Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi Uygulamasında Prozelitizm ve İstismarı

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 30 Sayı: 2, 767 - 791, 31.12.2024

Esra Türkoğlu

https://doi.org/10.33433/maruhad.1545274

Öz

Prozelitizm bir dini veya inancı kabul edenlerin, kendi din ve inançlarını inancı kabul etmeyen kişilere din ve inançlarını anlatmak ve onları kendi inançlarına davet etmek üzere gerçekleştirdikleri faaliyetlerin bütünüdür. Faaliyetin varlığının kabulü için muhatapların söz konusu din veya inancı benimsemeleri gerekli değildir. Bu doğrultuda prozelitizm Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi tarafından AİHS md 9 kapsamında değerlendirilmekte ve Avrupa İnsan Hakları Sözleşmesi sisteminde korunmaktadır. Kavram prozelitizm ve istismarcı prozelitizm olarak ikiye ayrılmaktadır. Prozelitizim farklı durum ve koşullarda istismarcı olarak nitelendirilmektedir. İstismarcı prozelitizm halinde muhatapların din ve vicdan özgürlüğünün korunması gerekçesiyle söz konusu faaliyetlerin engellenmesi Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi tarafından faaliyeti gerçekleştiren kişilerin din ve vicdan özgürlüğünün ihlali olarak değerlendirilmez.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Prozelitizm, İstismarcı Prozelitizm, Nefret Söylemi, Din ve İnancı Açığa Vurma, Dini Yayma Özgürlüğü

