EXPLORING TEAM SPORTS IN THE TRIANGLE OF HOMOSOCIALITY HEGEMONIC MASCULINITY AND HAZING

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1 - Erkeklikler - 1, 4 - 24, 17.06.2021

Safter Elmas , İlknur Hacısoftaoğlu , F. Hülya Aşçı

https://doi.org/10.17572/mj2021.1.424

Cited By: 1

Öz

In this paper, the functioning of the hazing rituals used in the inclusion of new athletes into the team is examined in the male homo-social sports environment. In the study dealing with team sports, the issue of how the culture of violence among teammates emerges through hazing in the homo-social environment will be revealed, and in this way, the cycle of hazing through dynamics that create inequality such as power, power, status, hierarchy, performance/result orientedness will be explained. Thus, it will be understandable how men direct and control each other according to their hierarchical positions. While examining the relationship between men, the text discusses how the commitment to hegemonic masculinity and the homo-social nature of the sports environment paves the way for the implementation of a ritual such as hazing while participating in a team, and the accelerating effect of hazing applied in such an environment in the construction of masculine sports culture is discussed.

Anahtar Kelimeler

hegemonic masculinity, homo-sociality, hazing, hierarchy, power

EŞ-TOPLUMSALLIK HEGEMONİK ERKEKLİK VE KABUL SINAMASI ÜÇGENİNDE TAKIM SPORLARININ İRDELENMESİ

Öz

Bu yazıda, yeni gelen sporcuların takıma dahil edilmesinde kullanılan kabul sınaması ritüellerinin erkek eş-toplumsal spor ortamında nasıl bir işleyişi olduğu incelenmiştir. Takım sporlarını ele alan çalışmada, eş-toplumsal ortamda takım arkadaşlarının arasındaki şiddet kültürünün kabul sınaması yoluyla nasıl gerçekleştiği konusu ortaya konacak ve bu sayede, iktidar, güç, statü, hiyerarşi, performans/sonuç odaklılık gibi eşitsizliği yaratan dinamikler aracılığıyla meydana gelen kabul sınaması döngüsü açıklanacaktır. Böylece, erkeklerin bulundukları hiyerarşik pozisyonlara göre birbirlerini nasıl yönlendirdikleri ve kontrol ettikleri anlaşılabilir olacaktır. Erkekler arası ilişki incelenirken aynı zamanda hegemonik erkekliğe bağlılığın ve spor ortamının eş-toplumsal doğasının bir takıma dahil olurken kabul sınaması gibi bir ritüelin uygulanmasına nasıl zemin hazırladığının tartışıldığı metinde, böylesi bir ortamda uygulanan kabul sınamasının eril spor kültürünün inşasındaki hızlandırıcı etkisi ele alınmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

