Maritime Security in a Technological Era: Addressing Challenges in Balancing Technology and Ethics

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1, 1 - 16, 30.06.2024

Md Syful Islam

https://doi.org/10.47512/meujmaf.1418239

Öz

Within the context of rapid technological advancements, the ethical dimensions of maritime security are explored, focusing on the challenges and opportunities brought about by emerging technologies and their implications for maritime security practices. Potential risks related to technology misuse, such as privacy infringement, disproportionate use of force, and the erosion of human judgment and accountability, are emphasized. The importance of adopting a balanced approach that considers both the benefits and risks of technological advancements is stressed, as well as the need for robust governance frameworks and international cooperation to ensure responsible and ethical technology use in maritime security. The research methodology involves a systematic literature review of scholarly articles, policy documents, and relevant case studies in the field of maritime security. Ethical frameworks, including proportionality, necessity, transparency, accountability, and human rights, are applied to assess the ethical implications of technologies like unmanned maritime systems, cyber threats, and surveillance capabilities. The significance of ethical training and education for maritime security personnel in promoting responsible and accountable decision-making is underscored, and the article proposes the inclusion of case studies and simulations as effective tools for examining the practical application and effectiveness of ethical training in real-world scenarios. By advocating for a proactive approach that balances technological opportunities with ethical principles, this article contributes to the ongoing discourse on maritime security ethics, providing valuable insights for policymakers, practitioners, and researchers in the field, and offering a roadmap for fostering a secure, transparent, and rights-respecting maritime domain.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Maritime Security, Maritime Threat, Ethical Challenges, Emerging Technologies, Artificial Intelligence

