Olayların merkeziliği ile varoluşsal yok olma kaygısı arasındaki ilişkide kimliğin belirginleşmesi ile yenilgi ve tuzağa düşmenin aracı rolü
Yıl 2024,
Cilt: 60 Sayı: 60, 58 - 71, 28.06.2024
Neslihan Özcan
,
Reyhan Arslan Babal
Öz
Bu çalışma, olayların merkeziliği ile varoluşsal yok olma kaygısı arasındaki ilişkide kimliğin ve yenilgi ve tuzağa düşmenin aracı rolünü incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Araştırmanın örneklemini Türkiye'den 18-64 yaş aralığındaki 379 katılımcı oluşturmaktadır. Araştırma modelini test etmek amacıyla paralel çoklu aracılık analizi yapılmıştır. Korelasyon analizine göre, olayların merkeziliği, kimliğin iki alt boyutu ile (bağlılık ve militanlık) ve yenilgi ve tuzağa düşme ile pozitif yönde ilişkilidir. Varoluşsal yok olma kaygısı, yalnızca bağlılık alt boyutu ile ve yenilgi ve tuzağa düşme ile anlamlı düzeyde ilişkili bulunmuştur. Yenilgi ve tuzağa düşme ve kimlik ölçeğinin bağlılık alt boyutu, olayın merkeziliği ile varoluşsal yok olma kaygısı arasındaki ilişkide aracı rol oynamaktadır. Bulgular, araştırmacıların ve klinisyenlerin travma ile çalışırken, kimlik ve öz değerlendirmeye daha fazla odaklanması gerektiğine işaret etmektedir.
Kaynakça
- Berntsen D., & Rubin D. C. (2006). The centrality of event scale: A measure of integrating a trauma into one’s identity and its relation to post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44, 219–231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2005.01.009
- Berntsen D., Rubin D. C., & Siegler I. C. (2011). Two versions of life: Emotionally negative and positive life events have different roles in the organization of the life story and identity. Emotion, 11, 1190–1201. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024940
- Berntsen, D., Rubin, D. C., & Siegler, I. C. (2011). Two versions of life: Emotionally negative and positive life events have different roles in the organization of life story and identity. Emotion, 11, 1190-1201. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024940
- Berntsen, D., Willert, M., & Rubin, D. C. (2003). Splintered memories or vivid landmarks? Qualities and organization of traumatic memories with and without PTSD. Applied Cognitive Psychology: The Official Journal of the Society for Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 17(6), 675-693. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.894
- Berman, S. L., Weems, C. F., & Stickle, T. R. (2006). Existential anxiety in adolescents: Prevalence, structure, association with psychological symptoms and identity development. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 35, 285-292. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-006-9032-y
- Brown, A. T. (2006). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research (1st ed.). Guilford Press.
- Butler, G., Fennell, M., & Hackmann, A. (2008). Cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety disorders: Mastering clinical challenges. The Guilford Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1352465811000166
- Byrne, B. M. (2001). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
- Carvalho, S., Pinto-Gouveia, J., Pimentel, P., Maia, D., Gilbert, P., & Mota-Pereira, J.
(2013). Entrapment and defeat perceptions in depressive symptomatology: through an evolutionary approach. Psychiatry: Interpersonal & Biological Processes, 76(1), 53-67. https://doi.org/10.1521/psyc.2013.76.1.53
- Dunmore, E., Clark, D. M., & Ehlers, A. (2001). A prospective investigation of the role of cognitive factors in persistent posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after physical or sexual assault. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 39(9), 1063-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0005-7967(00)00088-7
- Elmore, K. C., & Oyserman, D. (2012). If ‘we’can succeed, ‘I’can too: Identity-based motivation and gender in the classroom. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 37(3), 176-185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2011.05.003
- Field, A. (2009). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics (3rd ed.). London, UK: Sage.
- Fitzgerald J. M., Berntsen D., & Broadbridge C. L. (2016). The influences of event centrality in memory models of PTSD. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 30(1), 10–21. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.3160
- Ford, A. (2011). State child emotional abuse laws: Their failure to protect children with gender identity disorder. Family Court Review, 49(3), 642-656. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-1617.2011.01399.x
- Galliher, R. V., McLean, K. C., & Syed, M. (2017). An integrated developmental model for studying identity content in context. Developmental Psychology, 53(11), 2011. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000299
- Gilbert, P. (2001). Depression and stress: A biopsychosocial exploration of evolved functions and mechanisms. Stress: The International Journal of the Biology of Stress, 4, 121–135. https://doi.org/10.3109/10253890109115726
- Groleau, J. M., Calhoun, L. G., Cann, A., & Tedeschi, R. D. (2013). The role of centrality of events in posttraumatic distress and posttraumatic growth. Psychological Trauma-Theory Research Practice and Policy, 5, 477-483. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028809
- Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. The Guildford Press.
