Sustainable Development of Fisheries and Aquaculture in North Africa: Current Status and Future Prospects

Yıl 2024, , 90 - 105, 30.04.2024

Şenol Paruğ , Abdulhamid Jabbr Fathia A. H. Lazrag

https://doi.org/10.58626/menba.1455763

Öz

This paper delves into the fisheries and aquaculture sectors of five North African countries—Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, and Egypt—highlighting their critical roles in economic stability and food security amid increasing regional demands for animal protein. Despite the rich marine ecosystems and substantial contributions to national economies and employment, most of these regions face several challenges in fisheries management due to limited knowledge, weak institutional frameworks, and insufficient international cooperation. The paper emphasizes the necessity of transitioning towards sustainable aquaculture practices to preserve natural fish stocks and augment food production capacities. Although legal and sustainable capture fisheries remain vital, the focal point of this review is the potential for aquaculture to meet the growing population's needs without exacerbating the pressures on marine ecosystems. The paper evaluates the current state of fisheries management, identifies challenges in scaling aquaculture, and discusses innovative practices that could lead to more sustainable and productive outcomes. The study calls for improved management strategies, enhanced research and training, and more significant investment in aquaculture to ensure sustainable development of the fisheries sector, ultimately contributing to food security, economic growth, and conservation of marine biodiversity.

Anahtar Kelimeler

North African Fisheries, Aquaculture development, Fisheries management, Sustainable practices, Conservation strategies, Economic impact of fisheries

Kuzey Afrika'da Balıkçılığın ve Su Ürünleri Yetiştiriciliğinin Sürdürülebilir Gelişimi: Mevut Durum ve Geleceğe Yönelik Beklentiler

Öz

Bu makale, beş Kuzey Afrika ülkesinin (Fas, Cezayir, Tunus, Libya ve Mısır) balıkçılık ve su ürünleri yetiştiriciliği sektörlerini incelemekte ve bölgesel hayvansal protein talebinin arttığı bir ortamda ekonomik istikrar ve gıda güvenliğindeki kritik rollerini vurgulamaktadır. Zengin deniz ekosistemlerine, ulusal ekonomilere ve istihdama önemli katkılara rağmen bu bölgelerin çoğu, sınırlı bilgi, zayıf kurumsal çerçeveler ve yetersiz uluslararası işbirliği nedeniyle, balıkçılık yönetiminde çeşitli zorluklarla karşı karşıyadır. Doğal balık stoklarını korumak ve gıda üretim kapasitelerini artırmak için sürdürülebilir su ürünleri yetiştiriciliği uygulamalarına geçişin gerekliliğini vurgulanmıştır. Yasal ve sürdürülebilir avcılık hayati önemini korusa da, bu çalışmanın odak noktası, su ürünleri yetiştiriciliğinin deniz ekosistemleri üzerindeki baskıları artırmadan, artan nüfusun ihtiyaçlarını karşılama potansiyelidir. Balıkçılık yönetiminin mevcut durumu değerlendirilmiş, su ürünleri yetiştiriciliğinin ölçeklendirilmesindeki zorluklar belirlenmiş ve daha sürdürülebilir ve üretken sonuçlara yol açabilecek yenilikçi uygulamalar tartışılmıştır. Çalışma, balıkçılık sektörünün sürdürülebilir gelişimini sağlamak ve sonuçta gıda güvenliğine, ekonomik büyümeye ve denizel biyolojik çeşitliliğinin korunmasına katkıda bulunmak için gelişmiş yönetim stratejileri, gelişmiş araştırma ve eğitim ve su ürünleri yetiştiriciliğine daha önemli yatırım yapılması çağrısında bulunmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kuzey Afrika balıkçılığı, Aquakültür gelişimi, Balıkçılık yönetimi, Sürdürülebilir uygulamalar, Koruma stratejileri, Balıkçılığın ekonomik etkisi

