Yetiştiriciliği Yapılan Mersin Balıklarından İzole Edilen Bakterilerin Antimikrobiyal Direnç Profillerinin Belirlenmesi

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2, 7 - 13, 28.12.2018

Ertuğrul Terzi

Öz

Türkiye'de mersin balıkları
yetiştiriciliği son yıllarda artmaya başlamıştır. Balıklar yetiştiricilik
aşamasında çeşitli hastalıklara maruz kalır ve bu hastalıklar ekonomik
kayıplara sebep olabilmektedir. Bu çalışmada karaca (Acipenser
gueldenstaedtii) ve sibirya (Acipenser baerii) mersin balıklarından
ortalama ağırlıkları 3 kg’a ulaşıncaya kadar geçen sürede izole edilen toplam
37 suşun antimikrobiyal maddelere karşı direnç profilleri ve direnç genlerin
varlığı araştırılmıştır. Bakterilerin en fazla dirençli oldukları
antibiyotikler sulfametoksazol ve ampisilin olarak tespit edilmiştir (%97.3).
Bunun yanında bakterilerin test edilen antibiyotikler arasında gentamisin,
oksolinik asit, trimetoprim+sulfametoksazol ve florfenikole karşı
hassasiyetleri sırasıyla %86.5, %59.5, %45.9 ve %40.5 olarak tespit edilmiştir.
Bakterilerde taranan genlerden tetA ve tetB genleri sırasıyla %
10.8 ve 21.6 olarak tespit edilmiştir. En fazla tespit edilen genler % 24
oranla ampC ve cmlA genleri olmuştur. Bu genleri % 19’luk oranla sul3 ve floR genleri
takip etmiştir. Gerçekleştirilen bu çalışmada,
bakterilerin antibiyotiklere karşı direnç seviyelerinin oksitetrasiklin,
streptomisin, enrofloksasin ve ampisilinde %50’den yüksek olması, mersin balığı
yetiştiriciliğinde bakteriyel hastalıkların tedavisinde gelecekte sorunlar
yaşanacağını söylenebilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Antimikrobiyal, Antibiyogram, Direnç genleri, Mersin Balığı

Determination of Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of the Bacteria Isolated from Cultured Sturgeons

Öz

Sturgeon farming in Turkey has increased in recent years. Fish are
exposed to various diseases during the culturing period and these diseases can
cause economic losses. In this study, a total of 37 strains isolated from
diamond (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii) and siberian (Acipenser baerii)
sturgeons till their average weights reach up to 3 kg were used to determine
resistance profiles against antimicrobial substances and investigated their
resistance genes. The most resistance to antibiotics in bacteria were found as
sulphamethoxazole and ampicillin (97.3%). Moreover, the susceptibility of
bacteria to the tested antibiotics for gentamicin, oxolinic acid, trimethoprim
+ sulfamethoxazole and florfenicol was determined as 86.5%, 59.5%, 45.9% and
40.5%, respectively. tetA ve tetB genes in the tested bacteria were detected as 10.8% and 21.6%,
respectively. The most common genes were ampC and cmlA
genes (24%) followed by sul3 and floR genes with a ratio of 19%.
In this study, it can be said that there may be problems in the treatment of
bacterial diseases in sturgeon farming because of being higher than 50% of the
resistance levels of bacteria against antibiotics such as oxytetracycline,
streptomycin, enrofloxacin and ampicillin.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Antimicrobial, Antibiogram, Resistance Genes

