Araştırma Makalesi
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Covid-19 Aşısı, İlaç Şirketleri ve İnsan Haklarına İlişkin Sorumlulukları

Yıl 2021, Sayı: 1, 15 - 40, 30.06.2021

Özge Yücel Dericiler

Öz

Covid-19 aşısına erişim öncelikle sağlık ve yaşam haklarının, yanı sıra bilimsel gelişme ve uygulamaların faydalarından yararlanma hakkının gereğidir. Ne var ki şu ana kadar etkinliği kanıtlanmış ve onay alan aşıların çoğu, ilaç şirketlerince geliştirilmiş, fikrî mülkiyet ve patent hakkına konu olan ürünlerdir. Bu da kâr amacı güden özel teşebbüsler ile kamu arasında bir çıkar çatışması doğmasına neden olmaktadır. Temel haklar perspektifinden bakıldığında ise Covid-19 aşısının küresel kamu malı olarak görülmesi ve herkesin etkili ve güvenli bir aşıya erişiminin sağlanması gerekir.

Bu makalede ilaç şirketlerinin uluslararası insan hakları hukuku kapsamındaki sorumlulukları Covid-19 aşısına odaklanarak ele alınmakta ve insan hakları özen yükümlülüğünün gerekleri değerlendirilmektedir. Sağlık hakkının gerçekleştirilmesinde ilaç şirketlerinin özen yükümlülüğünden doğan ödevleri vardır. Covid-19 aşısına ve tedaviye erişimin sağlanması da bu kapsamdadır. Bu bağlamda fikrî mülkiyet ve patent haklarına getirilen sınırlamaların, insan hakları ve biyoetik açısından uygun ve hatta elzem olduğu savunulmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Covid-19 Aşısı Sağlık Hakkı İlaç Şirketleri İnsan Hakları Sorumlulukları Fikrî Mülkiyet ve Patent

