A review study on the using of diethyl ether in diesel engines: effects on smoke and PM emissions

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 74 - 88, 25.12.2019

İsmet Sezer

Öz

This study was
compiled from the results of various researches performed on using diethyl
ether as a fuel or fuel additive in diesel engines. Three different techniques
are used the reduction of the harmful exhaust emissions of diesel engines. The
first technique for the reduction of harmful emissions is improved the
combustion by modification of engine design and fuel injection system, but this
process is expensive and time consuming. The second technique is the using various
exhaust gas devices like catalytic converter and diesel particulate filter.
However, the use of these devices affects negatively diesel engine performance.
The final technique to reduce emissions and also improve diesel engine
performance is the use of various alternative fuels or fuel additives. The
major pollutants of diesel engines are oxide of nitrogen (NOx) and smoke or
particulate matter (PM). It is very difficult to reduce NOx and PM
simultaneously in practice. The most researches declare that the best way to
reduce is the use of various alternative fuels i.e. natural gas, biogas,
biodiesel or using the additives with alternative fuels or conventional diesel
fuel. Therefore, it is very important that the results of various studies on
alternative fuels or fuel additives are evaluated together to practice
applications. Especially, this study focus on the use diethyl ether in diesel
engines as fuel or fuel additive in various diesel engine fuels. This review
study investigates the effects of diethyl ether addition on the smoke and PM
emissions.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Diesel engine performance, Diethyl ether

Kaynakça

• Manikandan R., Sethuraman N., “Experimental investigation of nano additive ceric oxide (CeO2)-ethanol blend on single cylinder four stroke diesel engine”, International Journal of Recent Development in Engineering and Technology, 3(2), (2014), 24-28.
• Londhekar A. G., Kongre S. C., “Effects of different additives on performance and emission of biodiesel fuelled compression ignition engine”, International Journal of Science and Research, 6(2), (2017), 1947-1952.
• Hagos F. Y., Ali O. M., Mamat R., Abdullah A. A., “Effect of emulsification and blending on the oxygenation and substitution of diesel fuel for compression ignition engine”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 75, (2017), 1281-1294.
• Patil R. N., Marlapalle B. G., “Karanja (pongamia pinnata) biodiesel as an alternative fuel for DICI engine: A review”, International Journal of Research in Aeronautical and Mechanical Engineering, 4(1), (2016), 96-101.
• Geng P., Cao E., Tan Q., Wei L., “Effects of alternative fuels on the combustion characteristics and emission products from diesel engines: A review”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 71, (2017), 523-534.
• Kumar B. R., Saravanan S., “Use of higher alcohol biofuels in diesel engines: A review”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 60, (2016), 84-115.
• Patil A. R., Taji S. G., “Effect of oxygenated fuel additive on diesel engine performance and emission: a review”, Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, X, (2013), 30-35.
• Senthilkumar R., Ramadoss K., Manimaran R., Prabu M., “Emission, combustion, performance and characteristics of a CI engine using MTBE blended diesel fuel”, in International Conference on Advances in Engineering, Science and Management (lCAESM), March 30-31, 2012, pp. 360-364.
• Saravanakumar L, Bapu B. R. R., Prasad B. D., “Performance and emission characteristics of a CI engine operating on methyl esters blended diesel with di-methyl carbonate additives”, International Energy Journal, 14, (2014), 121-132.
• Jawre S. S., Bhagat A., Moghe S. M., Pakhale V. A., “Diethyl ether as additive and its effect on diesel engine performance-a review”, Global Research and Development Journal for Engineering, 1(5), (2016), 27-31.
• Chauhan B. S., Singh R. K., Cho H. M., Lim H. C., “Practice of diesel fuel blends using alternative fuels: A review”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 59, (2016), 1358-1368.
• Valipour A., “A review on effect of fuel additives on combustion, performance and emission characteristics of diesel and biodiesel fuelled engine”, International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management, 3(1), (2014), 366-273.
