and Cultivated Mushrooms from Turkey. Acta Sci.Pol. Hortorum. Cultus, 17 (3) 57-72.
• Türkmen, M. and Budur, D. (2018). Heavy Metal Contaminations in Edible Wild Mushroom Species from Turkey’s Black Sea Region. Food Chemistry. 254 256-259.
• Tüzen M, Sesli, E. and Soylak, M. (2007). Trace Element Levels of Mushroom Species from East Black Sea Region of Turkey. Food Control. 18: 806-810.
• Tyler, G. (1982) Accumulation and Exclusion of Metals in Collybia peronata and Amanita rubescens. Trans Br.mycol. Soc. 79(2) 239-245, 1982.
• Uzun, Y., Genccelep, H., Kaya, A. and Akcay, M. E. (2011). The Mineral Contents of Some Wild Edible Mushrooms. Ekoloji, 20(80) 6-12.
• Vetter, J. (1994). Mineral Elements in The Important Cultivated Mushrooms Agaricus bisporus and Pleurotus ostreatus. Food Chemistry. 50(3) 277-279.
• Yamaç, M., Yıldız, D., Sarıkürkcü, C., Çelikkollu, M. and Solak M. H. (2007). Heavy Metals Insome Edible Mushrooms Form the Central Anatolia, Turkey. Food Chemistry. 103: 263-267.