Kaynakça

  • AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL, Campaigners warn that 9 out of 10 people in poor countries are set to miss out on Covid-19 vaccine next year, 9 December 2020, https:// www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2020/12/campaigners-warn-that-9-out-of-10- people-in-poor-countries-are-set-to-miss-out-on-covid-19-vaccine-next-year/ (erişim tarihi 10.2.2021). ARYEETEY, Ernest / ENGEBRETSEN, Eivind / GORNITZKA, Åse / MAASSEN, Peter / STØLEN, Svein, ‘A Step Backwards in the Fight Against Global Vaccine Inequities’, The Lancet, Vol. 397, 2 January 2021.
  • BM ESKHK, “Genel Yorum No. 14, Madde 12: Ulaşılabilecek En Yüksek Sağlık Standardına Sahip Olma Hakkı”, Birleşmiş Milletler’de İnsan Hakları Yorumları, Lema Uyar (der.), İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2000.
  • BOLLYKY, Thomas J. / BOWN, Chad P., ‘The Tragedy of Vaccine Nationalism: Only Cooperation Can End the Pandemic’, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 99, No. 5, September/ October 2020.
  • BONADIO, Enrico / BALDINI, Andrea, ‘COVID-19, Patents and the Never-Ending Tension between Proprietary Rights and the Protection of Public Health’, European Journal of Risk Regulation, 11(2020).
  • DEVA, Surya / BILCHITZ, David (der.), Human Rights Obligations of Business, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2013.
  • DEVA, Surya, Regulating Corporate Human Rights Violations: Humanizing Business, Routledge, New York, 2012. HRW, Universal and Equitable Access to Covid-19 Vaccines, Testing, Treatments: Companies’ Human Rights Responsibilities, 11 February 2021, https://www.hrw. org/news/2021/02/11/universal-and-equitable-access-covid-19-vaccines-testingtreatments-companies-human#_ftn16 (erişim tarihi 15.2.2021).
  • HUNT, Paul, ‘Human Rights Guidelines for Pharmaceutical Companies in Relation to Access to Medicines’, The Right to Health, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health, UN Doc. A/63/263, 11 August 2008.
  • IHRB (Institute for Human Rights and Business), Respecting Human Rights in the Time of the Covid-19 Pandemic: Examining Companies’ Responsibilities for Workers and Affected Communities, April 2020, https://www.ihrb.org/uploads/reports/Respecting_ Human_Rights_in_the_Time_of_the_COVID-19_Pandemic_alternate_-_IHRB.pdf (erişim tarihi 13.2.2021).
  • LEE, Joo-Young / HUNT, Paul, ‘Human Rights Responsibilities of Pharmaceutical Companies in Relation to Access to Medicines’, Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, Summer 2012.
  • MCCORQUODALE, Robert / SMIT, Lise / NEELY, Stuart / BROOKS, Robin, ‘Human Rights Due Diligence in Law and Practice: Good Practices and Challenges for Business Enterprises’, Business and Human Rights Journal, Vol. 2, 2017.
  • NOLAN, Justine, “The Relationship of Human Rights to Business”, Dorothee BaumannPauly/Justine Nolan (der.), Business and Human Rights: From Principles to Practice, Routledge, London, New York, 2016.
  • OECD, OECD Due Diligence Guidance for Responsible Business Conduct, 2018, https:// mneguidelines.oecd.org/OECD-Due-Diligence-Guidance-for-Responsible-BusinessConduct.pdf (erişim tarihi 12.12.2020).
  • OECD, OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises 2011 Edition, http://www.oecd. org/daf/inv/mne/48004323.pdf (erişim tarihi 12.12.2020).
  • ÖZYÜREK, Mehmet, ‘Çok Uluslu Şirketler, İnsan Hakları ve Birleşmiş Milletler’in Değişen Stratejisi’, Legal Hukuk Dergisi, Sayı: 195, 2019.
  • PHELAN, Alexandra L. / ECCLESTON-TURNER, Mark / ROURKE, Michelle / MALECHA, Allan / WANG, Chenguang, ‘Legal agreements: barriers and enablers to global equitable Covid-19 vaccine access’, The Lancet, Vol. 396, 19 September, 2020.
  • RAUFFLET, Emmanuel / BABA, Sofiane / PERRAS, Claude / DELANNON, Nolywe, “Social License”, Encyclopedia of Corporate Social Responsibility, Idowu S.O., Capaldi N., Zu L., Gupta A.D. (eds), Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2013.
  • RODRIGUES-GARAVITO, Cesar (der.), Business and Human Rights: Beyond the End of the Beginning, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2017.
  • RUGGIE, John G., Just Business: Multinational Corporations and Human Rights, W.W. Norton & Company, 2013.
  • SEKALALA, Sharifah / FORMAN, Lisa / HABIBI, Roojin / MEIER, Benjamin Mason, ‘Health and Human Rights Are Inextricable Linked in the COVID-19 Response’, BMJ Global Health, Vol. 2020(5).
  • SÖĞÜT, İpek Sevda / AKBULUT, Olgun, ‘Covid-19 Aşısı ve Hukuk’, Tıp Hukuku Dergisi, Sayı: 19, 2021. The People’s Vaccine, https://peoplesvaccine.org/ (erişim tarihi 10.2.2021).