• Krishnamoorthi M., Malayalamurthi R., “A review on effect of diethyl ether additive on combustion, performance and emission characteristics of a diesel and biodiesel/vegetable oil fuelled engine”, Advances in Natural and Applied Sciences, 10(7), (2016), 9-17.
• Bailey B., Eberhardt J., Goguen S., Erwin J., “Diethyl ether (DEE) as a renewable diesel fuel”, Society of Automotive Engineering, Paper no: 972978, (1997).
• Sezer I., “Thermodynamic, performance and emission investigation of a diesel engine running on dimethyl ether and diethyl ether,” International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 50, (2011), 1594-1603.
• Mohan B., Yang W., Yu W., Tay K. L., “Numerical analysis of spray characteristics of dimethyl ether and diethyl ether fuel”, Applied Energy, 185, (2017), 1403-1410.
• Rakopoulos D. C., Rakopoulos C. D., Giakoumis E. G., Dimaratos A. M., “Characteristics of performance and emissions in high-speed direct injection diesel engine fueled with diethyl ether/diesel fuel blends”, Energy, 43, (2012), 214-224.
• Rakopoulos D. C., Rakopoulos C. D., Giakoumis E. G., Dimaratos A. M., “Studying combustion and cyclic irregularity of diethyl ether as supplement fuel in diesel engine”, Fuel, 109, (2013), 325-335.
• Patil K. R., Thipse S. S., “The effect of injection timing on the performance and emission of direct injection CI engine running on diethyl ether-diesel blends”, International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering, 13(3), (2016), 3773-3787.
• Rathod P. H., Darunde D. S., “Experimental investigation and performance analysis of diethyl ether (DEE) and tert-amyl ethyl ether (TAEE) blend with diesel in C.I.D.I. engine: a review”, International Journal of Research In Science & Engineering, 2(1), (2015), 137-142.
• Karthik A. V., Kumar S. P., “ Experimental study of 4-stroke diesel engine blending with alternate fuel diethyl ether (DEE) and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) system”, International Journal of Engineering Science and Computing, 6, (2016), 7054-7058.
• Banapurmath N. R., Khandal S. V., Ranganatha S. L., Chandrashekar T. K., “Alcohol (ethanol and diethyl ethyl ether)-diesel blended fuels for diesel engine applications-a feasible solution”, Advances in Automobile Engineering, 4(1), (2015), 1-8.
• Lee S., Kim T. Y., “Performance and emission characteristics of a DI diesel engine operated with diesel/DEE blended fuel”, Applied Thermal Engineering, 121, (2017), 454-461.
• Saravanan D., Vijayakumar T., Thamaraikannan M., “Experimental analysis of combustion and emissions characteristics of CI engine powered with diethyl ether blended diesel as fuel”, Research Journal of Engineering Sciences, 1(4), (2012), 41-47.
• Ibrahim A., “Investigating the effect of using diethyl ether as a fuel additive on diesel engine performance and combustion”, Applied Thermal Engineering, 107, (2016), 853-862.
• Likhitha S. S. S., Prasad B. D., Kumar R. V., “Investigation on the effect of diethyl ether additive on the performance of variable compression ratio diesel engine”, International Journal of Engineering Research, 3(1), (2014), 11-15.
• Kumar R. S., Nagaprasad K. S., “Investigation on diesel engine performance by injecting di-ethyl ether as an additive with exhaust gas recirculation using diesel particulate filter”, International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, 3(8), (2014), 15192-15200.
• Balamurugan T., Nalini R., “Comparative study on performance and emission in four stroke diesel engine using different blended fuel”, International Journal of Current Research and Development, 4(1), (2016), 58-64.
• Madhu S., Chaitanya A. V. K., Bridjesh P., “Effects of diethyl ether on performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine using toroidal profile bowl piston by varying injection pressure”, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 8(6), (2017), 96-106.
• Danesha D., Manjunath H., “Production and characterization of biodiesel from Simarouba Glauca seed oil with diethyl ether as an additive and its performance and emission evaluation on single cylinder, four stroke C.I engine”, International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology, 5(13), (2016), 64-68.