Kaynakça

• Alekseenkov, A., Klyuchnikova, D., Dedova, N., & Sokolov, S. (2022). Cyberattacks in the Water Transport Industry: Types and Diversity. In A. Manakov & A. Edigarian, International Scientific Siberian Transport Forum TransSiberia - 2021 Cham.
• Androjna, A., Brcko, T., Pavic, I., & Greidanus, H. (2020). Assessing Cyber Challenges of Maritime Navigation. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 8(10), 776. https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1312/8/10/776
• Bakir, N. O. (2007). A Brief Analysis Of Threats And Vulnerabilities In The Maritime Domain. In I. Linkov, R. J. Wenning, & G. A. Kiker (Eds.), Managing Critical Infrastructure Risks (pp. 17-49). Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.
• Ban, K.-J. (2010). The Clash of David and Goliath at Sea: The USS Cole Bombing as Sea Insurgency and Lessons for the ROK Navy. Asian Politics & Policy, 2(3), 463-485. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1943-0787.2010.01203.x
• Bowers, I., & Koh, C. (2017). Navies, Coast Guards, the Maritime Community and International Stability. Singapore: RSIS Rajaratnam School of Internationa l Studies(March), 96. https://core.ac.uk/download/225935065.pdf
• Boyce, G. A., & Chambers, S. N. (2021). The corral apparatus: counterinsurgency and the architecture of death and deterrence along the Mexico/United States border. Geoforum, 120, 1-13. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2021.01.007
• Bueger, C., Edmunds, T., & McCabe, R. (2020). Into the sea: capacity-building innovations and the maritime security challenge. Third World Quarterly, 41(2), 228-246. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2019.1660632
• Calderaro, A., & Blumfelde, S. (2022). Artificial intelligence and EU security: the false promise of digital sovereignty. European Security, 31(3), 415-434. https://doi.org/10.1080/09662839.2022.2101885
• Cogliati-Bantz, V. P. (2016). The South China Sea Arbitration (The Republic of the Philippines v. The People’s Republic of China). The International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law, 31(4), 759-774. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1163/15718085-12341421
• Collins, R. (2019). The M/V “Norstar” Case (Panama v. Italy) (ITLOS). International Legal Materials, 58(4), 673-737. https://doi.org/10.1017/ilm.2019.30
• Crook, J. R. (2012). Continuing U.S. Efforts to Combat Piracy; Piracy Now Spreading to Gulf of Guinea. American Journal of International Law, 106(1), 160-163. https://doi.org/10.5305/amerjintelaw.106.1.0160
• Cunliffe, B. (2017). On the Ocean: The Mediterranean and the Atlantic from prehistory to AD 1500. Oxford University Press. https://shorturl.at/swFM4
• Danoff, B. (2017). “I’m the Captain Now”: Power, Justice, and Tragedy in “Benito Cereno” and Captain Phillips. American Political Thought, 6(1), 30-53. https://doi.org/10.1086/689855
• De La Fayette, L. (2000). The M/V “Saiga” (No.2. Case (St. Vincent and the Grenadines v. Guinea), Judgment: International Tribunal For The Law Of The Sea. International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 49(2), 467-476. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020589300064241
• Drakopulos, L., Silver, J. J., Nost, E., Gray, N., & Hawkins, R. (2022). Making global oceans governance in/visible with Smart Earth: The case of Global Fishing Watch. Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space, 6(2), 1098-1113. https://doi.org/10.1177/25148486221111786
• Durmuş, A. N. (2023). The Intersection Between Law and Technology in Maritime Law. In K. Noussia & M. Channon (Eds.), The Regulation of Automated and Autonomous Transport (pp. 107-166). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-32356-0_5
• Ehizuelen, M. M. O. (2023). Assessing the national and regional effectiveness of countering maritime piracy in the Gulf of Guinea. GeoJournal, 88(4), 3549-3574. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-022-10823-0
• Fuller, H. J. (2014). Empire, Technology and Seapower: Royal Navy crisis in the age of Palmerston. Routledge. https://shorturl.at/ozM01
• Gallup, S. P. (2022). Future War at Sea: The US Navy, Autonomy in War at Sea and Emergent Behaviors. In Emergent Behavior in System of Systems Engineering (1st ed., pp. 65-92). CRC Press. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.1201/9781003160816-6/future-war-sea-shelley-gallup
• Ganoulis, J. (2007). Environmental And Human Security In The Mediterranean. In I. Linkov, R. J. Wenning, & G. A. Kiker, Managing Critical Infrastructure Risks Dordrecht.
• Gil, M., Albert, M., Fons, J., & Pelechano, V. (2019). Designing human-in-the-loop autonomous Cyber-Physical Systems. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 130, 21-39. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2019.04.006
• Guilfoyle, D. (2010). Current Legal Developments European Court of Human Rights. The International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law, 25(3), 437-442. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1163/157180810X520327
• Hassib, B., & Ayad, F. (2023). The Challenges and Implications of Military Cyber and AI Capabilities in the Middle East: The Geopolitical, Ethical, and Technological Dimensions. In M. Eslami & A. V. Guedes Vieira (Eds.), The Arms Race in the Middle East: Contemporary Security Dynamics (pp. 49-65). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-32432-1_4
• Hebbar, A. A., & Dharmasiri, I. G. (2022). Management of marine oil spills: A case study of the Wakashio oil spill in Mauritius using a lens-actor-focus conceptual framework. Ocean & Coastal Management, 221, 106103. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2022.106103