  • UN, Never waste a crisis: Companies invest to ‘recover better’ from COVID-19, 24 June 2020, https://www.un.org/en/coronavirus/never-waste-crisis-corporations-invest-% E2%80%98recover-better%E2%80%99-covid-19 (erişim tarihi 13.2.2021).
  • UN, WHO chief warns against ‘catastrophic moral failure’ in Covid-19 vaccine access, 18 January 2021, https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/01/1082362 (erişim tarihi 1.2.2021).
  • UNCESCR, General Comment No. 17: The Right of Everyone to Benefit from the Protection of the Moral and Material Interests Resulting from any Scientific, Literary or Artistic Production of Which He or She is the Author (Art. 15, Para. 1 (c) of the Covenant), 12 January 2006.
  • UNCESCR, General Comment No. 24 (2017) “on State obligations under the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in the context of business activities”, 10 August 2017.
  • UNCESCR, General Comment No. 25 (2020) on science and economic, social and cultural rights (article 15 (1) (b), (2), (3) and (4) of the Covenant), 30 April 2020.
  • UNCESCR, Statement on Universal and Equitable Access to Vaccines for Covid-19, E/C.12/2020/2, 27 November 2020.
  • UNESCO, UNESCO Etik Komisyonlarının Küresel Aşı Eşitliği ve Dayanışmaya İlişkin Çağrısı: UNESCO Uluslararası Biyoetik Komitesi (IBC) ve UNESCO Bilimsel Bilgi ve Teknoloji Etiği Dünya Komisyonu (COMEST) Ortak Açıklaması, 24 Ocak 2021, https://www.unesco.org.tr/Home/AnnouncementDetail/4709 (erişim tarihi 1.3.2021).
  • UNGA, Cultural Rights, Report of the Special Rapporteur in the field of cultural rights, A/70/279, 4 August 2015.
  • UNODC, Covid-19 Vaccines and Corruption Risks: Preventing Corruption in the Manufacture, Allocation and Distribution of Vaccines, 8 January 2021, https://www.unodc. org/documents/Advocacy-Section/20-07643_Vaccines_CorruptionA4_approv2.pdf (erişim tarihi 3.2.2021).
  • UNOHCHR, Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights: Implementing the Uni ted Nations “Protect, Respect and Remedy” Framework (UNGP), 2011.
  • UNOHCHR, Human Rights and Access to Covid-19 Vaccines, 17 December 2020.
  • UNOHCHR, OHCHR and Business and Human Rights, https://www.ohchr.org/en/issues/business/pages/businessindex.aspx (erişim tarihi 3.3.2021).
  • UNOHCHR, Statement by the UN Human Rights Experts Universal Access to Vaccine is Essential for Prevention and Containment of COVID-19 Around the World, 9 November 2020, https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews. aspx?NewsID=26484&LangID=E (erişim tarihi 1.2.2021).
  • UNSG, Statement on Corruption in the Context of Covid-19, 15 October 2020, https://www. un.org/sg/en/content/sg/statement/2020-10-15/secretary-generals-statement-corruptionthe-context-of-covid-19-scroll-down-for-french-version (erişim tarihi 9.2.2021).
  • Venice Statement on the Right to Enjoy Benefits of Scientific Progress and its Applications, July 2009, https://www.aaas.org/sites/default/files/VeniceStatement_July2009. pdf (erişim tarihi 23.4.2021).
  • WHO, Constitution, https://www.who.int/governance/eb/who_constitution_en.pdf (erişim tarihi 29.1.2021).
  • WHO, COVAX: Working for Global Equitable Access to Covid-19 Vaccines, https:// www.who.int/initiatives/act-accelerator/covax (erişim tarihi 2.1.2021).
  • WTO, Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health, 14 November 2001, https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/minist_e/min01_e/mindecl_trips_e.htm (erişim tarihi 1.3.2021).
  • WTO, Waiver from Certain Provisions of the Trips Agreement for the Prevention, Containment and Treatment of Covid-19, IP/C/W/669, 2 October 2020, https://docs.wto. org/dol2fe/Pages/SS/directdoc.aspx?filename=q:/IP/C/W669.pdf&Open=True (erişim tarihi 1.2.2021).
  • YILDIRIM, Engin, ‘Birleşmiş Milletler İş Hayatı ve İnsan Hakları Rehber İlkelerinin Eleştirel Bir Değerlendirmesi’, Sosyal İnsan Hakları Ulusal Sempozyumu VI: Bildiriler Kitabı, No. 119, İstanbul 2014.
  • YILDIRIM, Engin, ‘Lanetlenecek Bir Ruh, Tekmelenecek Bir Beden: Şirketlerin ‘İnsan’ Hakları Olabilir mi?’, YBHD, Cilt: 2, Sayı: 2, 2017.
  • YÜCEL-DERİCİLER, Özge, ‘Şirketlerin İnsan Haklarına İlişki Yükümlülüklerinin Niteliği ve Temellendirilmesi Sorunu: Saygı Gösterme Sorumluluğu Ne Yükler?’, Antalya Bilim Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt: 6, Sayı: 11, 2018.
  • YÜCEL-DERİCİLER, Özge, “Küresel Covid-19 Salgını Koşullarında Sağlık Hakkı”, Betül Çotuksöken/Gülriz Uygur/Harun Tepe (der.), Etik, Hukuk ve İnsan Hakları, Türkiye Felsefe Kurumu Yayınları, Ankara, 2021.