• Prasadarao B. V. V., Haribabu N., Ramana M. V., “The role of oxygenated fuel additive (DEE) along with palm methyl ester and diesel to estimate performance and emission analysis of DI-diesel engine”, International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology, 3(1), (2014), 1-9.
• Cinar C., Can Ö., Sahin F., Yucesu H. S., “Effects of premixed diethyl ether (DEE) on combustion and exhaust emissions in a HCCI-DI diesel engine”, Applied Thermal Engineering, 30, (2010), 360-365.
• Iranmanesh M., “Experimental investigations about the effect of new combination of biofuels on simultaneous reduction of NOx and smoke emissions in DI-diesel engine”, International Journal of Automotive Engineering, 3(2), (2013), 379-392.
• Sudhakar S., Sivaprakasam S., “Experimental investigation on combustion characteristics in DI diesel engine using diethyl ether fumigation with ethanol blended diesel”, International Journal of Renewable Energy Research, 4(4), (2014), 872-878.
• Sudhakar S., Sivaprakasam S., “Effects of diethyl ether fumigation in DI diesel engine using bio ethanol blended diesel”, International Journal of Innovation and Scientific Research, 11(1), (2014), 65-71.
• Sudhakar S., Sivaprakasam S., “The effect of exhaust gas recirculation on diethyl ether fumigation in DI diesel engine with ethanol blended diesel”, International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology, 3(10), (2014), 538-548.
• Paul A., Bose P. K., Panua R. S., Debroy D., “Study of performance and emission characteristics of a single cylinder CI engine using diethyl ether and ethanol blends”, Journal of the Energy Institute, 88, (2015), 1-10.
• Paul A., Panua R. S., Debroy D., Bose P. K., “Effect of diethyl ether and ethanol on performance, combustion, and emission of single cylinder compression ignition engine”, International Journal of Ambient Energy, 38(1), (2017), 2-13.
• Lukhman M. M., Sadees P., Pradeep V., Murali M., “Experimental investigation on diethyl ether as an ignition improver in diesel- ethanol emulsified fuel for C.I. engine”, in International Conference on Systems, Science, Control, Communication, Engineering and Technology, 2016, pp. 554-560.
• Kumar M. M., Reddy S. S. K., “Performance characteristics of single cylinder DI diesel engine by using di-ethyl ether as an additive with diesel ethanol blend”, International Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology Research, 4(9), (2015), 3272-3275.
• Patnaik P. P., Jena S. P., Acharya S. K., Das H. C., “Effect of FeCl3 and diethyl ether as additives on compression ignition engine emissions”, Sustainable Environment Research, 27, (2017), 154-161.
• Patil K. R., Thipse S. S., “Experimental investigation of CI engine combustion, performance and emissions in DEE-kerosene-diesel blends of high DEE concentration”, Energy Conversion and Management, 89, (2015), 396-408.
• Mahla S. K., Kumar S., Shergill H., Kumar A., “Study the performance characteristics of acetylene gas in dual fuel engine with diethyl ether blends”, International Journal on Emerging Technologies, 3(1), (2012), 80-83.
• Sudheesh K., Mallikarjuna J. M., “Diethyl ether as an ignition improver for biogas homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) operation-an experimental investigation”, Energy, 35, (2010), 3614-3622.
• Jothi N. K. M., Nagarajan G., Renganarayanan S., “Experimental studies on homogeneous charge CI engine fueled with LPG using DEE as an ignition enhancer”, Renewable Energy, 32, (2007), 1581-1593.
• Karabektas M., Ergen G., Hosoz M., “The effects of using diethylether as additive on the performance and emissions of a diesel engine fuelled with CNG”, Fuel, 115, (2014), 855-860.
• Polat S., “An experimental study on combustion, engine performance and exhaust emissions in a HCCI engine fuelled with diethyl ether-ethanol fuel blends”, Fuel Processing Technology, 143, (2016), 140-150.