hegemonik erkeklik, eş-toplumsallık, kabul sınaması, hiyerarşi, iktidar

Kaynakça

• Allan, E.J. ve DeAngelis, G. (2004). Hazing, masculinity, and collision sports: (Un) becomingheros. J. Johnson & M. Holman (Eds.), in, Making the team: Inside the world of sport initiation and hazing (p. 61–82). Toronto, Canada: Canadian Scholar’s Press.
• Allen, J. B. (2003). Social motivation in youth sport. Journal of sport and exercise psychology, 25 (4), 551-567.
• Arık, H. (2009). Kahvehanelerde erkek olmak: Kamusal alanda erkek egemenliğinin antropolojisi. Ayten Alkan, (Der.), içinde, Cins cins mekan (s. 168-201). İstanbul: Varlık Yayınları.
• Barker, D. ve Barker-Ruchti, N. (2016). Hanging up the shirt: an autoethnographic account of disengaging from a social rugby culture. Sport in Society, 19 (5), 711-725. doi:10.1080/17430437.2015.1073949
• Bird, S. R. (1996). Welcome to the men's club: Homosociality and the maintenance of hegemonic masculinity. Gender & society, 10 (2), 120-132.
• Botello, R. ve Cruz, N. (2018). The psychological shadow of hazing. C. Salinas & M. Bottcher (Eds.), in, Critical perspectives on hazing in colleges and universities: a guide to disrupting hazing culture (p. 111–125). New York: Routledge
• Bourdieu, P. (2001). Masculine Domination. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.
• Bozok, M. (2009). Erkeklik incelemeleri alanındaki başlıca kuram ve yaklaşımların sosyalist feminist bir eleştirisine doğru. İçinde, VI. Ulusal sosyoloji kongresi bildiriler kitabı: Toplumsal dönüşümler ve sosyolojik yaklaşımlar (s. 431-445). Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi, Aydın.
• Bozok, M. (2011). Soru ve Cevaplarla Erkeklikler. İstanbul: Altan Basım.
• Bozok, M., Munar, Z. M. ve Kavasoğlu, İ. (2019). Cinsiyetlendirilmiş bir egzersizin sınırlarında: Adana’daki erkeklerin pilates deneyimleri. OPUS uluslararası toplum araştırmaları dergisi, 13 (19), 1721-1756. doi:10.26466/opus.587527
• Bryshun, J. (1997). Hazing in sport: An exploratory study in veteran/rookie relations. Unpublished Master’s Thesis, University of Calgary, Alberta.
• Campo, S., Poulos, G. ve Sipple, J. W. (2005). Prevalence and profiling: Hazing among college students and points of intervention. American journal of health behavior, 29 (2), 137-149. doi:10.5993/ajhb.29.2.5
• Chang, G. C. (2011). The hidden curriculum: Hazing and professional identity. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Seattle Pacific University.
• Chin, J. W., Johnson, J., Signer-Kroeker, M. A. ve Holman, M. (2020). From the bottom of a bottle: A sociological examination of the use of alcohol in varsity sport hazing. International review for the sociology of sport, 55 (7), 991-1008. doi:10.1177/1012690219861607
• Cimino, A. (2011). The evolution of hazing: Motivational mechanisms and the abuse of newcomers. Journal of cognition and culture, 11 (3-4), 241-267. doi:10.1163/156853711x591242
• Coakley, J. J. (2016). Sports in society: Issues and controversies (12th ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill.
• Connell, R. W. (1995). Masculinities. Cambridge: Polity Press.
• Connell, R. W. (2015). Erkeklikler. (N. Konukcu, Çev.). (2. Baskı). Ankara: Phoenix Yayınevi.
• Cossins, A. ve Plummer, M. (2018). Masculinity and sexual abuse: Explaining the transition from victim to offender. Men and masculinities, 21 (2), 163-188. doi:10.1177/1097184X16652655
• Crow, R. ve MacIntosh, E. (2009) Conceptualizing a meaningful definition of hazing in sport. European sport management quarterly, 9 (4): 433–451. doi:10.1080/16184740903331937
• Crow, R. B. ve Rosner, S. R. (2012). Institutional and organizational liability for hazing in intercollegiate and professional team sports. St. John's Law Review, 76 (1), 86-114. Erişim https://scholarship.law.stjohns.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1344&context=lawreview
• Dempster, S. (2009). Having the balls, having it all? Sport and constructions of undergraduate laddishness. Gender and education, 21 (5), 481-500. doi:10.1080/09540250802392299
• DeSantis, A. (2007). Inside Greek U.: Fraternities, sororities, and the pursuit of pleasure, power, and prestige. Lexington: The University Press of Kentucky.