Yıl 2021, Sayı: 1, 15 - 40, 30.06.2021

Özge Yücel Dericiler

Öz

Kaynakça

  • AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL, Campaigners warn that 9 out of 10 people in poor countries are set to miss out on Covid-19 vaccine next year, 9 December 2020, https:// www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2020/12/campaigners-warn-that-9-out-of-10- people-in-poor-countries-are-set-to-miss-out-on-covid-19-vaccine-next-year/ (erişim tarihi 10.2.2021). ARYEETEY, Ernest / ENGEBRETSEN, Eivind / GORNITZKA, Åse / MAASSEN, Peter / STØLEN, Svein, ‘A Step Backwards in the Fight Against Global Vaccine Inequities’, The Lancet, Vol. 397, 2 January 2021.
  • BM ESKHK, “Genel Yorum No. 14, Madde 12: Ulaşılabilecek En Yüksek Sağlık Standardına Sahip Olma Hakkı”, Birleşmiş Milletler’de İnsan Hakları Yorumları, Lema Uyar (der.), İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2000.
  • BOLLYKY, Thomas J. / BOWN, Chad P., ‘The Tragedy of Vaccine Nationalism: Only Cooperation Can End the Pandemic’, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 99, No. 5, September/ October 2020.
  • BONADIO, Enrico / BALDINI, Andrea, ‘COVID-19, Patents and the Never-Ending Tension between Proprietary Rights and the Protection of Public Health’, European Journal of Risk Regulation, 11(2020).
  • DEVA, Surya / BILCHITZ, David (der.), Human Rights Obligations of Business, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2013.
  • DEVA, Surya, Regulating Corporate Human Rights Violations: Humanizing Business, Routledge, New York, 2012. HRW, Universal and Equitable Access to Covid-19 Vaccines, Testing, Treatments: Companies’ Human Rights Responsibilities, 11 February 2021, https://www.hrw. org/news/2021/02/11/universal-and-equitable-access-covid-19-vaccines-testingtreatments-companies-human#_ftn16 (erişim tarihi 15.2.2021).
  • HUNT, Paul, ‘Human Rights Guidelines for Pharmaceutical Companies in Relation to Access to Medicines’, The Right to Health, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health, UN Doc. A/63/263, 11 August 2008.
  • IHRB (Institute for Human Rights and Business), Respecting Human Rights in the Time of the Covid-19 Pandemic: Examining Companies’ Responsibilities for Workers and Affected Communities, April 2020, https://www.ihrb.org/uploads/reports/Respecting_ Human_Rights_in_the_Time_of_the_COVID-19_Pandemic_alternate_-_IHRB.pdf (erişim tarihi 13.2.2021).
  • LEE, Joo-Young / HUNT, Paul, ‘Human Rights Responsibilities of Pharmaceutical Companies in Relation to Access to Medicines’, Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, Summer 2012.
  • MCCORQUODALE, Robert / SMIT, Lise / NEELY, Stuart / BROOKS, Robin, ‘Human Rights Due Diligence in Law and Practice: Good Practices and Challenges for Business Enterprises’, Business and Human Rights Journal, Vol. 2, 2017.
  • NOLAN, Justine, “The Relationship of Human Rights to Business”, Dorothee BaumannPauly/Justine Nolan (der.), Business and Human Rights: From Principles to Practice, Routledge, London, New York, 2016.
  • OECD, OECD Due Diligence Guidance for Responsible Business Conduct, 2018, https:// mneguidelines.oecd.org/OECD-Due-Diligence-Guidance-for-Responsible-BusinessConduct.pdf (erişim tarihi 12.12.2020).