Kaynakça

• Agersø, Y., Bruun, M.S., Dalsgaard, I., Larsen, J.L., 2007. The tetracycline resistance gene tet(E) is frequently occurring and present on large horizontally transferable plasmids in Aeromonas spp. from fish farms, Aquaculture, 266: 47-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2007.01.012
• Balta, F., Sandalli, C., Kayis, S., Ozgumus, O.B., 2010. Molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance in Yersinia ruckeri strains isolated from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) grown in commercial fish farms in Turkey, Bulletin-European Association of Fish Pathologists, 30: 211-219.
• Boran, H., Terzi, E., Altinok, I., Capkin, E., Bascinar, N., 2013. Bacterial diseases of cultured mediterranean horse mackerel (Trachurus mediterraneus) in sea cages. Aquaculture, 396: 8-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2013.02.025
• Boyd, D., Cloeckaert, A., Chaslus-Dancla, E., Milvey, M.R. 2002. Characterization of variant Salmonella genomic island 1 multidrug resistance regions from serovars typhimurium DT104 and agona. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 46: 1714-1722. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.46.6.1714-1722.2002
• Capkin, E., Terzi, E., Altinok, I., 2015. Occurrence of antibiotic resistance genes in culturable bacteria isolated from Turkish trout farms and their local aquatic environment. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 114(2): 127-137. https://doi.org/10.3354/dao02852
• Corum, O., Durna Corum, D., Er, A., Terzi, E., Uney, K., 2018. Plasma and tissue disposition of danofloxacin in brown trout (Salmo trutta fario) after intravenous and intramuscular administrations. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2018.1530458
• Costello, M.J., Grant, A., Davies, I.M., Cecchini, S., Papoutsoglou, S., Quigley, D., Saroglia, M., 2001. The control of chemicals used in aquaculture in Europe, Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 17(4): 173-180. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0426.2001.00314.x
• CLSI, 2014. Clinical and laboratory standards institute. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing, 34(1), 226 pp. Wayne, PA, USA.
• Durmaz, Y., Onuk, E.E., Çiftçi, A., 2012. Investigation of the presence and antibiotic susceptibilities of Flavobacterium psychrophilum in rainbow trout farms (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum, 1792) in the Middle and Eastern Black Sea regions of Turkey, Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 59: 141-146. https://doi.org/10.1501/Vetfak_0000002516
• Furushita, M., Shiba, T., Maeda, T., Yahata, M., Kaneoka, A., Takahashi, Y., Torii, K., Hasegawa, T., Ohta, M., 2003. Similarity of tetracycline resistance genes isolated from fish farm bacteria to those from clinical isolates, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 69: 5336-5342. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.69.9.5336-5342.2003
• Geraylou, Z., 2018. Pre- and Probiotics and Immunostimulants in Siberian Sturgeon: Gut Microbiota and Immunomodulation. In: Williot P., Nonnotte G., Chebanov M. (eds) The Siberian Sturgeon (Acipenser baerii, Brandt, 1869) Volume 2 - Farming. 590 pp. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61676-6
• Kayış, Ş., 2009. Trabzon ve Rize İllerinde Bulunan Bazı Alabalık İşletmelerinde Görülen Bakteriyel Hastalıkların Tespiti ve Bazı Etkenlerinin Çoklu PCR ile Teşhisi, Doktora Tezi, Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi, Trabzon.
• Kayiş, Ş., Er, A., Kangel, P., Kurtoğlu, İ.Z., 2017. Bacterial pathogens and health problems of Acipenser gueldenstaedtii and Acipenser baerii sturgeons reared in the Eastern Black Sea region of Turkey. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research, 18(1): 18-24.
• Kim, S.R., Nonaka, L., Suzuki, S., 2004 Occurrence of tetracycline resistance genes tet(M) and tet(S) in bacteria from marine aquaculture sites. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 237: 147-156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.femsle.2004.06.026
• Kerrn, M.B., Klemmensen, T., Frimodt-Møller, N., Espersen, F., 2002. Susceptibility of Danish Escherichia coli strains isolated from urinary tract infections and bacteraemia, and distribution of sul genes conferring sulphonamide resistance. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 50: 513-516. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkf164
• Kusuda, R., Kawai, K., 1998. Bacterial diseases of cultured marine fish in Japan. Fish Pathology, 33(4): 221-227. https://doi.org/10.3147/Jsfp.33.221
• Ozturk, D., Adanir, R., Turutoglu, H., 2007. Isolation and antibiotic susceptibility of Aeromonas hydrophila in a carp (Cyprinus carpio) hatchery farm. Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Pulawy, 51(3): 361-364
• Schwartz, T., Kohnen, W., Jansen, B., Obst, U., 2003. Detection of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and their resistance genes in wastewater, surface water, and drinking water biofilms. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 43: 325-335. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.2003.tb01073.x
• Ng, L. K., Martin, I., Alfa, M., Mulvey, M., 2001. Multiplex PCR for the detection of tetracycline resistant genes. Molecular and Cellular Probes, 15(4): 209-215. https://doi.org/10.1006/mcpr.2001.0363
• Sáenz, Y., Briñas, L., Domínguez, E., Ruiz, J., Zarazaga, M., Vila, J., Torres, C., 2004. Mechanisms of resistance in multiple-antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli strains of human, animal, and food origins. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 48: 3996-4001. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.48.10.3996-4001.2004
• Terzi, E., 2013. Alabalık İşletmelerinden İzole Edilen Bakterilerde Antibiyotik Direnç Genlerinin Belirlenmesi, Doktora Tezi, Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi, Trabzon.
• Terzi, E., 2018. Antimicrobial resistance profiles and tetracycline resistance genes of Escherichia coli in Mediterranean mussel and sea snails collected from the Eastern Black Sea (Turkey). Alınteri Journal of Agriculture Sciences, 33(1): 43-49. https://doi.org/10.28955/alinterizbd.355019
• Timur, G., Akaylı, T., Korun, J., Yardımcı, R.E., 2010. A study on bacterial haemorrhagic septicemia in farmed young Russian sturgeon in Turkey (Acipencer gueldenstaedtii). Turkish Journal of Aquatic Sciences, 25(1): 19-26.
• TUIK, 2018. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu 2017 Veri Seti, Su Ürünleri İstatistikleri, Ankara