Kaynakça

• Abdel-Hady, M. M., El-karashily, A. F., Salem, A. Md., & Haggag, S. M. (2024). Sustainable fish production in Egypt: Towards strategic management for capture-based aquaculture. Aquaculture International. Published online: 08 April 2024 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-024-01470-y
• Al-Rashed, M. F. & Sherif, M. M. (2000). Water Resources in the GCC Countries: An Overview. Water Resources Management. 14,.59–75. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008127027743
• Araujo, G. S., da Silva, J. W. A., Cotas, J. & Pereira, L. (2022). J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 10(11). 1598. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10111598
• Bejaoui, S., Telahigue, K., Chetoui, I., Trabelsi, W., Rabeh, I., Nechi, S., Chalbi, E., Chalghaf, M., Cafsi, M. E. L., & Soudani, N. (2020). Effects of lead exposure on redox status, DNA and histological structures in Venus verrucosa gills and digestive gland. Chemistry and Ecology. 20(5).434-457. https://doi.org/10.1080/02757540.2020.1742329
• Boutarcha, F. (2022). Développement durable de l’activité de la pêche en Algérie - Sustainable development of fishing activity in Algeria. Journal OF Entrepreneurship and Sustainable Development. 4(1).107-126.
• Bowen, K. J., Harris, W. S. & Kris-Etherton P. M. (2016). Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Cardiovascular Disease: Are There Benefits? Curr. Treat. Options Cardiovasc. Med. 18(11).69. doi: 10.1007/s11936-016-0487-1.
• Carballo-Casla, A., García-Esquinas, E., Banegas, J. R., Rodríguez-Artalejo, F. & Ortolá, R. (2022). Fish consumption, omega-3 fatty acid intake, and risk of pain: the Seniors-ENRICA-1 cohort. Clinical Nutrition. 41(11).2587-2595.
• Chaabane, A., Neifar, L. & Justine, J-L. (2017). Diplectanids from Mycteroperca spp. (Epinephelidae) in the Mediterranean Sea: Redescriptions of six species from material collected off Tunisia and Libya, proposal for the 'Pseudorhabdosynochus riouxi group', and a taxonomic key. PLoS ONE.12(2): e0171392. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0171392
• Chakour, S. C. (2008). Sustainable development of fisheries in Algeria: the necessity of a participative and multidisciplinary approach. 34(1/2).229-246.
• Charfi-Cheikhrouha, F., Zghidi, W., Ould Yarba, L. & Trilles, J. P. (2000). Les Cymothoidae (Isopodes parasites de poissons) des côtes tunisiennes: ´ecologie et indices parasitologiques. Systematic Parasitology. 46.143–150.
• Colloca, F. Scarcella, G. & Libralato, S. (2017). Recent Trends and Impacts of Fisheries Exploitation on Mediterranean Stocks and Ecosystems. Front. Mar. Sci. 4.244.
• Derbali, A. (2023). Seasonal changes in the reproductive cycle and condition index of the surf clam Mactra stultorum (Mollusca: Bivalvia) in the Gulf of Gabes, Tunisia. Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies. 52(3).264-272. doi: https://doi.org/10.26881/oahs-2023.3.01
• Dhehibi, B., Lachaal, L. & Chebil, A. (2005). Demand Analysis for Fish in Tunisia: An Empirical Approach (10 pp). XIth Congress of the EAAE (European Association of Agricultural Economists), ‘The Future of Rural Europe in the Global Agri-Food System’. Copenhagen, Denmark, August 24-27, 2005
• Dhraief, M. Z., Oueslati, M. & Dhebibi, B. (2012). Meat and fish demand in Tunisia: Economic and Socio-demographic factors effects. International Association of Agricultural Economists (IAAE) Triennial Conference, Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil, 18-24 August, 2012.
• Dilek, S., Paruğ, Ş., Paruğ, A. & Keskingöz, H. (2019). Kastamonu’da Su Ürünleri Tüketim Tercihleri ve Balık Talebi [Seafood Consumption Preferences and Fish Demand in Kastamonu]. Turkish Journal of Agriculture -Food Science and Technology. 7(11).1844-1857 https://doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v7i11.1844-1857.2751
• EU. (2021). An official website of the European Union. The European Union and Morocco. World Wide Web electronic publication. Retrieved on March 2, 2024 from https://www.eeas.europa.eu/morocco/european-union-and-morocco_en