  • OECD, OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises 2011 Edition, http://www.oecd. org/daf/inv/mne/48004323.pdf (erişim tarihi 12.12.2020).
  • ÖZYÜREK, Mehmet, ‘Çok Uluslu Şirketler, İnsan Hakları ve Birleşmiş Milletler’in Değişen Stratejisi’, Legal Hukuk Dergisi, Sayı: 195, 2019.
  • PHELAN, Alexandra L. / ECCLESTON-TURNER, Mark / ROURKE, Michelle / MALECHA, Allan / WANG, Chenguang, ‘Legal agreements: barriers and enablers to global equitable Covid-19 vaccine access’, The Lancet, Vol. 396, 19 September, 2020.
  • RAUFFLET, Emmanuel / BABA, Sofiane / PERRAS, Claude / DELANNON, Nolywe, “Social License”, Encyclopedia of Corporate Social Responsibility, Idowu S.O., Capaldi N., Zu L., Gupta A.D. (eds), Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2013.
  • RODRIGUES-GARAVITO, Cesar (der.), Business and Human Rights: Beyond the End of the Beginning, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2017.
  • RUGGIE, John G., Just Business: Multinational Corporations and Human Rights, W.W. Norton & Company, 2013.
  • SEKALALA, Sharifah / FORMAN, Lisa / HABIBI, Roojin / MEIER, Benjamin Mason, ‘Health and Human Rights Are Inextricable Linked in the COVID-19 Response’, BMJ Global Health, Vol. 2020(5).
  • SÖĞÜT, İpek Sevda / AKBULUT, Olgun, ‘Covid-19 Aşısı ve Hukuk’, Tıp Hukuku Dergisi, Sayı: 19, 2021. The People’s Vaccine, https://peoplesvaccine.org/ (erişim tarihi 10.2.2021).
  • UN, Never waste a crisis: Companies invest to ‘recover better’ from COVID-19, 24 June 2020, https://www.un.org/en/coronavirus/never-waste-crisis-corporations-invest-% E2%80%98recover-better%E2%80%99-covid-19 (erişim tarihi 13.2.2021).
  • UN, WHO chief warns against ‘catastrophic moral failure’ in Covid-19 vaccine access, 18 January 2021, https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/01/1082362 (erişim tarihi 1.2.2021).
  • UNCESCR, General Comment No. 17: The Right of Everyone to Benefit from the Protection of the Moral and Material Interests Resulting from any Scientific, Literary or Artistic Production of Which He or She is the Author (Art. 15, Para. 1 (c) of the Covenant), 12 January 2006.
  • UNCESCR, General Comment No. 24 (2017) “on State obligations under the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in the context of business activities”, 10 August 2017.
  • UNCESCR, General Comment No. 25 (2020) on science and economic, social and cultural rights (article 15 (1) (b), (2), (3) and (4) of the Covenant), 30 April 2020.
  • UNCESCR, Statement on Universal and Equitable Access to Vaccines for Covid-19, E/C.12/2020/2, 27 November 2020.
  • UNESCO, UNESCO Etik Komisyonlarının Küresel Aşı Eşitliği ve Dayanışmaya İlişkin Çağrısı: UNESCO Uluslararası Biyoetik Komitesi (IBC) ve UNESCO Bilimsel Bilgi ve Teknoloji Etiği Dünya Komisyonu (COMEST) Ortak Açıklaması, 24 Ocak 2021, https://www.unesco.org.tr/Home/AnnouncementDetail/4709 (erişim tarihi 1.3.2021).
  • UNGA, Cultural Rights, Report of the Special Rapporteur in the field of cultural rights, A/70/279, 4 August 2015.