Kaynakça

• Arslan Z, AİHS’de Din Özgürlüğü, (1.baskı, Liberal Düşünce Topluluğu,2005).
• Artuk M, Gökçen, A. ve Yenidünya, C., Ceza Hukuku Özel Hükümler, (11.Baskı, Turhan Kitapevi, 2011).
• Blackford R, Freedom of Religion & Secular State, (Wiley-Blackwell, 2012).
• Boyle K ve Sheen J, (ed.), Freedom of Religion and Belief, A Word Report, (Routledge London and New York, 2003).
• Doğru O ve Nalbant A, İnsan Hakları Avrupa Sözleşmesi Açıklama ve Önemli Kararlar, c.2, (Yargıtay Başkanlığı 2013).
• Farr T, ‘Proselytism and Religious Identity Theft’ (Faith and Foreign Policy, 2020), < https://berkleycenter. georgetown.edu/posts/proselytism-and-religious-identity-theft > accessed 4 July 2024.
• Hill K R, ‘Christian Mission, Proselytism and Religious Liberty: A Protestant Appeal for Christian Tolerance and Unity Proselytism and Religion Liberty’(2008) 4(25) Religion, State and Society: The Keston Journal 307-332.
• Hirsch Moshe, ‘The Freedom of Proselytism Under The Fundamental Agreement and International Law’, (1998) 47(2), Catholic University Law Review 407-425.
• P H Van Kempen, ‘Freedom of Religion and Criminal Law: a Legal Appraisal. From the Principle of Separation of Church and State to the Principle of Pluralist Democracy?’ in J.A. van der Ven & H.-G. Ziebertz (eds.), Tensions within and between Religions and Human Rights (Brill 2012).
• Öktem A E, Uluslararası Hukukta İnanç Özgürlüğü, (1.baskı, Liberte Yayınları,2002).
• Özenç B, Avrupa İnsan Hakları Sözleşmesi ve İnanç Özgürlüğü, (1.Baskı, Kitapevi Yayınları,2006).
• Özenç B, ‘AİHM ve Danıştay Kararının Ardından Zorunlu Din Dersleri Sorunu’, (2008) 66(2) İstanbul Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Mecmuası 191-226.
• Petkoff P, ‘Religion and Secular State in Bulgaria’ in Javier Martinez – Torron, W. Cole Durham, Jr (eds), Religion and The Secular State: National Reports, (1st, The International Center for Law and Religion Studies Brigham Young University 2010) 145-182.
• Stahnke T, ‘Proselytism and the Freedom to Change Religion in International Human Rights Law’ (2001) 1999(1) BYU Law Rewiev, 251-354.
• Toptaş E, ‘Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi Kararlarında Nefret Söylemi İkilemi: İfade Özgürlüğü ve Hakkın Kötüye Kullanılması Yasağı’,(2022) (12)2 Akdeniz Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 973,1002.
• Uitz R, Freedom of Religion in European Constitutional and International Case Law, (1st edn, Council of Europe Publishing, 2007).
• Uyar L, Birleşmiş Milletler’de İnsan Hakları Yorumları – İnsan Hakları Komitesi ve Ekonomik, Sosyal ve Kültürel Haklar Haklar Komitesi 1981-2006, (1.bası, İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları 2006).
• Van Der Vyver J. D, ‘Religious Freedom and Proseytisim, Ethical, Political and Legal Aspects’ (1998) 50(4) EcumenicalReview;<http://0310t0ubs.y.http.eds.b.ebscohost.com.proxy2.marmaraelibrary.com/eds/ pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=9&sid=5ba7211c-cab0-4d8c-822f-fcf36c45fc2e%40pdc-v-sessmgr04> accessed 18 July 2024 419-429.
• Yılmaz Z, ‘Türkiye İnsan Hakları ve Eşitlik Kurumu (TİHEK) 2023/345, 2023/346 VE 2023/347 Sayılı Kararlarına Dair Tespitler’, (Karar Analizi Dizisi, 2023) < https://ihm.bilkent.edu.tr/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/ karar-analizi-1-1_GulsenKarari-1.pdf> Erişim Tarihi 12 Kasım 2024.
• Yüksel S, Anayasa Yargısında İbadet Özgürlüğü, (1.bası, Alfa Hukuk Yayınları 2015).
• Zucca L, ‘Law v. Religion’ in Camil Ungureanu,Lorenzo Zucca (eds), Law, State and Religion in the New Europe: Debates and Dilemmas, ( 1st Cambridge University Press 2012).
• Cambridge Dictionary, https://dictionary.cambridge.org/tr/s%C3%B6zl%C3%BCk/ingilizce/proselyte.
• Church – State Separation in Constitution of 1795 and Law of 1905: Excerpts, <https://www.concordatwatch.eu/kb-1525.834> accessed 15 July 2024.
• Gillet Oliver, The Religious Situation in Romania, Observatoire des Religions et de la Laicité, https://o-re-la.ulb. be/index.php/analyses/item/1357-the-religious-situation-in-romania.
• Freedom of Religious Expression and The Position of Churches and Religious Societies and on the Changes of Some Legal Acts Legal Act Nr.3/2002 Coll., 27 November 2001, <https://legirel.cnrs.fr/spip.php?article458&lang=fr,> accessed 15 July 2024.
• Ministerio de Justicia, Criminal Code, 2011, Organic Act 10/1995, 23rd November 1995, On The Crımınal Code, Official State Gazette number 281 on 24 November 1995, <https://documents.law.yale.edu/sites/ default/files/criminal_code_spain.pdf,> accessed 15 July 2024.
• TDK Sözlükleri Güncel Türkçe Sözlük, <https://sozluk.gov.tr/,> Erişim Tarihi 5 Temmuz 2024.
• The Constitution of Greece, The Constitution of Greece, 27 May 2008, <https://www.hellenicparliament.gr/ UserFiles/f3c70a23-7696-49db-9148-f24dce6a27c8/001-156%20aggliko.pdf> accessed 15 July 2024.
• The Constitution of The Republic of Bulgaria, 100/18, December 2015, <https://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/ laws/en/bg/bg033en.pdf> accessed 15 July 2024.
• The Constitution of Republic of Estonia, 28 June 1992, https://www.president.ee/en/republic-of-estonia/the- constitution/, accessed 15 July 2024.
• The Law of The Republic of Armenia on the Freedom of Conscience and on Religious Organizations, 17 June 1991, <Armenia_law_freedom_conscience_religious_orgs_1991_am2011_en.pdf (legislationline. org),> accessed 15 July 2024.
• UN Human Rights Committee (HRC), CCPR General Comment No:22: Article 18 (Freedom of Thought, Conscience or Religion), 30 July 1993, < https://www.refworld.org/legal/general/hrc/1993/en/13375> accessed 12 November 2024.
• U.S. Department of State, 2019 Report on İnternational Religious Freedom: Bulgaria, <https://www.state.gov/ reports/2019-report-on-international-religious-freedom/bulgaria/>, accessed 15 July 2024.
• US. Department of State, International Religious Freedom Report 2007, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, <https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2007/90195.htm> accessed 15 July 2024.
• Venice Commission, Joint Opinion on the Law on Freedom of Religion Belief of the Republic of Azerbaijan, Strasbourg Warsaw, 15 October 2012, <default.aspx(coe.int)>accessed 10 July 2024.
• Venice Commission, Compilation of the Venice Commission Opinions and Reports Concerning Freedom of Religion and Belief, revised July 2014, 4 July 2014, Strasbourg, <default.aspx (coe.int)> accessed 10 July 2024.
• Venice Commission, Opinion On The Federal Law on Combating Extremist Activity of the Russia Federation, Adopted by the Venice Commission at its 91st Plenary Session, Venice, 15-16 June 2012, <https://www. venice.coe.int/webforms/documents/default.aspx?pdffile=CDL-AD(2012)016-e> , accessed 12 July 2024.
• Venice Comission, Joint Opinion, On The Draft Law on Freedoms of Conscience and Religion and on the Laws Making Amendments and Supplements to the Criminal Code, the Administrative Offences Code and the Law on the Relations between the Republic of Armenia and The Holy Armenian Apostolic Church of The Republıc of Armenia, Venice, 14-15 October 2011, <https://www.venice.coe.int/webforms/ documents/?pdf=CDL(2011)086-e>accessed 12 July 2024.
• Kjeldsen, Busk Madsen and Petersen v Denmark App no 5095/71, 5920/72, 5926/72 (ECtHR, 7 December 1976).
• Kokkinakis v Greece App no 14307/88 (ECtHR, 25 March 1993).
• Larissis and Others v Greece App no 140/1996/759/958-960 (ECtHR, 25 February 1998).
• Dahlab v Switzerland App No 42393/98 (ECtHR, 15 February 2001).
• Murphy v Ireland App no 44179/98 (ECtHR, 3 December 2003).
• Folgero and Others v Norway App no 15472/02 (ECtHR, 29 June 2007).
• Jehovah’s Witnesses of Moscow and Others v Russia App no 302/02 (ECtHR, 22 November 2010).
• İbragim İbragimov and Others v Russia App no 1413/08, 28621/11 (ECtHR, 4 February 2019).
• Nasirov and Others v Azerbaijan App no 58717/10 (ECtHR, 20 June 2020).
• Kuznetsov and Others v Russia App no 184/02 (ECtHR, 11 January 2007).
• Çiftçi v Turkey App no 71860/01 (ECtHR,14 June 2004).
• Ossewaarde v Russia App no 27227/17 (ECtHR , 7 March 2023).
• Manoussakis and Others v Greece App no 18748/91 (ECtHR, 26 October 1996).
• Sürek v Türkiye App no 26682/95 (ECtHR, 8 July 1999).