Rheological Properties, Moisture Content, and Carrageenan Yield of Macroalga Kappaphycus alvarezii Using Freshwater and Marine Water as Pre-Treatment

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1, 23 - 31, 30.06.2024

Adzmon Garamon , Nour Aley Yangson , Jurmin Sarri

Öz

A variety of seaweed post-harvest techniques have been developed using the same method of washing the seaweed with marine and drying it under the sun; however, a method of washing the seaweed with freshwater has yet to be developed. This study investigates the effect of freshwater and marine water as soaking solutions on the moisture content, carrageenan yield, and rheological properties of macroalga K. alvarezii. The seaweed was immersed in freshwater and marine water for 10 minutes with triplicates before being dried in a solar dryer for seven days. Extraction of seaweed was done after drying. Results revealed that the dried K. alvarezii soaked in freshwater had significantly lower (p≤0.05) moisture content than K. alvarezii soaked in marine water. Additionally, the carrageenan yield of K. alvarezii significantly increased (p≤0.05) by 14.48% when soaked in freshwater compared to the yield in marine water. Considering the rheological properties of the seaweed, the gelling temperature and melting temperature of K. alvarezii soaked in freshwater did not differ significantly (p≥0.05) from those of K. alvarezii soaked in marine water. However, other rheological properties such as the syneresis, viscosity, and gel strength of K. alvarezii greatly improved (p≤0.05) when they were soaked in freshwater with significant increases of 2.21%, 1.84 cPs, and 13.22 g cm-2, respectively. Thus, this study indicates that macroalga K. alvarezii immersed in freshwater showed substantial improvements in their carrageenan quality.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Carrageenan yield, Kappaphycus alvarezii, moisture content, seaweeds, rheological properties