- Kira, I., Alawneh, A. N., Aboumediane, S., Mohanesh, J., Ozkan, B., & Alamia, H. (2011). Identity salience and its dynamics in Palestinians adolescents. Psychology, 2, 781–791. https://doi.org/10.4236/psych.2011.28120
- Kira, I. A., Ashby, J. S., Omidy, A. Z., & Lewandowski, L. (2015). Current, continuous, and cumulative trauma-focused cognitive behavior therapy: A new model for trauma counseling. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 37(4), 323- 340. https://doi.org/10.17744/mehc.37.4.04
- Kira, I. A., Özcan, N. A., Shuwiekh, H., Kucharska, J., Amthal, H. A. H., & Kanaan, A. (2020). The cross-national validity and structural invariance of the existential annihilation anxiety scale. Current Psychology, 41, 573-584. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-019-00591-5
- Kira, I. A., Shuwiekh, H., Rice, K., Al Ibraheem, B., & Aljakoub, J. (2017). A threatened identity: The mental health status of Syrian refugees in Egypt and its etiology. Identity, 17(3), 176-190. https://doi.org/10.1080/15283488.2017.1340163
- Kira, I. A., Shuwiekh, H., Kucharska, J., Al-Huwailah, A. H., & Moustafa, A. (2020). “Will to Exist, Live and Survive” (WTELS): Measuring its role as master/metamotivator and in resisting oppression and related adversities. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 26(1), 47–61. https://doi.org/10.1037/pac0000411
- Kira, I. A., Templin, T., Lewandowski, L., Ramaswamy, V., Ozkan, B., Mohanesh, J., & Hussam, A. (2012). Collective and personal annihilation anxiety: Measuring annihilation anxiety AA. Psychology, 3(1), 90. https://doi.org/10.4236/psych.2012.31015
- Kline, B. R. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (3rd ed.). Guilford Press.Martire, L. M., Stephens, M. A. P., & Townsend, A. L. (2000). Centrality of women's multiple roles: Beneficial and detrimental consequences for psychological well-being. Psychology and Aging, 15(1), 148. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.15.1.148
- Matos, M., Pinto‐Gouveia, J., & Costa, V. (2013). Understanding the importance of attachment in shame traumatic memory relation to depression: The impact of emotion regulation processes. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 20(2), 149-165. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.786
- McCrory, E., De Brito, S. A., & Viding, E. (2010). Research review: The neurobiology and genetics of maltreatment and adversity. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 51(10), 1079-1095. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02271.x
- McKinnon, A., Brewer, N., Meiser-Stedman, R., & Nixon, R. D. V. (2017). Trauma memory characteristics and the development of acute stress disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder in youth. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 54, 112-119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2016.07.009
- Mordeno, I. G., Galela, D. S., Nalipay, M. J. N., & Cue, M. P. (2018). Centrality of event and mental health outcomes in child and adolescent natural disaster survivors. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 21, E61. https://doi.org/10.1017/sjp.2018.58
- Oyserman, D., Fryberg, S. A., & Yoder, N. (2007). Identity-based motivation and health. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93(6), 1011. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.93.6.1011
- Pinto‐Gouveia, J., Castilho, P., Matos, M., & Xavier, A. (2013). Centrality of shame memories and psychopathology: The mediator effect of self‐criticism. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 20(3), 323-334. https://doi.org/10.1111/cpsp.12044
- Ritchie, T. D., Skowronski, J. J., Cadogan, S., & Sedikides, C. (2014). Affective responses to self-defining autobiographical events. Self and Identity, 13, 513-534. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2013.863222
- Shaver, P. R., & Mikulincer, M. E. (2012). Meaning, mortality, and choice: The social psychology of existential concerns. American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/13748-000
- Schlagman, S., Schulz, J., & Kvavilashvili, L. (2006). A content analysis of involuntary autobiographical memories: Examining the positivity effect in old age. Memory, 14(2), 161-175. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658210544000024
- Schuettler, D., & Boals, A. (2011). The path to posttraumatic growth versus posttraumatic stress disorder: Contributions of event centrality and coping. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 16, 180-194. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2010.519273
- Shrira, A. (2015). Transmitting the sum of all fears: Iranian nuclear threat salience among offspring of holocaust survivors. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 7, 364-371. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000029
- Siddaway, A. P., Taylor, P. J., Wood, A. M., & Schulz, J. (2015). A meta-analysis of perceptions of defeat and entrapment in depression, anxiety problems, posttraumatic stress disorder, and suicidality. Journal of Affective Disorders, 184, 149-159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2015.05.046
