Türkiye ve Rusya'nın Balkanlar'daki Kamu Diplomasisinin Karşılaştırmalı Analizi (Rus Dünyası Vakfı ve Yunus Emre Enstitüsü Örneği)

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1, 1 - 22, 28.03.2023

Mehmet Ali Ak

https://doi.org/10.14782/marmarasbd.1159265

Öz

Kamu diplomasisi devletlerin yumuşak güç araçlarını kullanarak birbirlerini sosyal, kültürel ve siyasal anlamda etkilemesiyle ortaya çıkan yeni bir diplomatik alandır. Rusya ve Türkiye bu yeni diplomasi aracını özellikle soğuk savaşın sona ermesinden itibaren yoğun bir şekilde kullanmıştır. Her iki ülke de jeopolitik açıdan güvenlik koridorunun önemli bir bölgesi olan Balkanlarda ortak kimlik araçlarıyla hareket ederek yeni bir diplomasi alanı olan kamu diplomasisini kullanmış ve kullanmaya devam etmektedir. Uluslararası İlişkiler teorilerinde kamu diplomasisi realist, liberal ve konstrüktivist perspektif ile değerlendirilmiştir. Makalede, Rusya ile Türkiye’nin kamu diplomasisi araçlarını nasıl kullandıkları aynı tarihte benzer amaçlar ile kurulan Rus Dünyası Vakfı ve Yunus Emre Enstitüsü üzerinden karşılaştırmalı analiz edilmiştir. Rus Dünyası Vakfı’nın en fazla etkili olduğu devletler olan Bulgaristan, Sırbistan ve Yunanistan’ın Rusya ile ilişkileri daha detaylı incelenirken diğer Balkan ülkelerindeki Rus Dünyası Vakfı’nın faaliyetleri ile ilgili genel bilgiler verilmiştir. Rusya’nın faaliyet alanlarının içerik analizi yapıldığında Rusya’nın kamu diplomasisine realist bir bakış açısıyla küresel ve bölgesel imajını restore etmek ve stratejik alan kazanmak için başvurduğu sonucu çıkmıştır. Türkiye, tarihi ve kültürel birlikteliğini korumak ve kuvvetlendirmek için bölgesel unsurlarla ortak hareket etme amacıyla kamu diplomasisini kullanmıştır. Türkiye’nin Balkanlar kamu diplomasi aracı olarak ise Yunus Emre Enstitüsü faaliyetleri incelenmiştir. Yunus Emre Enstitüsünün en fazla etkili olduğu bölgeler olan Bosna-Hersek, Kuzey Makedonya ve Kosova üzerinden faaliyetler daha detaylı incelenmiş diğer Balkan ülkeleri ile ilgili genel faaliyet bilgileri verilmiştir. Türkiye’nin faaliyet alanlarının içerik analizi yapıldığında ise Türkiye kamu diplomasisini konstrüktivist temelde, daha kapsayıcı, bölge ile iletişimini birliktelik üzerine kuran, bölgeyi kendisinin bir parçası olarak gören ortak kimlik ve kültür inşasını önceleyen bir amaç ile gerçekleştirmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Yunus Emre Enstitüsü, Rus Dünyası Vakfı, Balkanlar, Kamu Diplomasisi, Kimlik

Comparative Analysis of Turkey and Russia's Public Diplomacy on the Balkans (Example of the Russian World Foundation and Yunus Emre Institute)

Öz

Public diplomacy is a new diplomatic field that emerges as states influence each other socially, culturally and politically by using soft power tools. Russia and Türkiye have used this new tool of diplomacy intensively, especially since the end of the cold war. Both countries have used and continue to use public diplomacy, a new field of diplomacy, by acting with common identity tools in the Balkans, which is an important region of the security corridor in geopolitical terms. In the theories of International Relations, public diplomacy has been evaluated from a realist, liberal and constructivist perspective. In the article, how Russia and Türkiye use public diplomacy tools is analyzed with a comparison through the Russkiyy Mir Foundation and Yunus Emre Institute, which were established at the same time for similar purposes. The states where the Russian World Foundation is most influential are Bulgaria, Serbia and Greece, and their relations with Russia have been studied in more detail. General information was given about the activities of the Russian World Foundation in other Balkan countries. When the content analysis of the fields of activity of Russia was made, it was concluded that Russia applied to public diplomacy with a realistic perspective to restore its global and regional image and obtain strategic area. Türkiye has used public diplomacy in order to act jointly with regional elements in order to preserve and strengthen its historical and cultural unity. Yunus Emre Institute activities as Türkiye's Balkans public diplomacy tool have been examined. Activities through Bosnia-Herzegovina, North Macedonia and Kosovo, which are the regions where Yunus Emre Institute is most influential, were examined in more detail and general activity information about other Balkan countries was given. When the content analysis of Türkiye's fields of activity is done, Türkiye has realized its public diplomacy on a constructivist basis, with a more inclusive purpose, establishing its communication with the region on unity, and prioritizing the construction of a common identity and culture that sees the region as a part of itself.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Yunus Emre Institute, Russian World Foundation, Balkans, Public Diplomacy, Identity

Kaynakça

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