• Diamond, A. B., Callahan, S. T., Chain, K. F. ve Solomon, G. S. (2016). Qualitative review of hazing in collegiate and school sports: consequences from a lack of culture, knowledge and responsiveness. Br j sports med, 50 (3), 149-153. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2015-095603
• Dong, X. (2016) Being tough and belonging: Technologies of masculinity among martial arts students in China. The asia pacific journal of anthropology, 17 (1), 34-49. doi:10.1080/14442213.2015.1119881
• Donnelly, P. (1985). Sport subcultures. Exercise and sport sciences reviews, 13 (1), 539-578. Erişim https://journals.lww.com/acsm-essr/Citation/1985/00130/Sport_Subcultures.16.aspx
• Donnelly, P. ve Young, K. (1988). The construction and confirmation of identity in sport subcultures. Sociology of sport journal, 5 (3), 223-240. doi:10.1123/ssj.5.3.223
• Duncan, T. L. (2014). Collegiate coaches' perceptions of hazing based on gender and hazing a form of bullying. Unpublished Doctoral Thesis, University of Redlands, California.
• Ellsworth, C. (2004). Definitions of hazing: Differences among selected student organizations. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, University of Maryland, Maryland.
• Eng, H. (2006). “We are moving up like a hard‐on!”: Doing sex/uality in sport. Nordic journal of women's studies, 14 (1), 12-26. DOI: 10.1080/08038740600777288
• Ergil, K. (2019). Men and masculinities at play: The halı saha football in İstanbul. Unpublished Master Dissertation, Boğaziçi University, Istanbul.
• Fávero, M., Pinto, S., Ferreira, F., Machado, F. ve Del Campo, A. (2018). Hazing violence: practices of domination and coercion in hazing in Portugal. Journal of interpersonal violence, 33 (11), 1830-1851. doi:10.1177/0886260515619748
• Fisher, L. A. ve Dzikus, L. (2010). Bullying and hazing in sport teams. Stephanie J. Hanrahan, S. J. and Mark B. Andersen, M. B. (Eds.), in, Routledge handbook of applied sport psychology: A comprehensive guide for students and practitioners (pp. 355-364). New York, Routledge.
• Flood, M. (2008). Men, sex, and homosociality: How bonds between men shape their sexual relations with women. Men and masculinities, 10 (3), 339-359. doi:10.1177/1097184x06287761
• Gershel, J. C., Katz-Sidlow, R. J., Small, E. ve Zandieh, S. (2003). Hazing of suburban middle school and high school athletes. Journal of adolescent health, 32 (5), 333-335. doi:10.1016/S0154-139X(03)00021-2
• Gön, A. (2014). Tepenin ardı: Homososyallik, aile ve erkeklik. Sinecine: Sinema araştırmaları dergisi, 5 (1), 53-74. doi: 10.32001/sinecine.540678
• Gunkel, H. (2009). “What's identity got to do with it?” Rethinking intimacy and homosociality in contemporary south Africa. Nordic journal of feminist and gender research, 17 (3), 206-221. doi:10.1080/08038740903148385
• Hacısoftaoğlu, İ. (2012). Burası er meydanı: güreşte erkekliğin inşası. Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi: Ankara. Hamilton, R., Scott, D., LaChapelle, D. ve O'Sullivan, L. (2016). Applying social cognitive theory to predict hazing perpetration in university athletics. Journal of sport behavior, 39 (3), 255-277.
• Hammarén, N. ve Johansson, T. (2014). Homosociality: In between power and intimacy. Sage Open, 4 (1), 1-11. doi:2158244013518057.
• Hinkle, S. L. (2005). Cognitive dissonance in athletic hazing: The roles of commitment and athletic identity. Unpublished Doctoral Thesis, University of Northern Colorado, Colorado.
• Holman, M. (2004). A search for theoretical understanding of hazing practices in athletics. J. Johnson & M. Holman (Eds.), in, Making the team: Inside the World of sport initiations and hazing (p. 50–60). Toronto, Canada: Canadian Scholar’s Press.
• Hoover, N. ve Pollard, N. (1999). Initiation rites and athletics: A national survey of NCAA sports teams. Alfred University and Reidman Insurance. Erişim http://www.alfred.edu/sports_hazing/ hazingpdf.cfm, p. 8
• Johnson, J. (2011). Through the liminal: A comparative analysis of communitas and rites of passage in sport hazing and initiations. Canadian journal of sociology, 36 (3), 199-227. Erişim https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/canajsocicahican.36.3.199