- Sloman, L., Gilbert, P., & Hasey, G. (2003). Evolved mechanisms in depression: the role and interaction of attachment and social rank in depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 74(2), 107-121. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0165-0327(02)00116-7
- Stryker, S. (1968). Identity salience and role performance: The relevance of symbolic interaction theory for family research. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 30(4), 558-564. https://doi.org/10.2307/349494
- Stryker, S., & Serpe, R. T. (1994). Identity salience and psychological centrality: Equivalent, overlapping, or complementary concepts?. Social Psychology Quarterly, 57(1), 16-35. https://doi.org/10.2307/2786972
- Taylor, P. J., Gooding, P. A., Wood, A. M., Johnson, J., & Tarrier, N. (2011). Prospective predictors of suicidality: Defeat and entrapment lead to changes in suicidal ideation over time. Suicide and Life‐Threatening Behavior, 41(3), 297-306. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1943-278x.2011.00029.x
- Taylor, P. J., Wood, A. M., Gooding, P., Johnson, J., & Tarrier, N. (2009). Are defeat and entrapment best defined as a single construct?. Personality and Individual Differences, 47(7), 795-797. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2009.06.011
- Thoits, P. (2006). Personal agency in the stress process. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 47(4), 309–323. https://doi.org/10.1177/002214650604700401
- Thoits, P. A. (2013). Self, identity, stress, and mental health. In Handbook of the sociology of mental health (pp. 357–377). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4276-5_18
- Thomsen, D. K., & Berntsen, D. (2008). The long-term impact of emotionally stressful events on memory characteristics and life story. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 23, 579–598. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.1495
- Yair, G. (2014). Israeli existential anxiety: Cultural trauma and the constitution of national character. Social Identities, 20(4-5), 346-362. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504630.2014.1002390
The mediator role of identity salience and defeat and entrapment in the relationship between centrality of events and existential annihilation anxiety
Yıl 2024,
Cilt: 60 Sayı: 60, 58 - 71, 28.06.2024
Neslihan Özcan
,
Reyhan Arslan Babal
Öz
This study aims to examine the mediator role of identity salience and defeat and entrapment in the relationship between centrality of events and existential annihilation anxiety. The sample of the study consists of 379 participants between the ages of 18-64 from Turkey. To test the research model, the parallel multiple mediator model analysis was conducted. Correlation analysis indicated that centrality of events had a significant positive relationship with two sub-dimensions of identity salience (commitment and militancy), as well as defeat and entrapment. However, existential annihilation anxiety was significantly correlated with only commitment and defeat and entrapment. Defeat and entrapment and the one sub-dimension of identity salience (commitment) play a mediating role in the relationship between centrality of event and existential annihilation anxiety. These results imply that clinicians and researchers should focus on identity and self-appraisals more when working with trauma.
Kaynakça
- Berntsen D., & Rubin D. C. (2006). The centrality of event scale: A measure of integrating a trauma into one’s identity and its relation to post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44, 219–231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2005.01.009
- Berntsen D., Rubin D. C., & Siegler I. C. (2011). Two versions of life: Emotionally negative and positive life events have different roles in the organization of the life story and identity. Emotion, 11, 1190–1201. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024940
- Berntsen, D., Rubin, D. C., & Siegler, I. C. (2011). Two versions of life: Emotionally negative and positive life events have different roles in the organization of life story and identity. Emotion, 11, 1190-1201. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024940
- Berntsen, D., Willert, M., & Rubin, D. C. (2003). Splintered memories or vivid landmarks? Qualities and organization of traumatic memories with and without PTSD. Applied Cognitive Psychology: The Official Journal of the Society for Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 17(6), 675-693. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.894
- Berman, S. L., Weems, C. F., & Stickle, T. R. (2006). Existential anxiety in adolescents: Prevalence, structure, association with psychological symptoms and identity development. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 35, 285-292. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-006-9032-y
- Brown, A. T. (2006). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research (1st ed.). Guilford Press.
