Topluluğa Bağlılık ve Topluluk Katılımının Turizmin Algılanan Sosyo-Kültürel Etkileri ve Turizme Yönelik Destek Üzerindeki Rolü: Mardin İli Örneği

Yıl 2023, Sayı: 10, 237 - 278, 15.09.2023

Begüm Emiroğlu

https://doi.org/10.56720/mevzu.1298768

Öz

Turizmin bir bölgede sürdürülebilir bir şekilde geliştirilebilmesi, ev sahi-bi toplumun turizmin etkilerine yönelik algılarına ve bu algılar doğrultusun-da turizme verdikleri desteğe bağlıdır. Yerel halkın topluluklarına bağlılık ve turizm planlama ve karar verme süreçlerine katılım düzeyleri gibi birtakım faktörler turizme yönelik algılar ve turizme verilen destek üzerinde oldukça belirleyicidir. Bu kapsamda, yerleşiklerin turizmin bölgedeki olumlu ve olumsuz etkilerine yönelik algıları, topluluklarına bağlılıkları ve turizm planlama ve karar süreçlerine katılım düzeyleri destinasyon planlama ve karar vericileri tarafından dikkatle değerlendirilmesi gereken kritik konular arasındadır. Tüm bu nedenlerden ötürü bu çalışma topluluğa bağlılık ve topluluk katılımının turizmin yerel halk tarafından algılanan sosyo-kültürel etkileri (sosyo-kültürel faydaları ve maliyetleri) ve turizme yönelik destek üzerindeki etkisini incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu kapsamda basit tesadüfi örnekleme yöntemiyle Mardin yerel halkından 400 kişiye ulaşılmıştır. Verilerin analizinde yapısal eşitlik modelinden faydalanılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda; topluluğa bağlılık ve topluluk katılımının turizmin algılanan sosyo-kültürel faydaları ve turizme verilen destek üzerinde anlamlı ve pozitif bir ilişkisi bulunmuştur. Bunun yanı sıra topluluğa bağlılığın algılanan sosyo-kültürel maliyetler üzerinde anlamlı ve negatif bir etkisi görülürken, toplululuk katılımının algılanan sosyo-kültürel maliyetler üzerinde herhangi bir etkisi görülmemiştir. Son olarak, algılanan sosyo-kültürel faydaların turizme verilen destek üzerinde anlamlı ve pozitif, algılanan sosyo-kültürel maliyetlerin ise turizme verilen destek üzerinde anlamlı ve negatif etkisi olduğu bulunmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

sosyo-kültürel fayda, sosyo-kültürel maliyet, topluluğa bağlılık, topluluk katılımı, turizm desteği

Etik Beyan

Araştırmaya dair etik kurul formları 2023 yılı mart ayında üniversiteye teslim edilmiştir ve Makalede, veri toplama aşaması için gerekli etik kurulu belgesi Şırnak Üniversitesi Etik Kurul Daire Başkanlığı ve 02.05.2023 tarih E-74546226-050.03-66414 sayıyla düzenlenmiştir.

The Role of Community Attachment and Community Participation on the Perceived Socio-Cultural Effects of Tourism and Support for Tourism: The Case of Mardin Province

Öz

The sustainable development of tourism in a region depends on the per-ceptions of the society about the effects of tourism and the support they give to tourism in line with these perceptions. A number of factors, such as local people's community attachment and their level of participation in tourism planning and decision-making processes, are highly determinative on tourism perceptions and support for tourism. In this context, the perceptions of the locals about the positive and negative effects of tourism in the region, their community community attachment and their level of participation are among the critical issues that should be carefully evaluated by destination planning and decision makers. For all these reasons, this study aims to examine the impact of community attachment and community participation on tourism's perceived socio-cultural impacts (socia-cultural benefits and costs) and support for tourism by local people. In this context, 400 people from the local people of Mardin were reached by simple random sampling method. Structural equation model was used in the analysis of the data. As a result of the research; community attachment and community participation have been found to have a significant and positive relationship on the perceived socio-cultural benefits of tourism and the support for tourism. In addition, community attachment has a significant and negative effect on perceived socio-cultural costs, while community participation has no effect on perceived socio-cultural costs. Finally, it was found that the perceived socio-cultural benefits had a significant and positive effect on the support for tourism, and the perceived socio-cultural costs had a significant and negative effect on the support for tourism.