• FAO. (2016). The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2016. Contributing to food security and nutrition for all. Rome. 200 pp. ISBN 978-92-5-109185-2.
• FAO. (2019a). Fishery and Aquaculture Country Profiles-Tunisia. World Wide Web electronic publication. Retrieved on March 3, 2024 from https://www.fao.org/fishery/en/facp/tun?lang=fr FAO. (2019b). Fishery and Aquaculture Country Profiles- State of Libya. World Wide Web electronic publication. Retrieved on March 4, 2024 from https://www.fao.org/figis/pdf/fishery/facp/LBY/en?title=FAO%20Fisheries%20%26%20Aquaculture%20-%20Fishery%20and%20Aquaculture%20Country%20Profiles%20-%20Libya
• FAO. (2023). Working towards sustainable fisheries and aquaculture in the Mediterranean and the Black Sea - Delivering tangible results from strategic actions in 2017–2021. General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean. Rome. 38 pp. https://doi.org/10.4060/cc8444en
• FAO. (2024a). FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture - Global Statistical Collections. In: FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Division [online]. Rome. World Wide Web electronic publication. Retrieved on March 1, 2024 from https://www.fao.org/fishery/en/statistics
• FAO. (2024b). Morocco fisheries statistics: production, consumption and trade. In: FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Division [online]. Rome. World Wide Web electronic publication. Retrieved on March 2, 2024 from https://www.fao.org/in-action/globefish/countries/countries/mar/fr/
• FAO. (2024c). Sustainable Fisheries and Aquaculture Value Chains for the Mediterranean (SVC4MED). World Wide Web electronic publication. Retrieved on March 2, 2024 from https://www.fao.org/in-action/sustainable-fisheries-aquaculture-mediterranean/where-we-work/tunisia/en
• FAO. (2024d). Fishery and Aquaculture Country Profiles- Egypt. World Wide Web electronic publication. Retrieved on March 12, 2024 from https://www.fao.org/fishery/en/facp/EGY Filogh, A. M. (2019). Libya Fishing Industry. Menba Journal of Fisheries Faculty. 5(1).16-26.
• Ford, K. L., Arends, J., Atherton, P. J., Engelen, M. P. K. J., Gonçalves, T. J. M., Laviano, A., Lobo, D. N., Phillips, S. M., Ravasco, P., Deutz, N. E. P. & Prado, C. M. (2022). The importance of protein sources to support muscle anabolism in cancer: An expert group opinion. Clinical Nutrition 41(1).192–201.
• Gentry, R. R., Froehlich, H. E., Grimm, D. et al. (2017). Mapping the global potential for marine aquaculture. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 1.1317–1324. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-017-0257-9 Gómez-Pinilla, F. (2008). Brain foods: the effects of nutrients on brain function. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 9(7).568-78. doi: 10.1038/nrn2421.
• GSA. (2020). Global Seafood Alliance. Aquaculture is Inspiring Economic Growth and Alleviating Global Poverty. World Wide Web electronic publication. Retrieved on March 3, 2024 from https://www.globalseafood.org/blog/aquaculture-economic-growth-alleviating-global-poverty/
• HALIEUTIS. (2024). Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries, Rural Development, Water and Forests - Department of Marine Fisheries. Halieutis Plan. World Wide Web electronic publication. Retrieved on March 3, 2024 from https://www.maroc.ma/en/content/halieutis
• Harison, B. (2011). Libya unrest won't affect tuna. Port Lincoln Times, Mar 10, 2011. Newspaper Source Plus.
• Henchion, M., Hayes, M., Mullen, A. M., Fenelon, M. & Tiwari, B. (2017). Future Protein Supply and Demand: Strategies and Factors Influencing a Sustainable Equilibrium. Foods. 6(53).1– 21. doi: 10.3390/foods6070053
• Holick, M. F. (2004). Sunlight and vitamin D for bone health and prevention of autoimmune diseases, cancers, and cardiovascular disease. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 80(6).1678S-1688S. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/80.6.1678S.
• Hosomi, R., Yoshida, M. & Fukunaga, K. (2012). Seafood consumption and components for health. Glob. J. Health Sci. 4(3).72-86. doi: 10.5539/gjhs.v4n3p72.
• Jayasekara, C., Mendis, E. & Kim, S-K. (2020). Seafood in the Human Diet for Better Nutrition and Health (in) Encyclopedia of Marine Biotechnology (Wiley). pp. 2939-2959. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119143802.ch131