- Butler, G., Fennell, M., & Hackmann, A. (2008). Cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety disorders: Mastering clinical challenges. The Guilford Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1352465811000166
- Byrne, B. M. (2001). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
- Carvalho, S., Pinto-Gouveia, J., Pimentel, P., Maia, D., Gilbert, P., & Mota-Pereira, J.
(2013). Entrapment and defeat perceptions in depressive symptomatology: through an evolutionary approach. Psychiatry: Interpersonal & Biological Processes, 76(1), 53-67. https://doi.org/10.1521/psyc.2013.76.1.53
- Dunmore, E., Clark, D. M., & Ehlers, A. (2001). A prospective investigation of the role of cognitive factors in persistent posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after physical or sexual assault. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 39(9), 1063-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0005-7967(00)00088-7
- Elmore, K. C., & Oyserman, D. (2012). If ‘we’can succeed, ‘I’can too: Identity-based motivation and gender in the classroom. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 37(3), 176-185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2011.05.003
- Field, A. (2009). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics (3rd ed.). London, UK: Sage.
- Fitzgerald J. M., Berntsen D., & Broadbridge C. L. (2016). The influences of event centrality in memory models of PTSD. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 30(1), 10–21. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.3160
- Ford, A. (2011). State child emotional abuse laws: Their failure to protect children with gender identity disorder. Family Court Review, 49(3), 642-656. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-1617.2011.01399.x
- Galliher, R. V., McLean, K. C., & Syed, M. (2017). An integrated developmental model for studying identity content in context. Developmental Psychology, 53(11), 2011. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000299
- Gilbert, P. (2001). Depression and stress: A biopsychosocial exploration of evolved functions and mechanisms. Stress: The International Journal of the Biology of Stress, 4, 121–135. https://doi.org/10.3109/10253890109115726
- Groleau, J. M., Calhoun, L. G., Cann, A., & Tedeschi, R. D. (2013). The role of centrality of events in posttraumatic distress and posttraumatic growth. Psychological Trauma-Theory Research Practice and Policy, 5, 477-483. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028809
- Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. The Guildford Press.
- Kira, I., Alawneh, A. N., Aboumediane, S., Mohanesh, J., Ozkan, B., & Alamia, H. (2011). Identity salience and its dynamics in Palestinians adolescents. Psychology, 2, 781–791. https://doi.org/10.4236/psych.2011.28120
- Kira, I. A., Ashby, J. S., Omidy, A. Z., & Lewandowski, L. (2015). Current, continuous, and cumulative trauma-focused cognitive behavior therapy: A new model for trauma counseling. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 37(4), 323- 340. https://doi.org/10.17744/mehc.37.4.04
- Kira, I. A., Özcan, N. A., Shuwiekh, H., Kucharska, J., Amthal, H. A. H., & Kanaan, A. (2020). The cross-national validity and structural invariance of the existential annihilation anxiety scale. Current Psychology, 41, 573-584. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-019-00591-5
- Kira, I. A., Shuwiekh, H., Rice, K., Al Ibraheem, B., & Aljakoub, J. (2017). A threatened identity: The mental health status of Syrian refugees in Egypt and its etiology. Identity, 17(3), 176-190. https://doi.org/10.1080/15283488.2017.1340163
- Kira, I. A., Shuwiekh, H., Kucharska, J., Al-Huwailah, A. H., & Moustafa, A. (2020). “Will to Exist, Live and Survive” (WTELS): Measuring its role as master/metamotivator and in resisting oppression and related adversities. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 26(1), 47–61. https://doi.org/10.1037/pac0000411
- Kira, I. A., Templin, T., Lewandowski, L., Ramaswamy, V., Ozkan, B., Mohanesh, J., & Hussam, A. (2012). Collective and personal annihilation anxiety: Measuring annihilation anxiety AA. Psychology, 3(1), 90. https://doi.org/10.4236/psych.2012.31015
- Kline, B. R. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (3rd ed.). Guilford Press.Martire, L. M., Stephens, M. A. P., & Townsend, A. L. (2000). Centrality of women's multiple roles: Beneficial and detrimental consequences for psychological well-being. Psychology and Aging, 15(1), 148. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.15.1.148
- Matos, M., Pinto‐Gouveia, J., & Costa, V. (2013). Understanding the importance of attachment in shame traumatic memory relation to depression: The impact of emotion regulation processes. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 20(2), 149-165. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.786