Anahtar Kelimeler

socio-cultural benefits, social-cultural costs, community attachment, community participation, support for tourism

Kaynakça

• Adongo, Raymond et al. (2017). “Tourism in Hoi An, Vietnam: Impacts, Perceived Benefits, Community Attachment and Support for Tourism Development”. International Journal of Tourism Sciences 17/2 (2017), 86-106. https://doi.org/10.1080/15980634.2017.1294344
• Akdu, Ugur - Odemis, Murat. “Examining The Impacts of Tourism on Gu-mushane Residents According To The Doxey Index”. Turizm Akademik Dergisi 5/2 (2018), 33-45.
• Andereck, Kathleen L - Nyaupane, Gyan. P. “Exploring The Nature of Tou-rism and Quality of Life Perceptions Among Residents”. Journal of Travel Research 50/3 (2011), 248-260. DOI: 10.1177/0047287510362918
• Andereck, Katleen L. et al. “Residents’ Perceptions of Community Tourism Impacts”. Annals of Tourism Research 32/4 (2005), 1056-1076. doi:10.1016/j.annals.2005.03.001
• Ap, John. “Residents' Perceptions on Tourism Impacts”. Annals of Tourism Research 19/4 (1992), 665-690. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(92)90060-3
• Ataman, Doğan. Mardin Halkının Turizmin Etkilerine Yönelik Algıları. Konya: Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi, Turizm İşletmeciliği Anabilim Dalı, Yüksek Lisans Tezi. 2019.
• Atsız, Ozan-Kızılırmak, İsmail. “Mardin’in Doğal ve Kültürel Çekiciliklerinin Destinasyon Pazarlaması Kapsamında İncelenmesi”, Mukaddime 8/1 (2017), 25-41. doi: 10.19059/mukaddime.296624
• Bello, Felix G. et al. “Local Residents’ Perceptions of Socio-Cultural Impacts of Tourism in Mangochi, Malawi”. Advances in Hospitality and Tourism Research (AHTR) 5/1 (2017), 1-22.
• Besculides, Antonia et al. “Residents' Perceptions of The Cultural Benefits of Tourism”. Annals of Tourism Research 29/2 (2002), 303-319. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(01)00066-4
• Brida, J. Gabriel et al. “Residents’ Perceptions of Tourism Impacts and Attitudes Towards Tourism Policies in A Small Mountain Commu-nity”. Benchmarking: An International Journal, Forthcoming (2011), 1-30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1839244
• Brida, J. Gabriel et al. “Residents’ Perceptions of Tourism Impacts and Attitudes Towards Tourism Policies.” Tourismos: An International Multidisciplinary Journal of Tourism 9/1 (2014), 37-71.
• Boonsiritomachai, Waranpong - Phonthanukitithaworn, Chanchai. “Resi-dents’ Support for Sports Events Tourism Development in Beach City: The Role of Community’s Participation and Tourism Impacts“. Sage Open 9/2 (2019), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244019843417
• Chuang, Shu-Tzu. “Rural Tourism: Perspectives from Social Exchange The-ory“. Social Behavior & Personality: An International Journal 38/10 (2010), 1313-1322. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2010.38.10.1313
• Campon-Cerro, Ana Maria et al. “Rural Destination Development based on Olive Oil Tourism: The Impact of Residents’ Community Attachment and Quality of Life on Their Support for Tourism Develop-ment“. Sustainability 9(9)/1624 (2017), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9091624
• Enemuo, Ogechi. Blessing – Od2untan, Oyinkansola Christiana. “Social Im-pact of Tourism Development on Host Communities of Osun Oshogbo Sacred Grove“. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science (JHSS) 2/6 (2012), 30-35. DOI: 10.9790/0837-0263035
• Eslami, Sadraddin et al. “Community Attachment, Tourism Impacts, Quality of Life and Residents’ Support for Sustainable Tourism Development“. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing 36/9 (2019), 1061-1079. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2019.1689224
