Şirketler Arası Fiyatlandırma Yeniden Ele Alındı: Tekelci Rekabetten Kurumsal Finansal Raporlamaya Uzanan Koridor

Yıl 2021, , 1 - 40, 16.08.2021

Onder Kaymaz , Özgür Kaymaz

https://doi.org/10.25095/mufad.934745

Öz

Bu makale, eksik bir rekabet biçimi olarak tekelci rekabet çerçevesinde bir şirketler arası fiyat veya fiyatlandırma teorisi
geliştirmekte ve bunun genel olarak kurumsal finansal raporlama ve özel olarak kurumsal finansal tablolarla doğrudan ilişkisini gösteren
analitik bir uygulama gerçekleştirmektedir. Bu amaçla, maliyet avantajı ve faaliyet karı, teoriyi oluşturmak ve bunu muhasebe pratiğine
uygulamak için katalizör görevi görmektedir. Diğer bir deyişle, maliyet avantajı ve faaliyet karları, genel olarak şirketler arası fiyatlandırma
ile kurumsal finansal raporlama ve özel olarak kurumsal finansal tablolar arasındaki etkileşimi göstermek ve açıklamak için anahtar olarak
kabul edilir ve yapılandırılır. Yapılan analizler, işletmelerin birbirleriyle ikili tekelci rekabet altında işlem yapmaları göz önüne alındığında;
tüm diğer unsurlar sabitken, maliyet avantajı olan işletmenin faaliyet karı rakamı, maliyet avantajı olmayan işletmenin faaliyet karı
rakamından daha yüksek olduğunu belgelendirmektedir. Analizler ayrıca işletmelerin ikili tekelci rekabet altında birbirleriyle işlem
yaptıklarını varsayımı altında; tüm diğer unsurlar sabitken, maliyet avantajı olan işletmenin varlık büyüklüğü, faiz ve vergi öncesi kazanç,
vergi öncesi kazanç ve dolayısıyla vergi sonrası net kar rakamları her zaman maliyet avantajı olmayan işletmenin varlık büyüklüğü, faiz ve
vergi öncesi kazanç, vergi öncesi kazanç ve dolayısıyla vergi sonrası net kar rakamlarından daha yüksek olacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Şirketler Arası Fiyat/Fiyatlandırma, Kurumsal Finansal Raporlama, Mali Tablolar, Tekelci Rekabet.

Inter-Company Price Revisited: Passage From Monopoly Competition to the Realm of Corporate Financial Reporting

Öz

This paper develops a theory of inter-company price or pricing (ICP) within the framework of monopoly competition as a form of
imperfect rivalry and performs an analytical application showing its direct association with corporate financial reporting in general and
corporate financial statements in particular. For this purpose, cost advantage and operating profit are served as catalysts to build the theory
and apply it into accounting practice. In other words, cost advantage and operating profits are considered and constructed as keys to show
and explain the interplay between ICP and corporate financial reporting in general and corporate financial statements in particular.
Examinations document that given that businesses transact with each other under bilateral monopoly competition; ceteris paribus, the
operating profit figure of the business with cost advantage will be higher than the operating profit (OP) figure of the business without cost
advantage. Examinations further document that businesses transact with each other under bilateral monopoly competition; ceteris paribus,
asset size, earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT), earnings before taxes (EBT) and hence net income/profit after tax (NPAT) figures of the
business with cost advantage will always be higher than asset size, EBIT, EBT and therefore NPAT figures of the business without cost
advantage.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Inter-Company Price/Pricing, Corporate Financial Reporting, Financial Statements, Monopoly Competition