• Mack J. H., Buchholz B. A., Flowers D. L., Dibble R. W., “The effect of the di-tertiary butyl peroxide (DTBP) additive on HCCI combustion of fuel blends of ethanol and diethyl ether”, Society of Automotive Engineering, Paper no: 2005-01-2135, (2015).
• Pranesh G., Samuel P. M., Thankachan B., Manimaran M., Silambarasan R., “Performance and emission characteristics of blending diethyl ether in cotton seed oil methyl ester using a direct injection diesel engine”, International Journal on Applications in Mechanical and Production Engineering, 1(6), (2015), 14-16.
• Rakopoulos D. C., “Combustion and emissions of cottonseed oil and its bio-diesel in blends with either n-butanol or diethyl ether in HSDI diesel engine”, Fuel, 105, (2013), 603-613.
• Rakopoulos D. C., Rakopoulos C. D., Kyritsis D. C., “Butanol or DEE blends with either straight vegetable oil or biodiesel excluding fossil fuel: Comparative effects on diesel engine combustion attributes, cyclic variability and regulated emissions trade-off”, Energy, 115, (2016), 314-325.
• Rakopoulos D. C., Rakopoulos C. D., Giakoumis E. G., Papagiannakis R. G., Kyritsis D. C., “Influence of properties of various common bio-fuels on the combustion and emission characteristics of high-speed DI (direct injection) diesel engine: Vegetable oil, bio-diesel, ethanol, n-butanol, diethyl ether”, Energy, 73, (2014), 354-366.
• Krishna R., Bandewar A. G., Dongare V. K., “Experimental investigations of blending diethyl ether in karanja vegetable oil using a multi-cylinder diesel engine”, International Journal of Research and Innovative Technology, 1(5), (2014), 70-73.
• Singh I., Sahni V., “Performance analysis of the compression ignition engine using karanja biodiesel with additive diethyl ether”, in Int'l Conference on Aeronautical, Automotive and Manufacturing Engineering, 2015, pp. 9-12.
• Jawre S. S., Lawankar S. M., “Performance analysis of Kusum methyl ester as alternative bio-fuel in diesel engine with diethyl ether as additive”, International Journal of Innovative Research & Development, 3(5), (2014), 139-144.
• Jawre S. S., Lawankar S. M., “Experimental analysis of performance of diesel engine using kusum methyl ester with diethyl ether as additive”, International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications, 4(5), (2014), 106-111.
• Rao K. P., Reddi V. L., “Performance evaluation of diesel engine with biodiesel along with additive for replacing diesel fuel”, International Journal of Chemical Science, 14(4), (2016), 2379-2388.
• Babu P. R., Rao K. P., Rao B. V. A., “The role of oxygenated fuel additive (DEE) along with mahuva methyl ester to estimate performance and emission analysis of DI-diesel engine”, International Journal of Thermal Technologies, 2(1), (2012), 119-123.
• Sivalakshmi S., Balusamy T., “Effect of biodiesel and its blends with diethyl ether on the combustion, performance and emissions from a diesel engine”, Fuel, 106, (2013), 106-110.
• Ali O. M., Mamat R., Faizal C. K. M., “Effects of diethyl ether additives on palm biodiesel fuel characteristics and low temperature flow properties”, International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology, 52, (2013), 111-120.
• Ali O. M., Yusaf T., Mamat R., Abdullah N. R., Abdullah A. A., “Influence of chemical blends on palm oil methyl esters’ cold flow properties and fuel characteristics”, Energies, 7, (2014), 4364-4380.
• Kumar J. S., Prasad S. V. M., “Experimental study on performance characteristics of C.I. engine fueled with biodiesel and its blends diethyl ether”, International Journal & Magazine of Engineering, Technology, Management and Research, 1(8), (2014), 36-40.
• Satyanarayanamurthy YVV. Experimental investigations of real time secondary co-injection of water-diethyl ether solution in DI-diesel engine fuelled with palm kernel methyl ester. Journal of Engineering Science and Technology 2012; 7 (6): 711-721.