• Etikarastirma.com (t.y.). “Bilgi Merkez“. Erişim 10 Mart 2023, http://etikarastirma.com/tr/icerik/bilgi-merkezi/10
• Garcia, Fernando Almeida et al. “Resident's Attitudes Towards The Impacts of Tourism“. Tourism Management Perspectives 13 (2015), 33-40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2014.11.002
• Gursoy, Dogan et al. “Resident Attitudes: A Structural Modeling Appro-ach“. Annals of Tourism Research 29/1 (2002), 79-105. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(01)00028-7
• Gursoy, Dogan - Rutherford, Denney G. “Host Attitudes Toward Tourism: An Improved Structural Model“. Annals of Tourism Research 31/3 (2004), 495-516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2003.08.008
• Günal, Veysi. “Mardin İli’nde Kültürel Turizm Potansiyeli“. Marmara Coğrafya Dergisi 11 (2005), 91-122.
• Jaafar, Mastura. “Perceived Sociocultural Impacts of Tourism and Community Participation: A Case Study of Langkawi Island“. Tourism and Hospitality Research 17/2 (2015), 123-134. https://doi.org/10.1177/1467358415610373
• Kalaycı, Şeref. SPSS Uygulamalı Çok Değişkenli İstatistik Teknikleri. Ankara: Asil Yayın Dağıtım, 3. Baskı, 2008.
• Karr, Douglas. “Hesap Makinesi: Anketinizin Minimum Örnek Boyutunu Hesaplayın“. 11 Ekim 2022, Martech.zone, Erişim 10 Mart 2023, https://tr.martech.zone/survey-sample-size-calculator/
• Karagöz, Yalçın - Kösterelioğlu, İlker. “İletişim Becerileri Değerlendirme Öl-çeğinin Faktör Analizi Metodu ile Geliştirilmesi“. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 21 (2008), 81-97.
• Kolawole, Oladeji I. “The Socio-Cultural Impacts of Tourism on People’s Quality of Life in Maun, Botswana“. Botswana Notes and Records 49 (2017), 73-86.
• Kuvan, Yalcin - Akan, Perran. “Residents' Attitudes Toward General and Forest-Related Impacts of Tourism: The Case of Belek, Antalya“. Tourism Management 26/5 (2005), 691-706. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2004.02.019
• Latkova, Pavlina - Vogt, Christine A. “Residents’ Attitudes Toward Existing and Future Tourism Development in Rural Communities“. Journal of Travel Research 51/1 (2012), 50-67. DOI: 10.1177/0047287510394193
• Lee, Tsung Hung. “Influence Analysis of Community Resident Support for Sustainable Tourism Development“. Tourism Management 34 (2013), 37-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2012.03.007
• Mbaiwa, Joseph E. “The Socio-Cultural Impacts of Tourism Development in The Okavango Delta, Botswana“. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Chan-ge 2/3 (2005), 163-185. https://doi.org/10.1080/14766820508668662
• McCool, Stephen F. - Martin, Steven R. “Community Attachment and Attitudes Toward Tourism Development“. Journal of Travel Research 32/3 (1994), 29-34. https://doi.org/10.1177/004728759403200305
• Morales, Pablo Canero et al. (2018). “Community Attachment and Support for Sustainable Tourism Development Through The Attitudes of The Local Population: A Case Study in Puerto Plata, Dominican Repub- lic“. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences 9/2 (2018), 173-184.
• Medhesap.com (t.y.). “Örneklem Boyutu Hesaplama“. Erişim 10 Mart 2023, https://www.medhesap.com/orneklem-boyutu-hesaplama/
• Nicholas, Lorraine Nadia et al. “Residents’Perspectives of A World Heritage Site: The Pitons Management Area, St. Lucia“. Annals of Tourism Research 36/3 (2009), 390-412. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2009.03.005
• Nunkoo, Robin - Ramkissoon, Haywantee. “Power, Trust, Social Exchange and Community Support“. Annals of Tourism Research 39/2 (2012), 997-1023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2011.11.017