Kaynakça

• Amershi, Amin H. - Cheng, Peter (1990), “ Intrafirm Resource Allocation: The Economics Of Transfer Pricing And Cost Allocations In Accounting ”, Contemporary Accounting Research, 7, pp. 61-99.
• Baldenius, Tim - Edlin, Aaron - Reichelstein, Stefan (1999(A)), “ Market-Based Transfer Prices And Intracompany Discounts ”, @Http://ssrn.Com/Abstract=155650 Or Doi: 10.2139/ssrn.10.2139/ssrn.155650.
• Baldenius, Tim - Reichelstein, Stefan - Sahay, Savita A. (1999(B)), “ Negotiated Versus Cost-Based Transfer Pricing ”, Review Of Accounting Studies, 4, pp. 67-91.
• Baldenius, Tim - Melumad, Nahum D. - Reichelstein, Stefan (2004), “ Integrating Managerial And Tax Objectives In Transfer Pricing ”, The Accounting Review, 79, pp. 591-615.
• Baldenius, Tim - Reichelstein, Stefan (2006), “ External And Internal Pricing In Multidivisional Firms”, Journal Of Accounting Research, 44, pp. 1-28.
• Bierman, Harold (1959), “ Pricing Intracompany Transfers ”, The Accounting Review, 34, pp. 429-432.
• Buus, Tomas (2006), “ The Economics Of Transfer Pricing: A Review ”, @Http://Papers.Ssrn.Com/Sol3/Papers.Cfm?Abstract_Id=954333.
• Brust, Peter - Fesmire, James - Truscott, Michael (2008), “ The Impact Of Incremental Cost Increases In Successive Monopoly With Downstream Promotion ”, Journal Of Applied Economics And Policy, 27, Issue 1, pp. 33-46.
• Cook, Paul W. (1955), “ Decentralization And The Transfer Price Problem ”, Journal Of Business, 28, pp. 87-94.
• Cravens, Karen S. (1997), “ Examining The Role Of Transfer Pricing As A Strategy For Multinational Firms ”, International Business Review, 6, pp. 127-145.
• Dabson, Paul W. - Waterson, Michael (2007), “ The Competition Effects Of Industry-Wide Vertical Price Fixing In Bilateral Oligopoly ”, International Journal Of Industrial Organization 25, Issue 5, pp. 935-962.
• Dawson, Peter C. - Miller, Stephen M. (2000), “ Transfer Pricing In The Decentralized Multinational Corporation ”, University Of Connecticut, Economics Department, Wp. No. 2000-06r.
• Dean, Joel (1955), “ Decentralization And Intra-Company Pricing ”, Harvard Business Review, 333, pp. 65-74.
• Edlin, Aaron S. - Reichelstein, Stefan (1995), “ Specific Investment Under Negotiated Transfer Pricing: An Efficiency Result ”, The Accounting Review, 70, pp. 275-291.
• Greene, James (1969), “ Intercorporate Pricing Across National Frontiers ”, The Conference Board Record, October, pp. 43-48.
• Göx, Robert F. - Schöndube, Jens R. (2004), “ Strategic Transfer Pricing With Risk-Averse Agents ”, Schmalenbach Business Review, 56, pp. 98-118.
• Hart, Oliver D. (1983), “ The Market Mechanism As An Incentive Scheme ”, The Bell Journal Of Economics, 14, pp. 366-382.
• Hirshleifer, Jack (1956), “ On The Economics Of Transfer Pricing ”, Journal Of Business, July.
• Horst, Thomas S. (1971), “ The Theory Of The Multinational Firm: Optimal Behavior Under Different Tariff And Tax Rates ”, Journal Of Political Economy, September-October, pp. 1059-1072.
• Johnson, Edward - Johnson Nicole B. - Pfeiffer, Thomas (2016), “ Dual Transfer Pricing With Internal And External Trade ”, Review Of Accounting Studies, 21, Issue 1, pp. 140-164.
• Johnson, Nicole B. - Loffler, Clemens - Pfeiffer, Thomas (2018), “ An Evaluation Of Alternative Market-Based Transfer Prices ”, Contemporary Accounting Research, 35, Issue 4, pp. 1868-1887.
• Jie-A-Joen, Clive - Sleuwaegen, Leo (1997), “ Multinational Firm Behaviour Under Different Tarif And Tax Rates: Effects From Strategic Interaction In The Host Country ”, De Economicst, 145, pp. 65-89.
• Kaiser, Daniel (2014), “ Transfer Pricing And Demand Interdependence: Negotiated Versus Cost-Based Methods In The Presence Of Multiple Buying Divisions ”, Die Betriebswirtschaft, 74, Issue 6, pp. 371-389.