• Johnson, J., Guerrero, M. D., Holman, M., Chin, J. W. ve Signer-Kroeker, M. A. (2018). An examination of hazing in Canadian intercollegiate sports. Journal of clinical sport psychology, 12 (2), 144-159. doi:10.1123/jcsp.2016-0040
• Joyce, S. B. ve Nirh, J. (2018). Fraternity and sorority hazing. C. Salinas ve M. Bottcher (Eds.), in, Critical perspectives on hazing in colleges and universities: a guide to disrupting hazing culture (p. 52-64). New York, Routledge.
• Kaufman, M. (Ed.). (1987). Beyond patriarchy: Essays by men on pleasure, power, and change. Toronto: Oxford University Press.
• Karaçam, M. Ş. (2014). Vücut geliştirme alanında erkeklik kimliğinin inşasında besin desteği kullanımının yeri. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Spor Bilimleri ve Teknolojisi Programı Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara.
• Kavasoğlu, İ., Rençbereli, M. ve Yenel, İ. F. (2017). Dans eden “erkek adamlar”: Erkek dansçıların deneyimlerine toplumsal cinsiyet analizi. Journal of human sciences, 14(2), 1768-1780. doi:10.14687/jhs.v14i2.4553
• Kavasoğlu, İ. ve Yıkılmaz, A. (2018). Şampiyonluk ve yenilgi arasında bir kimlik: Wushu’da üretilen erkeklik formları. CBÜ beden eğitimi ve spor bilimleri dergisi, 13 (2), 318-341. doi:10.33459/cbubesbd.463752
• Keating, C. F., Pomerantz, J., Pommer, S. D., Ritt, S. J., Miller, L. M. ve McCormick, J. (2005). Going to college and unpacking hazing: a functional approach to decrypting initiation practices among undergraduates. Group dynamics: theory, research, and practice, 9 (2), 104-126. doi:10.1037/1089-2699.9.2.104
• Kimmel, M. S. (2008). Guyland: The perlious world where boys become men. Understanding the critical years between 16 and 26. New York, NY: HarperCollins Publishers.
• Kirby, S. L. ve Wintrup, G. (2002). Running the gauntlet: An examination of initiation/hazing and sexual abuse in sport. Journal of sexual aggression, 8 (2), 49-68. doi:10.1080/13552600208413339
• Lafferty, M. E., Wakefield, C. ve Brown, H. (2017). “We do it for the team” - Student-athletes’ initiation practices and their impact on group cohesion. International journal of sport and exercise psychology, 15 (4), 438-446. doi:10.1080/1612197X.2015.1121507
• Lenskyj, H. J. (2004). What’s sex got to do with ıt? analysing the sex + violence agenda in sport hazing practices. J. Johnson & M. Holman (Eds.), in, Making the team: Inside the World of sport initiations and hazing (p. 83–96). Toronto, Canada: Canadian Scholar’s Press.
• Lipkins, S. (2006). Preventing hazing: How parents, teachers and coaches can stop the violence, harassment and humiliation. San Francisco, CA: Jossey Bass Wiley.
• Lipman-Blumen, J. (1976). Toward a homosocial theory of sex roles: An explanation of the sex segregation of social institutions. Signs: Journal of women in culture and society, 1 (3), 15-31. Erişim https://www.jstor.org/stable/3172990
• Maor, M. (2019). Masculinities in the middle: Policing of masculinity, and the central and marginal roles of adolescent boys in adult martial art groups. Sociology of sport journal, 36 (1), 97-105. doi:10.1123/ssj.2018-0003
• Massey, K. D., & Massey, J. (2017). It happens, just not to me: hazing on a Canadian university campus. Journal of college and character, 18 (1), 46-63. doi:10.1080/2194587X.2016.1260477
• McCready, A. M. (2018). Relationships among fraternity chapter masculine norms, organizational socialization, and the problematic behaviors of fraternity men. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Boston College, Massachusetts.
• McCready, A. M. (2020). Fraternity chapter masculine norm climates as predictors of social dominance hazing motivations. Journal of student affairs research and practice, 57 (5), 532-545. doi:10.1080/19496591.2019.1669455
• McGlone, C. A. (2005). Hazing in NCAA Division I women's athletics: An exploratory analysis. Unpublished Doctoral Thesis, The University of New Mexico. Albuquerque.
• McGlone, C. A. (2010) ‘Hazy viewpoints: administrators’ perceptions of hazing’, Int. j. sport management and marketing, 7 (1), 119–131. doi:10.1504/IJSMM.2010.029716