Kaynakça

• Badmus, U. O., Taggart, M. A., Boyd, K. G. (2019) The effect of different drying methods on certain nutritionally important chemical constituents in edible brown seaweeds. Journal of applied Phycology, 31: 3883-3897.
• Bryant, S. L., Rabaioli, M. R., Lockhart, T. P. (1996) Influence of syneresis on permeability reduction by polymer gels. SPE Production & Facilities, 11(04): 209-215.
• Chan, J. C. C., Cheung, P. C. K., Ang, P. O. (1997) Comparative studies on the effect of three drying methods on the nutritional composition of seaweed Sargassum hemiphyllum (turn.) C. Ag. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 45(8): 3056-3059.
• Chan, J. C. C., Cheung, P. C. K., Ang, P. O. (1997) Comparative studies on the effect of three drying methods on the nutritional composition of seaweed Sargassum hemiphyllum (turn.) C. Ag. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 45(8): 3056-3059.
• El-Beltagi, H. S., Mohamed, A. A., Mohamed, H. I., Ramadan, K. M., Barqawi, A. A., Mansour, A. T. (2022) Phytochemical and potential properties of seaweeds and their recent applications: A review. Marine Drugs, 20(6): 342.
• FAO (2022). The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2022. Towards Blue Transformation. Rome, FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/cc0461en
• Gupta, S., Cox, S., Abu-Ghannam, N. (2011) Effect of different drying temperatures on the moisture and phytochemical constituents of edible Irish brown seaweed. LWT-Food Science and Technology, 44(5), 1266-1272.
• Hayashi, L., Santos, A. A., Faria, G. S. M., Nunes, B. G., Souza, M. S., Fonseca, A. L. D., Barreto, P. L. M., Oliveira, E.C., Bouzon, Z. L. (2011).- Kappaphycus alvarezii (Rhodophyta, Areschougiaceae) cultivated in subtropical waters in Southern Brazil. Journal of Applied Phycology, 23: 337-343.
• Husin, A. (2014) Extraction of Kappa Carrageenan from local seaweed (Doctoral dissertation, UMP).
• Kaliaperumal, N. (2003) Products from seaweeds. SDMRI Research Publication, 3: 33-42.
• Kolanjinathan, K., Ganesh, P., Saranraj, P. (2014) Pharmacological importance of seaweeds: a review. World Journal of Fish and Marine Sciences, 6(1), 1-15.
• Ling, A. L. M., Yasir, S., Matanjun, P., Abu Bakar, M. F. (2015) Effect of different drying techniques on the phytochemical content and antioxidant activity of Kappaphycus alvarezii. Journal of Applied Phycology, 27: 1717-1723.
• Loureiro, R. R., Cornish, M. L., Neish, I. C. (2017) Applications of carrageenan: with special reference to iota and kappa forms as derived from the eucheumatoid seaweeds. Tropical Seaweed Farming Trends, Problems and Opportunities: Focus on Kappaphycus and Eucheuma of Commerce, 165-171.
• Loureiro, R. R., Reis, R. P., Berrogain, F. D., Critchley, A. T. (2014) Effects of a commercial extract of the brown alga Ascophyllum nodosum on the biomass production of Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty) Doty ex PC Silva and its carrageenan yield and gel quality cultivated in Brazil. Journal of Applied Phycology, 26(2): 763-768.
• Loureiro, R. R., Reis, R. P., Berrogain, F. D., Critchley, A. T. (2012) Extract powder from the brown alga Ascophyllum nodosum (Linnaeus) Le Jolis (AMPEP): a “vaccine-like” effect on Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty) Doty ex PC Silva. Journal of Applied Phycology, 24(3): 427-432.
• Luhan, M. R. J., Avancena, S. S., Mateo, J. P. (2015) Effect of short-term immersion of Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty) Doty in high nitrogen on the growth, nitrogen assimilation, carrageenan quality, and occurrence of “ice-ice” disease. Journal of Applied Phycology, 27(2), 917-922. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-014-0365-8
• Naguit, M. R. A., Tisera, W. L., Lanioso, A. (2009) Growth Performance and Carrageenan Yield of Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty) and Eucheuma denticulatum (Burman) Collins Et Harvey, Farmed In Bais Bay, Negros Oriental and Olingan, Dipolog City. The Threshold, 4: 38-51.
• Necas, J., Bartosikova, L. (2013) Carrageenan: a review. Veterinarni medicina, 58(4), 187-205. https://doi.org/10.17221/6758-VETMED
• Pereira, L. (2011) A review of the nutrient composition of selected edible seaweeds. Seaweed: Ecology, nutrient composition and medicinal uses, 7(4): 15-47.
• Poncomulyo, T., Herti, M., Lusi, K. (2006) Cultivation and Seaweed Processing. Jakarta: Agro Media Pustaka, Indonesia, 1-64
• Robles, R. J. F. (2020) Effects of different concentrations of ammonium phosphate on the yield and quality of carrageenan, Kappaphycus striatus (Schmitz) Doty ex Silva. Journal of Fisheries, Livestock and Veterinary Science, 01(01): 01-09. https://doi.org/10.18801/jflvs.010120.01
• Romero, J.B., Montañ, N.E., Merca, F.E., Rumbaoa, R.G.O., Villanueva, R.D. (2000). Effect of sucrose on some physical properties of different Philippine agar. Philippine Journal of Sciences, 129(1), 7-13.
• Rupert, R., Rodrigues, K. F., Thien, V. Y., Yong, W. T. L. (2022) Carrageenan from Kappaphycus alvarezii (Rhodophyta, Solieriaceae): Metabolism, structure, production, and application. Frontiers in Plant Science, 13: 859635.
• Sarri, J. H., Abdulmutalib, Y. A., Mohammad Tilka, M. E., Terzi, E., Tahiluddin, A. B. (2022) Effects of inorganic nutrient enrichment on the carrageenan yield, growth, and ice-ice disease occurrence of red alga Kappaphycus striatus. Aquatic Research, 5(2): 99-109.
• Silva, P. C., Menez, E. G., Moe, R. L. (1987) Catalog of the benthic marine algae of the Philippines. Smithson Contributions in Marine Science. https://doi.org/10.547 9/si.1943667X.27.1
• Tahiluddin, A. B., Irin, S. S., Jumadil, K. S., Muddihil, R. S., Terzi, E. (2022) Use of brown seaweed extracts as bio-fertilizers and their effects on the carrageenan yield, ice-ice disease occurrence, and growth rate of the red seaweed Kappaphycus striatus. Yuzuncu Yıl University Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 32(2): 436-447.
• Tahiluddin, A. B., Terzi, E. (2021) An overview of fisheries and aquaculture in the Philippines. Journal of Anatolian Environmental and Animal Sciences, 6(4): 475-486. https://doi.org/10.35229/jaes.944292
• Thirumaran, G., Arumugam, M., Arumugam, R., Anantharaman, P. (2009) Effect of seaweed liquid fertilizer on growth and pigment concentration of Cyamopsis tetrogonolaba (L) Taub. American-Eurasian Journal of Agronomy, 2(2): 50-56.
• Tiroba, G., Steven, D., Timothy, K., Tuke, E., Mario, S., Preston, G., Robertson, M., Hnaujie M.A. (2006). Seaweed quality manual. A practical guide for a seaweeds farmers, Seaweeds Extension Officers, Buying agent, Fisheries Officers and Exporters. 1-16.
• Vairappan, C. S. (2006) Seasonal occurrences of epiphytic algae on the commercially cultivated red alga Kappaphycus alvarezii (Solieriaceae, Gigartinales, Rhodophyta). Journal of Applied Phycology, 18: 611-617.
• Valderrama, D. (2012) Social and economic dimensions of seaweed farming: a global review.
• Vorse, J. G., Moody, C. T., Massoia, L. C., Perry, J. J., Burkholder, K. M., Byron, C. J. (2023) Effect of post-harvest processing methods on the microbial safety of edible seaweed. Journal of Applied Phycology, 35(3): 1331-1346.
• Yangson, N. A. T., Edubos, J. I., Tahiluddin, A. B., Concepcion, C., Toring-Farquerabao, M. L. B. (2022) A preliminary study on the cultivation of brown seaweed Sargassum cristaefolium using fixed-off bottom and raft methods. Journal of Agricultural Production, 3(1): 17-29.