• Hetherington, C., Flin, R., & Mearns, K. (2006). Safety in shipping: The human element. Journal of Safety Research, 37(4), 401-411. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2006.04.007
• Hofmann, B. (2020). Progress bias versus status quo bias in the ethics of emerging science and technology. Bioethics, 34(3), 252-263. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/bioe.12622
• Ismail, M. A., Ali, S., Khan, S., Babar, Z., & Mazhar, M. (2021). A Survey of Indian Ocean Region Maritime Security: Technological Advancements and Innovative Solutions. In 2021 International Conference on Frontiers of Information Technology (FIT) (pp. 66-71).
• Johansson, T. M., Dalaklis, D., & Pastra, A. (2021). Maritime Robotics and Autonomous Systems Operations: Exploring Pathways for Overcoming International Techno-Regulatory Data Barriers. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 9(6), 594. https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1312/9/6/594
• Jowitt, C. E. (1995). Old worlds and new worlds: Renaissance voyages of discovery [Doctoral, University of Southampton]. http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/id/eprint/459245
• Julian, M. (2000). MARPOL 73/78: the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships. Maritime Studies, 2000(113), 16-23. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/07266472.2000.10878605
• Kamila, M. K., & Jasrotia, S. S. (2023). Ethical issues in the development of artificial intelligence: recognizing the risks. International Journal of Ethics and Systems, ahead-of-print(ahead-of-print). https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOES-05-2023-0107
• Karim, M. S. (2022). Maritime cybersecurity and the IMO legal instruments: Sluggish response to an escalating threat? Marine Policy, 143, 105138. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2022.105138
• Keyuan, Z. (2010). The International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea: Procedures, Practices, and Asian States. Ocean Development & International Law, 41(2), 131-151. https://doi.org/10.1080/00908321003733121
• Klein, N. (2021). Maritime autonomous vehicles and international laws on boat migration: Lessons from the use of drones in the Mediterranean. Marine Policy, 127, 104447. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2021.104447
• Knudsen, S. (2009). A precautionary tale: Assessing ecological damages after the Exxon Valdez oil spill. U. St. Thomas LJ, 7(1), 95-129. https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/usthomlj7&div=10&g_sent=1&casa_token=&collection=journals
• Lagdami, K., & Fakhry, A. (2020). The Application of Human Rights and Ethics Principles to Self-protection Measures by the Ship Against Pirates and Armed Robbers. In P. K. Mukherjee, M. Q. Mejia, & J. Xu (Eds.), Maritime Law in Motion (pp. 389-412). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-31749-2_18
• Lennox-Gentle, T. (2010). Piracy, sea robbery, and terrorism: Enforcing laws to deter ransom payments and hijacking. Transportation Law Journal, 37(3), 199. https://heinonline.org/HOL/P?h=hein.journals/tportl37&i=205
• Lieske, D. J., Mahoney, M., Wilhelm, S. I., Weir, L., & O’Hara, P. (2011). Eyes in the sky: a comparative spatial analysis of aerial and satellite surveillance of East Coast Canadian oil pollution. In Proceedings of the 34th AMOP Technical Seminar on Environmental Contamination and Response (pp. 244-258).
• Lika, R. A., Murugiah, D., Brohi, S. N., & Ramasamy, D. (2018). NotPetya: Cyber Attack Prevention through Awareness via Gamification. In 2018 International Conference on Smart Computing and Electronic Enterprise (ICSCEE) (pp. 1-6).
• Lim, S.-M. (1998). Economies of scale in container shipping. Maritime Policy & Management, 25(4), 361-373. https://doi.org/10.1080/03088839800000059
• Loewenstein, A. (2023). The Palestine Laboratory: How Israel Exports the Technology of Occupation Around the World. Verso Books. https://shorturl.at/dtAST
• Luzón-Aguado, V. (2018). Who are the Pirates? Somali Piracy and Environmental Justice in Alakrana, Stolen Seas and Captain Phillips1. ISLE: Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment, 26(1), 189-210. https://doi.org/10.1093/isle/isy087
• Mandal, A., & Ghosh, A. R. (2023). AI-driven surveillance of the health and disease status of ocean organisms: a review. Aquaculture International. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-023-01192-7
• Markoe, G. (2000). Phoenicians (Vol. 2). Univ of California Press. https://shorturl.at/glnqS
• Martínez, M. A. (2023). Eu borders and potential conflicts between new technologies and human rights. Peace & Security-Paix et Sécurité Internationales (Euromediterranean Journal of International Law and International Relations)(11), 7. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=9115695
• McKay, F., Williams, B. J., Prestwich, G., Bansal, D., Hallowell, N., & Treanor, D. (2022). The ethical challenges of artificial intelligence-driven digital pathology. The Journal of Pathology: Clinical Research, 8(3), 209-216. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/cjp2.263
• Mooney, M. (2021). Our Collective Failure: Why the International Community Has Not Intervened to Protect China's Uighur Muslims. International Research and Review, 11(1), 45-64. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1334449
• Moore, M. (2003). A world without walls: freedom, development, free trade and global governance. Cambridge University Press. https://rb.gy/2q4mp
• Moser, S. C. (2010). Communicating climate change: history, challenges, process and future directions. WIREs Climate Change, 1(1), 31-53. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.11
• Oxman, B. H. (2008). The “Tomimaru” (Japan v. Russian Federation). Judgement. ITLOS Case No. 15. American Journal of International Law, 102(2), 316-322. https://doi.org/10.2307/30034542