• Rajan K., Prabhahar M., Senthilkumar K. R., “Experimental studies on the performance, emission and combustion characteristics of a biodiesel-fuelled (pongamia methyl ester) diesel engine with diethyl ether as an oxygenated fuel additive”, International Journal of Ambient Energy, 37(5), (2016), 439-445.
• Geo V. E., Nagarajan G., Nagalingam B., “Studies on improving the performance of rubber seed oil fuel for diesel engine with DEE port injection”, Fuel, 89, (2010), 3559-3567.
• Hariharan S., Murugan S., Nagarajan G., “Effect of diethyl ether on tyre pyrolysis oil fueled diesel engine”, Fuel, 104, (2013), 109-115.
• Devaraj J., Robinson Y., Ganapathi P., “Experimental investigation of performance, emission and combustion characteristics of waste plastic pyrolysis oil blended with diethyl ether used as fuel for diesel engine”, Energy, 85, (2015), 304-309.
• Kaimal V. K., Vijayabalan P., “An investigation on the effects of using DEE additive in a DI diesel engine fuelled with waste plastic oil”, Fuel, 180, (2016), 90-96.
• Barik D., Murugan S., “Effects of diethyl ether (DEE) injection on combustion performance and emission characteristics of Karanja methyl ester (KME)–biogas fueled dual fuel diesel engine”, Fuel, 164, (2016), 286-296.
• Sachuthananthan B., Jeyachandran K., “Combustion, performance and emission characteristics of water-biodiesel emulsion as fuel with DEE as ignition improver in a DI diesel engine”, Journal of Environmental Research and Development, 2(2), (2007), 164-172.
• Krishnamoorthi M., Malayalamurthi R., “Experimental investigation on performance, emission behavior and exergy analysis of a variable compression ratio engine fueled with diesel-aegle marmelos oil-diethyl ether blends”, Energy, 128, (2017), 312-328.
• Roy M. M., Calder J., Wang W., Mangad A., Diniz F. C. M., “Cold start idle emissions from a modern Tier-4 turbo-charged diesel engine fueled with diesel-biodiesel, diesel-biodiesel-ethanol, and diesel-biodiesel-diethyl ether blends”, Applied Energy, 180, (2016), 52-65.
• Kumar A., Rajan K., Naraynan M. R., Kumar K. R. S., “Performance and emission characteristics of a DI diesel engine fuelled with Cashew Nut Shell Oil (CNSO)-diesel blends with Diethyl ether as additive”, Applied Mechanics and Materials, 787, (2015), 746-750.
• Kumar A., Rajan K., Kumar K. R. S., Maiyappan K., Rasheed U. T., “Green fuel utilization for diesel engine, combustion and emission analysis fuelled with CNSO diesel blends with diethyl ether as additive”, Materials Science and Engineering, 197, (2017), 1-10.
• Ganesha T., Chethan K. S., “An experimental investigation of the performance and emission of diesel engine fueled with cashew shell oil methyl ester (CSOME) and it’s blend with diethyl ether and conventional diesel”, Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research, 2(9), (2016), 922-929.
• Srihari S., Thirumalini S., Prashanth K., “An experimental study on the performance and emission characteristics of PCCI-DI engine fuelled with diethyl ether-biodiesel-diesel blends”, Renewable Energy, 107, (2017), 440-447.
• Karthick D., Dwarakesh R., Premnath., “Combustion and emission characteristics of jatropha blend as a biodiesel for compression ignition engine with variation of compression ratio”, International Review of Applied Engineering Research, 4(1), (2014), 39-46.
• Satya V. P. U., Murthy K. M., Rao G. A. P., “Effective utilization of B20 blend with oxygenated additives”, Thermal Science, 15(4), (2011), 1175-1184.
• Abraham B. C., Thomas A. J., “Performance evaluation of biodiesel with a combustion enhancer additive”, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 6(8), (2015), 118-125.
• Firew D., Babu N. R., Didwania M., “The performance evaluation of diethyl-ether (DEE) additive with diesel blends using diesel engine test rig”, International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, 7(6), (2016), 23-29.