• Jebali, J., Sabbagh, M., Banni, M., Kamel, N., Ben-Khedher, S., M’hamdi, N. & Boussetta, H. (2013). Multiple biomarkers of pollution effects in Solea solea fish on the Tunisia coastline. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 20.3812–3821. doi: 10.1007/s11356-012-1321-2
• Khalfallah, M ., Belhabib, D ., Zeller,D and Pauly,D .(2015) . Reconstruction of Marine Fisheries catches for Libya (1950-2010). Fisheries Centre . Univ. Br. Columbia 1-29
• Kraiem, T., Hassen-Trabelsi, A. B., Naoui, S., Belayouni, H. & Jeguirim, N. (2015). Characterization of the liquid products obtained from Tunisian waste fish fats using the pyrolysis process. Fuel Processing Technology. 138.404-412. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2015.05.007.
• Koning-Backus, A. P. M., Buitendijk, G. H. S., Kiefte-de Jong, J. C., Colijn, J. M., Hofman, A., Vingerling, J. R., Haverkort, E. B., Franco, O. H. & Klaver, C. C. W. (2019). Intake of Vegetables, Fruit, and Fish is Beneficial for Age-Related Macular Degeneration. American Journal of Ophthalmology. 198.70-79.
• Kvícala, J. & Zamrazil, V. (2003). Effect of iodine and selenium upon thyroid function. Cent. Eur. J. Public Health. 11(2).107-13.
• Lewison, R. L., Crowder, L. B., Read, A. J. & Freeman, S. A. (2004). Understanding Impacts of Fisheries Bycatch on Marine Megafauna. Trends Ecol. Evol. 19.598–604.
• Losse, G. F., Nau, W. & Winter, M. (1991). The Development of Freshwater Fishing in Northern Tunisia: Tunisian-German Technical Cooperation Project, Project Use of Dams for Fish Farming; GTZ and CGP: Tunis, Tunisia. 1991. 418p.
• Louhichi, M., Girard, A. & Jribi, I. (2023). Fishermen Interviews: A Cost-Effective Tool for Evaluating the Impact of Fisheries on Vulnerable Sea Turtles in Tunisia and Identifying Levers of Mitigation. Animals. 13.1535. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13091535
• Lucchetti, A., Kholeif, S. E. A., Mahmoud, H. H. & Notti, E. (2016). Towards sustainable fisheries management in emerging markets: an overview of properties, gaps and opportunities in Egypt. Mar. Pol. 72.1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2016.05.032
• Mehanna, S. F. (2022). Egyptian Marine Fisheries and Its Sustainability. In Sustainable Fish Production and Processing (pp. 111–140). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-824296-4.00010-4
• Menezes, A., Ligeon, C., Murekezi, P. & Jolly, C. (2024). Diagnosis of aquaculture employment governance in selected African countries. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper, No. 715. Rome, FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/cd0424en
• Milanese, M., Sarà, A., Manconi, R., Abdalla, A. B., & Pronzato, R. (2008). Commercial sponge fishing in Libya: Historical records, present status and perspectives. Fisheries Research. 89(1).90-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2007.09.018
• Mili, S., Ennouri, R., Fatnassi, M., Agrebi, S., Louiz, I., Khattab, Y., Hedfi, A., Ali, M. B. & Laouar, H. (2023). Investigating Freshwater Mullet Fisheries in Tunisian Reservoirs: Future Development Prospects. Water. 15.2554. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15142554
• MOW. (2024). Maps of World. North Africa Map. World Wide Web electronic publication. Retrieved on March 3, 2024 from https://www.mapsofworld.com/africa/regions/northern-africa-map.html
• Moutchou, N. E., Wickliffe, L. C., King, B. J., Hawkins, J. L., Carpenter, T. & Morris, J. A. (2019). Sustainable Marine Aquaculture in Morocco: Siting Guidelines, Monitoring Standards, and Environmental Models For Coastal Finfish Aquaculture. 154 pp.
• Naylor, R. L., Hardy, R. W., Buschmann, A. H. et al. (2021a). A 20-year retrospective review of global aquaculture. Nature. 591.551-563. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03308-6
• Naylor, R. L., Kishore, A., Sumaila, U. R., Issifu, I., Hunter, B. P., Belton, B., Bush, S. R., Cao, L., Gelcich, S., Gephart, J. A., Golden, C. D., Jonell, M., Koehn, J. Z., Little, D. C., Thilsted, S. H., Tigchelaar, M., & Crona, B. (2021b). Blue food demand across geographic and temporal scales. Nature Communications. 12(1).5413. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-25516-4