• Kassicieh, Suleiman K. (1981), “ International Intra-Company Transfer Pricing ”, Operations Research, 29, pp. 817-828.
• Kaymaz, Mike Onder (2009), “ Transfer Pricing, Cost Advantage And Operating Profits Under Imperfect Competition: Theory And Application ”, Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Bocconi University.
• Kaymaz, Mike Onder - Kaymaz, Ozgur (2012), “ Operating Drivers Which Explain Bank Credit Margins In Deposit Banks: The Case Of Turkey ”, Journal Of The World Of Accounting Science, 14, pp. 167-184.
• Kaymaz, Mike Onder - Pehlivan, Mustafa - Kaymaz, Ozgur (2010), “Size Does Matter: Evidence From Ise-Listed Banks”, Jassa: The Finsia Journal Of Applied Finance, 3, pp. 18-26.
• Kaymaz, Mike Onder - Kaymaz, Ozgur - Sayar, Zafer (2015), “Corporate Financial Reporting And Performance: A New Approach”, Palgrave Macmillan, U.K.
• Kaymaz, Mike Onder - Kaymaz, Ozgur (2019), “Learning From Oligopoly Rivalry: Implications For Business Financial Statements”, Journal Of Accounting And Management Information Systems, 18, Issue 4, pp. 509-558.
• Korn, Evelyn - Lengsfeld, Stefan (2007), “ Duopolistic Competition, Taxes And The Arm's-Length Principle”, @Http://Papers.Ssrn.Com/Sol3/Papers.Cfm?Abstract_Id=871219.
• Loffler, Clemens (2017), “ Transfer Prices For Coordination Under Decentralized Decision Making ”, Game Theory In Management Accounting, January, pp.71-89.
• Machlup, Fritz (1967), “ Theories Of The Firm: Marginalist, Behavioral, Managerial ”, American Economic Review, 57, pp. 1-33.
• Mathis, Stefan A. - Koscianski, Janet (2002), Microeconomic Theory: An Integrated Approach, Prentice Hall: NJ, USA.
• Matsui, Kenji (2012), “ Cost-Based Transfer Pricing Under R&D Risk Aversion In An Integrated Supply Chain ”, International Journal Of Production Economics, 139, Issue 1, pp. 69-79.
• Merville, Larry J. – Petty, J. William (1978), “ Transfer Pricing For The Multinational Firm”, The Accounting Review, October, pp. 935-951.
• Narayanan, Vilangadu G. - Smith, Michael (2000), “ Impact Of Competition And Taxes On Responsibility Center Organization And Transfer Prices ”, Contemporary Accounting Research, 17, pp. 497-529.
• Pfeiffer, Thomas - Wagner, Joachim (2007), “ Internal Markets Or Hierachies: Transfer Prices Or Budgets? ”, Journal Of Economics And Business, 59, pp. 241-255.
• Pfeiffer, Thomas, Schiller, Ulf - Wagner, Joachim (2011), “ Cost-Based Transfer Pricing ”, Review Of Accounting Studies, 16, Issue 2, pp. 219-246.
• Schjelderup, Guttorm - Sørgard, Lars (1997), “ Transfer Pricing As A Strategic Device For Decentralized Multinationals ”, International Tax And Public Finance, 4, pp. 277-290.
• Schmidt, Klaus M. (1997), “ Managerial Incentives And Product Market Competition ”, Review Of Economic Studies, 64, pp. 191-213.
• Schon, Wolfgang (2012), “ Transfer Pricing – Business Incentives, International Taxation And Corporate Law ”, Fundamentals Of International Transfer Pricing In Law And Economics, pp. 47-67.
• Shor, Mikhael - Chen, Hui (2009), “ Decentralization, Transfer Pricing, And Tacit Collusion ”, Contemporary Accounting Research, 26, No. 2, pp. 581-604.
• Thomas, Arthur L. (1980), A Behavioral Analysis Of Joint Cost Allocation And Transfer Pricing, The University Of Lancaster, International Center For Research In Accounting, pp. 1-322.
• Yao, Jen-Te (2013), “ The Arm’s Length Principle, Transfer Pricing, And Location Choices ”, Journal Of Economics And Business, 65, January-February, pp. 1-13.
• Zhao, Laixun (2000), “ Decentralization And Transfer Pricing Under Oligopoly ”, Southern Economic Journal, 67, pp. 414-426.