• Nunkoo, Robin - So, Kevin Kam Fung. “Residents’ Support for Tourism: Testing Alternative Structural Models“. Journal of Travel Research 55/7 (2015), 847-861. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287515592972
• Nunkoo, Robin. “Toward A More Comprehensive Use of Social Exchange Theory To Study Residents’ Attitudes To Tourism“. Procedia Economics and Finance 39 (2016), 588-596.
• Rua, Sira Vidal. “Perceptions of Tourism: A Study of Residents' Attitudes Towards Tourism in The City of Girona“. Journal of Tourism Analysis: Revista de Analisis Turistico 27/2 (2020), 165-184. https://doi.org/10.1108/JTA-03- 2019-0015
• Sharma, Bishnu - Dyer, Pam. “An Investigation of Differences in Residents' Perceptions on The Sunshine Coast: Tourism Impacts and Demographic Variables“. Tourism Geographies 11/2 (2009), 187-213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14616680902827159
• Sheldon, Pauline J. - Abenoja, Teresa. “Resident Attitudes in A Mature Destination: The Case of Waikiki“. Tourism Management 22/5 (2001), 435-443. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(01)00009-7
• Sharpley, Richard. “Host Perceptions of Tourism: A Review of The Rese-arch“. Tourism Management 42 (2014), 37-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2013.10.007
• Sher, Koay Li et al. “The Influence of Community Attachment and Commu-nity Involvement Towards Resident’s Support on Sustainable Tourism Development by Mediating Perceived Benefits and Perceived Costs“. American-Eurasian J. Agric. & Environ. Sci 15 (2015), 133-138. DOI: 10.5829/idosi.aejaes.2015.15.s.217
• Snaith, Tim -. Haley, Art. “Residents’ Opinions of Tourism Development in The Historic City of York, England“. Tourism Management 20/5 (1999), 595-603. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(99)00030-8
• Tabachnick, Barbara G - Fidell, Linda S. Çok Değişkenli İstatistiklerin Kullanımı. çev. Mustafa Baloğlu, Ankara: Nobel Yayıncılık, 6. Basım, 2015.
• Than, Trong Thuy et al. “Impact of Community Attachment and Resident's Support on Destination Sustainability: Evidence from Spiritual and Community Destination in Vietnam“. The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business 7/8 (2020), 361-369. doi:10.13106/jafeb.2020.vol7.no8.361
• Toprak, Lokman. “Mardin’de Halkın Turizm Algısı“. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 14/54 (2015), 201-218.
• TUIK (t.y.). “İbbs-Düzey1, İbbs-Düzey2, İl ve İlçe Nüfusları“. Erişim 19.08.2023, https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/? kn=95&locale=tr
• Um, Seoho - Crompton, John L. “Measuring Resident's Attachment Levels in A Host Community“. Journal of Travel Research 26/1 (1987), 27-29. https://doi.org/10.1177/004728758702600
• Wang, Mingsen et al. “Community Participation and Residents’ Support for Tourism Development in Ancient Villages: The Mediating Role of Perceptions of Conflicts in The Tourism Community“. Sustainability 13(5)/2455 (2021), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13052455
• Xu, Honggang et al. “The Evolving Path of Community Participation in Tourism in China“. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 27/8 (2019), 1239-1258. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2019.1612904
• Yaşlıoğlu, M. Murat. “Sosyal Bilimlerde Faktör Analizi ve Geçerlilik: Keşfedici ve Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizlerinin Kullanılması“. İstanbul Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi 46 (2017), 74-85.
• Yazıcıoğlu, Yahşi - Erdoğan, Samiye. SPSS Uygulamalı Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemleri. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık, 2004.