  • UNODC, Covid-19 Vaccines and Corruption Risks: Preventing Corruption in the Manufacture, Allocation and Distribution of Vaccines, 8 January 2021, https://www.unodc. org/documents/Advocacy-Section/20-07643_Vaccines_CorruptionA4_approv2.pdf (erişim tarihi 3.2.2021).
  • UNOHCHR, Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights: Implementing the Uni ted Nations “Protect, Respect and Remedy” Framework (UNGP), 2011.
  • UNOHCHR, Human Rights and Access to Covid-19 Vaccines, 17 December 2020.
  • UNOHCHR, OHCHR and Business and Human Rights, https://www.ohchr.org/en/issues/business/pages/businessindex.aspx (erişim tarihi 3.3.2021).
  • UNOHCHR, Statement by the UN Human Rights Experts Universal Access to Vaccine is Essential for Prevention and Containment of COVID-19 Around the World, 9 November 2020, https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews. aspx?NewsID=26484&LangID=E (erişim tarihi 1.2.2021).
  • UNSG, Statement on Corruption in the Context of Covid-19, 15 October 2020, https://www. un.org/sg/en/content/sg/statement/2020-10-15/secretary-generals-statement-corruptionthe-context-of-covid-19-scroll-down-for-french-version (erişim tarihi 9.2.2021).
  • Venice Statement on the Right to Enjoy Benefits of Scientific Progress and its Applications, July 2009, https://www.aaas.org/sites/default/files/VeniceStatement_July2009. pdf (erişim tarihi 23.4.2021).
  • WHO, Constitution, https://www.who.int/governance/eb/who_constitution_en.pdf (erişim tarihi 29.1.2021).
  • WHO, COVAX: Working for Global Equitable Access to Covid-19 Vaccines, https:// www.who.int/initiatives/act-accelerator/covax (erişim tarihi 2.1.2021).
  • WTO, Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health, 14 November 2001, https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/minist_e/min01_e/mindecl_trips_e.htm (erişim tarihi 1.3.2021).
  • WTO, Waiver from Certain Provisions of the Trips Agreement for the Prevention, Containment and Treatment of Covid-19, IP/C/W/669, 2 October 2020, https://docs.wto. org/dol2fe/Pages/SS/directdoc.aspx?filename=q:/IP/C/W669.pdf&Open=True (erişim tarihi 1.2.2021).
  • YILDIRIM, Engin, ‘Birleşmiş Milletler İş Hayatı ve İnsan Hakları Rehber İlkelerinin Eleştirel Bir Değerlendirmesi’, Sosyal İnsan Hakları Ulusal Sempozyumu VI: Bildiriler Kitabı, No. 119, İstanbul 2014.
  • YILDIRIM, Engin, ‘Lanetlenecek Bir Ruh, Tekmelenecek Bir Beden: Şirketlerin ‘İnsan’ Hakları Olabilir mi?’, YBHD, Cilt: 2, Sayı: 2, 2017.
  • YÜCEL-DERİCİLER, Özge, ‘Şirketlerin İnsan Haklarına İlişki Yükümlülüklerinin Niteliği ve Temellendirilmesi Sorunu: Saygı Gösterme Sorumluluğu Ne Yükler?’, Antalya Bilim Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt: 6, Sayı: 11, 2018.
  • YÜCEL-DERİCİLER, Özge, “Küresel Covid-19 Salgını Koşullarında Sağlık Hakkı”, Betül Çotuksöken/Gülriz Uygur/Harun Tepe (der.), Etik, Hukuk ve İnsan Hakları, Türkiye Felsefe Kurumu Yayınları, Ankara, 2021.
Toplam 43 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Hukuk
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Özge Yücel Dericiler 0000-0002-7368-8067

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Yücel Dericiler, Özge. “Covid-19 Aşısı, İlaç Şirketleri Ve İnsan Haklarına İlişkin Sorumlulukları”. Maltepe Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, sy. 1 (Haziran 2021): 15-40.