• Prasad U. S. V., Madhu Murthy K., Amba Prasad R. G., “Effect of oxygenated additives on control of emissions in a DI diesel engine using biodiesel-diesel blends”, in International Conference on Mechanical, Automobile and Robotics Engineering, 2012, pp. 256-260.
• Biradar C. H., Subramanian K. A., Dastidar M. G., “Performance improvement and emissions reduction of a DI diesel engine for use of karanja biodiesel-diesel blend (B20) using diethyl ether”, Society of Automotive Engineering, Paper no: 2011-26-0004, (2011).
• Manickam A. R., Rajan K., Manoharan N., Senthil Kumar K. R., “Experimental analysis of a diesel engine fuelled with biodiesel blend using di-ethyl ether as fuel additives”, International Journal of Engineering and Technology, 6(5), (2014), 2412-2420.
• Channe P. K., Kulkarni R. K., “Performance testing of diesel engine using KME and DEE blends with kerosene: a review”, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 3(6), (2015), 1-5.
• Nagdeote D. D., Deshmukh M. M., “Experimental study of diethyl ether and ethanol additives with biodiesel-diesel blended fuel engine”, International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering, 2(3), (2012), 195-199.
• Vadivel N., Somasundaram P., Krishnamoorthi M., “Performance and emission characteristics of a CI engine fueled with diesel -biodiesel (mahua/mustard) blend with diethyl ether additive”, Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 7, (2015), 109-115.
• Mallikarjun M. V., Mamilla V. R., Rao G. L. N., “NOx emission control techniques when CI engine is fuelled with blends of mahua methyle esters and diesel”, International Journal of Engineering Sciences & Emerging Technologies, 4(2), (2013), 96-104.
• Sudhakar S., Sivaprakasam S., “Potential of diethyl ether blends with biodiesel in DI diesel engine-an experimental investigation”, International Journal of Research in Engineering & Advanced Technology, 2(5), (2014), 1-6.
• Krishnamoorthi M., “Exergy analysis of diesel engine powered by diesel-mustard biodiesel blend with diethyl ether as additive”, Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 7(8), (2015), 809-816.
• Sathiyamoorthi R., Sankaranarayanan G., Pitchandi K., “Combined effect of nanoemulsion and EGR on combustion and emission characteristics of neat lemongrass oil (LGO)-DEE-diesel blend fuelled diesel engine”, Applied Thermal Engineering, 112, (2017), 1421-1432.
• Imtenan S., Masjuki H. H., Varman M., Rizwanul Fattah I. M., Sajjad H., Arbab M. I., “Effect of n-butanol and diethyl ether as oxygenated additives on combustion-emission-performance characteristics of a multiple cylinder diesel engine fuelled with diesel-jatropha biodiesel blend”, Energy Conversion and Management, 94, (2015), 84-94.
• Akshatha D. S., Manavendra G., Kumarappa S., “Performance evaluation of Neem biodiesel on CI engine with diethyl ether as additive”, International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, 2(8), (2013), 3729-3736.
• Kumar J. V., Rao C. J., “Experimental investigation of performance and emission characteristics of diesel engine working on diesel and neem oil blend with diethyl ether as additive”, International Journal of Technological Exploration and Learning, 3(5), (2014), 581-588.
• Annamalai K., Kumar A. R. P., Premkartik K., “Adelfa (NOME-Nerium Oil Methyl Ester) with DEE as the fuel additive for NOx reduction in DI Diesel engines-An experimental investigation”, Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research, 73, (2014), 627-632.
• Ali O. M., Mamat R., Masjuki H. H., Abdullah A. A., “Analysis of blended fuel properties and cycle-to-cycle variation in a diesel engine with a diethyl ether additive”, Energy Conversion and Management, 108, (2016), 511-519.
• Ali O. M., Mamat R., Najafi G., Yusaf T., Ardebili S. M. S., “Optimization of biodiesel-diesel blended fuel properties and engine performance with ether additive using statistical analysis and response surface methods”, Energies, 8, (2015), 14136-14150.