- McCrory, E., De Brito, S. A., & Viding, E. (2010). Research review: The neurobiology and genetics of maltreatment and adversity. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 51(10), 1079-1095. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02271.x
- McKinnon, A., Brewer, N., Meiser-Stedman, R., & Nixon, R. D. V. (2017). Trauma memory characteristics and the development of acute stress disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder in youth. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 54, 112-119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2016.07.009
- Mordeno, I. G., Galela, D. S., Nalipay, M. J. N., & Cue, M. P. (2018). Centrality of event and mental health outcomes in child and adolescent natural disaster survivors. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 21, E61. https://doi.org/10.1017/sjp.2018.58
- Oyserman, D., Fryberg, S. A., & Yoder, N. (2007). Identity-based motivation and health. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93(6), 1011. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.93.6.1011
- Pinto‐Gouveia, J., Castilho, P., Matos, M., & Xavier, A. (2013). Centrality of shame memories and psychopathology: The mediator effect of self‐criticism. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 20(3), 323-334. https://doi.org/10.1111/cpsp.12044
- Ritchie, T. D., Skowronski, J. J., Cadogan, S., & Sedikides, C. (2014). Affective responses to self-defining autobiographical events. Self and Identity, 13, 513-534. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2013.863222
- Shaver, P. R., & Mikulincer, M. E. (2012). Meaning, mortality, and choice: The social psychology of existential concerns. American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/13748-000
- Schlagman, S., Schulz, J., & Kvavilashvili, L. (2006). A content analysis of involuntary autobiographical memories: Examining the positivity effect in old age. Memory, 14(2), 161-175. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658210544000024
- Schuettler, D., & Boals, A. (2011). The path to posttraumatic growth versus posttraumatic stress disorder: Contributions of event centrality and coping. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 16, 180-194. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2010.519273
- Shrira, A. (2015). Transmitting the sum of all fears: Iranian nuclear threat salience among offspring of holocaust survivors. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 7, 364-371. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000029
- Siddaway, A. P., Taylor, P. J., Wood, A. M., & Schulz, J. (2015). A meta-analysis of perceptions of defeat and entrapment in depression, anxiety problems, posttraumatic stress disorder, and suicidality. Journal of Affective Disorders, 184, 149-159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2015.05.046
- Sloman, L., Gilbert, P., & Hasey, G. (2003). Evolved mechanisms in depression: the role and interaction of attachment and social rank in depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 74(2), 107-121. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0165-0327(02)00116-7
- Stryker, S. (1968). Identity salience and role performance: The relevance of symbolic interaction theory for family research. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 30(4), 558-564. https://doi.org/10.2307/349494
- Stryker, S., & Serpe, R. T. (1994). Identity salience and psychological centrality: Equivalent, overlapping, or complementary concepts?. Social Psychology Quarterly, 57(1), 16-35. https://doi.org/10.2307/2786972
- Taylor, P. J., Gooding, P. A., Wood, A. M., Johnson, J., & Tarrier, N. (2011). Prospective predictors of suicidality: Defeat and entrapment lead to changes in suicidal ideation over time. Suicide and Life‐Threatening Behavior, 41(3), 297-306. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1943-278x.2011.00029.x
- Taylor, P. J., Wood, A. M., Gooding, P., Johnson, J., & Tarrier, N. (2009). Are defeat and entrapment best defined as a single construct?. Personality and Individual Differences, 47(7), 795-797. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2009.06.011
- Thoits, P. (2006). Personal agency in the stress process. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 47(4), 309–323. https://doi.org/10.1177/002214650604700401
- Thoits, P. A. (2013). Self, identity, stress, and mental health. In Handbook of the sociology of mental health (pp. 357–377). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4276-5_18
- Thomsen, D. K., & Berntsen, D. (2008). The long-term impact of emotionally stressful events on memory characteristics and life story. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 23, 579–598. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.1495
- Yair, G. (2014). Israeli existential anxiety: Cultural trauma and the constitution of national character. Social Identities, 20(4-5), 346-362. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504630.2014.1002390