• Messner, M. A. (2002). Taking the field: Women, men, and sports. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
• Milgram, S. (1963). Behavioral study of obedience. The Journal of abnormal and social psychology, 67 (4), 371-378. doi:10.1037/h0040525
• Morriss-Roberts, C. (2013). Big and pumped: Embodied masculinity in homosocial sporting environments. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, University of East London, London, UK.
• Onur, H. ve Koyuncu, B. (2004). Hegemonik erkekliğin görünmeyen yüzü: Sosyalizasyon sürecinde erkeklik oluşumları ve krizleri üzerine düşünceler. Toplum ve Bilim, Güz (101), 31-50.
• Özkök, E. (2019). Bir erkeklik mekanı olarak kahvehaneler. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi: Ankara.
• Perlow, E. (2018). Plazing inside the fratriarchal frame: american college fraternity men’s gender identity and hazing. Doctoral Dissertations, University of Massachusetts.
• Salinas, C. ve Boettcher, M. (2018). History and definition of hazing. C. Salinas & M. Bottcher (Eds.), in, Critical perspectives on hazing in colleges and universities: a guide to disrupting hazing culture (p. 3-13). New York: Routledge.
• Sancar, S. (2009). Erkeklik: imkansız iktidar ailede. piyasada ve sokakta erkekler. İstanbul: Metis Yayınları.
• Selek, P. (2013). Sürüne sürüne erkek olmak. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
• Smart, N. K. (2014). Becoming" bros": Hegemonic masculinity and peer effects in the hazing rituals of college fraternities. Unpublished Master Dissertation, Lehigh University, Pennsylvania.
• Smokowski, P. R. ve Evans, C. B. (2019). Bullying in young adulthood: college hazing as a form of bullying. In, Bullying and Victimization Across the Lifespan (pp. 151-166). Springer International Publishing.
• Strawhun, J. (2016). Psychological factors that underlie hazing perceptions: A mixed methods study. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, University of Nebraska, Lincoln.
• Sweet, S. (2004). Understanding fraternity hazing. In: Nuwer, H, (Ed.), in, The hazing reader (pp. 1-13). Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
• Taylor, C. (2015). Bros like me: Adherence to male role norms in fraternity men. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Miami University, Miami.
• Theberge, N. (1991). Reflections on the body in the sociology of sport. Quest, 43 (2), 123-134. doi:10.1080/00336297.1991.10484017
• Trota, B. ve Johnson, J. (2004). Introduction: A brief history of hazing. J. Johnson & M. Holman (Eds.), in, Making the team: Inside the world of sport initiation and hazing (p. x–xvı). Toronto, Canada: Canadian Scholar’s Press.
• Trujillo, N. (1991). Hegemonic masculinity on the mound: Media representations of Nolan Ryan and American sports culture. Critical Studies in Mass Communication, 8, 290–308. doi:10.1080/15295039109366799
• Van Raalte, J. L., Cornelius, A. E., Linder, D. E. ve Brewer, B. W. (2007). The relationship between hazing and team cohesion. Journal of sport behavior, 30 (4), 491-507.
• Waldron, J. J. (2008) “I have to do what to be a teammate?”, Journal of physical education, recreation & dance, 79 (5), 4-10. doi:10.1080/07303084.2008.10598171
• Waldron, J. J. ve Kowalski, C. L. (2009). Crossing the line: Rites of passage, team aspects, and ambiguity of hazing. Research quarterly for exercise and sport, 80 (2), 291-302. doi:10.1080/02701367.2009.10599564
• Waldron, J. J., Lynn, Q. ve Krane, V. (2011). Duct tape, icy hot and paddles: Narratives of initiation onto US male sport teams. Sport, education and society, 16 (1), 111-125. doi:10.1080/13573322.2011.531965
• Wintrup, G. (2003). Sportization and hazing: Global sport culture and the differentiation of initiation from harassment in Canada's sport policy. Unpublished Master Dissertation, The University of Manitoba, Winnipeg.
• Young, K., White, P. ve McTeer, W. (1994). Body talk: Male athletes reflect on sport, injury, and pain. Sociology of sport journal, 11 (2), 175-194. doi:10.1123/ssj.11.2.175
• Zacharda, C. S. (2009). How peer leadership impacts hazing in the arena of non-revenue generating college athletics. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, University of Southern California. California.