• Ali O. M., Mamat R., Abdullah N. R., Abdullah A. A., “Investigation of blended palm biodiesel-diesel fuel properties with oxygenated additive”, Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 11(8), (2016), 5289-5293.
• Imtenan S., Masjukia H. H., Varmana M., Arbaba M. I., Sajjada H., Rizwanul Fattaha I. M., Abedina M. J., Md. Hasib A. S., “Emission and performance improvement analysis of biodiesel-diesel blends with additives”, Procedia Engineering, 90, (2014), 472-477.
• Imtenan S., Varman M., Masjuki H. H., Kalam M. A., Sajjad H., Arbab M. I., “Effect of DEE as an oxygenated additive on palm biodiesel-diesel blend in the context of combustion and emission characteristics on a medium duty diesel engine”, in 4th International Conference on Environmental, Energy and Biotechnology, 2015, pp. 100-104.
• Varaprasad K. S., Rao H. S. B., “Experimental investigation on engine performance and exhaust emission analysis of diesel engine operating on palm oil biodiesel blends with diethyl ether as an additive”, International Journal of Research and Innovation, (2017).
• Muneeswaran R., Thansekhar M. R., Varatharajan K., “Effect of diethyl ether addition to palm stearin biodiesel blends on NOx emissions from a diesel engine”, Asian Journal of Research in Social Sciences and Humanities, 6(9), (2016), 1382-1394.
• Samuel K. J., Raj R. T. K., Sreenivasulu N., Rajasekhar Y., Edison G., Saco S. A., “An experimental study on performance and emissions of a direct ignition diesel engine with crude pongamia, pongamia methyl ester and diethyl ether blended with diesel”, International Journal of Renewable Energy Research, 6(4), (2016), 1506-1515.
• Pugazhvadivu M., Rajagopan S., “Investigations on a diesel engine fuelled with biodiesel blends and diethyl ether as an additive”, Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 2(5), (2009), 31-35.
• Muneeswaran R., Thansekhar M. R., “Reduction of NOx emission in biodiesel (soyabean) fuelled DI diesel engine by cetane improver”, Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 10(7), (2015), 2968-2973.
• Navaneethakrishnan P., Vasudevan D., “Experimental study on performance and exhaust emission characteristics of a C.I. engine fuelled with tri compound oxygenated diesel fuel blends”, Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 8(4), (2015), 307-313.
• Tudu K., Murugan S., Patel S. K., “Effect of diethyl ether in a DI diesel engine run on a tyre derived fuel-diesel blend”, Journal of the Energy Institute, 89, (2016), 525-535.
• Murugan S., Tudu K., Patel S. K., “Performance and emission studies of a naturally aspirated diesel engine”, Journal of Clean Energy Technologies, 5(5), (2017), 359-365.
• Krishnamoorthi M., Natarajan A., “Performance and emission characteristics of a CI engine fueled with diesel-waste fried oil blend with DEE as additive”, International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology, 3(5), (2015), 65-72.
• Senthil R., Sivakumar E., Silambarasan R., “Effect of diethyl ether on the performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine using biodiesel-eucalyptus oil blends”, RSC Advances, 5, (2015), 54019-54027.
• Venu H., Madhavan V., “Effect of diethyl ether and Al2O3 nano additives in diesel-biodiesel-ethanol blends: performance, combustion and emission characteristics”, Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology, 31(1), (2017), 409-420.
• Venu H., Madhavan V., “Effect of nano additives (titanium and zirconium oxides) and diethyl ether on biodiesel-ethanol fuelled CI engine”, Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology, 30(5), (2016), 2361-2368.
• Qi D. H., Chen H., Geng L. M., Bian Y. Z., “Effect of diethyl ether and ethanol additives on the combustion and emission characteristics of biodiesel-diesel blended fuel engine”, Renewable Energy, 36, (2011), 1252-1258.
• Venu H., Madhavan V., “Influence of diethyl ether (DEE) addition in ethanol-biodiesel-diesel (EBD) and methanol-biodiesel-diesel (MBD) blends in a diesel engine”, Fuel, 189, (2017), 377-390.