• Papastavridis, E. (2010). II. EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS MEDVEDYEV ET AL V FRANCE (GRAND CHAMBER, APPLICATION NO 3394/03) JUDGMENT OF 29 MARCH 2010. International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 59(3), 867-882. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020589310000345
• Pekel, J.-F., Cottam, A., Gorelick, N., & Belward, A. S. (2016). High-resolution mapping of global surface water and its long-term changes. Nature, 540(7633), 418-422. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature20584
• Peng, D. C. K. (2005). OIL SPILL PLANNING AND RESPONSE IN A TERRORIST ENVIRONMENT REAL LIFE EXPERIENCES1. International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings, 2005(1), 953-955. https://doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2005-1-953
• Power, J. (2008). Maritime terrorism: a new challenge for national and international security. Barry Law Review, 10, 111-134. https://heinonline.org/HOL/P?h=hein.journals/barry10&i=113
• Raymond, C. Z. (2006). Maritime Terrorism in Southeast Asia: A Risk Assessment. Terrorism and Political Violence, 18(2), 239-257. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546550500383225
• Restall, G. (2017). An investigation into learning for ethical leadership in a law enforcement environment. University of South Australia, 1-166. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Haydn-Mccomas/publication/353070654_An_investigation_into_learning_for_ethical_leadership_in_a_law_enforcement_environment/links/60e695121c28af345851337c/An-investigation-into-learning-for-ethical-leadership-in-a-law-enforcement-environment.pdf
• Righetti, L., Pham, Q., Madhavan, R., & Chatila, R. (2018). Lethal Autonomous Weapon Systems [Ethical, Legal, and Societal Issues]. IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine, 25(1), 123-126. https://doi.org/10.1109/MRA.2017.2787267
• Rose, C. (2020). The Creation of a Review Mechanism for the UN Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime and Its Protocols. American Journal of International Law, 114(1), 51-67. https://doi.org/10.1017/ajil.2019.71
• Salonio, L. J. (2002). The role of the IMO in the maritime governance of terrorism. World Maritime University. https://commons.wmu.se/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2264&context=all_dissertations
• Sands, P. (2003). From Nuremberg to the Hague: the future of international criminal justice. Cambridge University Press. https://shorturl.at/kvOP4
• Senarak, C. (2023). Port cyberattacks from 2011 to 2023: a literature review and discussion of selected cases. Maritime Economics & Logistics. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41278-023-00276-8
• Shambaugh, G., Huberts, A., & Zlotnick, A. (2014). Know your enemy: The changing sophistication and success of maritime piracy. Seton Hall J. Dipl. & Int'l Rel., 15(2), 9. https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/whith15&div=16&g_sent=1&casa_token=&collection=journals
• Singh, K. D. (2015). Creating Your Own Qualitative Research Approach: Selecting, Integrating and Operationalizing Philosophy, Methodology and Methods. Vision, 19(2), 132-146. https://doi.org/10.1177/0972262915575657
• Stöhs, J., & Bruns, S. (2018). Maritime Security in the Eastern Mediterranean: Kiel International Seapower Symposium 2017.ISPK Seapower Series Baden-Baden.
• Suppiah, R. (2009). International Ship and Port Facility Security (ISPS) Code and Crew Welfare. Maritime Affairs: Journal of the National Maritime Foundation of India, 5(1), 57-72. https://doi.org/10.1080/09733150903122057
• Şeker, B. Ş. (2018). Maritime Security: Prevention of Maritime Terrorism By International Ship ond Port Security (ISPS) Code. Journal of Turkish Studies, 13(3), 673-690. https://doi.org/https://dx.doi.org/10.7827
• Terpsidi, F., Nikitakos, N., & Papachristos, D. (2019). Maritime industry revival through systems digitalization. J. Multidiscip. Eng. Sci. Technol, 6(12), 12. https://www.jmest.org/wp-content/uploads/JMESTN42353215.pdf
• Tompkins, E. L., & Amundsen, H. (2008). Perceptions of the effectiveness of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in advancing national action on climate change. Environmental Science & Policy, 11(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2007.06.004
• Trowers, S. N. (2023). Uncharted Legal Waters: “The Applicability of the Law on Seaworthiness & Good Seamanship to Autonomous Vessels.”. In K. Noussia & M. Channon (Eds.), The Regulation of Automated and Autonomous Transport (pp. 203-242). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-32356-0_7
• Usluer, H. B. (2022). Development of Naval Cooperation and Guidance for Shipping, Maritime Security Concept in Real Life. Uluslararasi Akademik Birikim Dergisi, 5(3), 100-112. https://doi.org/10.53001/uluabd.2022.33
• Wenning, R. J., Apitz, S. E., Baba, A., Citron, M., Elliott, K., Al-Halasah, N., Kapustka, L., Lazarescu, M., Mohamed, M., & Rutjes, R. (2007). Understanding Environmental Security At Ports And Harbors. In I. Linkov, R. J. Wenning, & G. A. Kiker, Managing Critical Infrastructure Risks Dordrecht.
• Yang, Z., Yu, X., Dedman, S., Rosso, M., Zhu, J., Yang, J., Xia, Y., Tian, Y., Zhang, G., & Wang, J. (2022). UAV remote sensing applications in marine monitoring: Knowledge visualization and review. Science of The Total Environment, 838, 155939. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155939
• Zuzanna, K., Tomasz, U., Michał, G., & Robert, P. (2022). How High-Tech Solutions Support the Fight Against IUU and Ghost Fishing: A Review of Innovative Approaches, Methods, and Trends. IEEE Access, 10, 112539-112554. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3212384