• Neori, A., Shpige, M., Guttman, L. & Israel, Á. (2017). Development of Polyculture and Integrated Multi -Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) in Israel: A Review. The Israeli Journal of Aquaculture – Bamidgeh.69.1385.1-19.
• OECD. (2018). Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Trade And Agriculture Directorate Fisheries Committee. Combatting Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing Where countries stand and where efforts should concentrate in the future. World Wide Web electronic publication. Retrieved on March 5, 2024 from https://one.oecd.org/document/TAD/FI(2017)16/FINAL/En/pdf
• Oehlenschläger, J. (2012). Seafood: nutritional benefits and risk aspects. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 82(3).168-76. doi: 10.1024/0300-9831/a000108. Ormerod, S. J. (2003). Current issues with fish and fisheries: Editor’s overview and introduction. J. Appl. Ecol. 40. 204–213.
• OWID. (2024). Our World in Data. Fish and seafood consumption per capita, 2020. World Wide Web electronic publication. Retrieved on March 2, 2024 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/fish-and-seafood-consumption-per-capita?tab=table
• Reynolds, E. (2006). Vitamin B12, folic acid, and the nervous system. Lancet Neurol. 5(11).949-60. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(06)70598-1.
• Sala, E., Mayorga, J., Bradley, D. et al. (2021). Protecting the global ocean for biodiversity, food and climate. Nature. 592.397–402. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03371-z
• Saleh, I. M. (2014). Socio-Economic and Biologic Study of a Commercial Fish, Sardinella aurita, of the Western Libyan Water and Its Importance to improving the National Economy in Libya. International Journal of Agriculture and Economic Development. 2(1).42.
• Samy-Kamal, M. (2015). Status of fisheries in Egypt: reflections on past trends and management challenges. Rev. Fish Biol. Fish. 25(4).631-649.
• Samy-Kamal, M. (2020). Outlook on the fisheries policy reform in Egypt and the draft of the new fisheries law Mar. Pol. 120.104136.1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2020.104136
• Singer, P., Wirth, M. & Singer, K. (2016). Canned seawater fish with declared content of omega-3 fatty acids: a novel benefit for dietary practice and research. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 70.1093–1094. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2016.97
• SUREFISH. (2021). Fishing in Tunisia between world heritage and innovation. Retrieved on March 12, 2024 from https://surefish.eu/2021/03/11/fishing-in-tunisia-between-world-heritage-and-innovation/
• Swanson, D., Block, R. & Mousa S. A. (2012). Omega-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA: health benefits throughout life. Adv. Nutr. 1.1-7. doi: 10.3945/an.111.000893
• Taguemount, R., Selmani, R. & Imami, M. (2023). Aquaculture in Algeria: Current Status, Analysis, and Considerations for Commercial Development. Asian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Research. 25(5).53-68.
• TÜİK. (2022). Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu-İstatistik Veri Portalı. World Wide Web electronic publication. Retrieved on March 1, 2024 from https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Kategori/GetKategori?p=Tarim-111
• TWF. (2024). The World Factbook. Field Listing-Coastlines. World Wide Web electronic publication. Retrieved on March 4, 2024 from https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/coastline/
• Van Beijnen, J. and Hoevenaars, K. (2022). Tunisia – aquaculture on the rise. World Wide Web electronic publication. Retrieved on March 5, 2024 from https://thefishsite.com/articles/tunisia-aquaculture-on-the-rise
• WB. (2024). World Bank national accounts data, and OECD National Accounts data files. GDP per capita 2020. World Wide Web electronic publication. Retrieved on March 2, 2024 from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD?end=2020&start=2019&year_high_desc=true