MUĞLA’DA KULLANILAN İNŞAAT MALZEMELERİNİN 226Ra, 232Th VE 40K AKTİVİTE DERİŞİMLERİ VE RADYOLOJİK ZARARLARI

Yıl 2015, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 2, 11 - 16, 04.11.2015

Ezgi Eren Belgin , Gül Ayçık

https://doi.org/10.22531/muglajsci.210004

Cited By: 3

Öz

Bu çalışmada sık kullanılan bazı inşaat malzemelerinin içerdiği doğal gama yayıcı radyonüklitlerin aktivite derişimleri yüksek çözünürlüklü gama spektrometresi ile ölçülmüştür. Türkiye’nin güney batısında (Muğla) bulunan yapı malzemeleri tedarikçilerinden toplanan örneklerin ⁴⁰K, ²²⁶Ra ve ²³²Th içeriklerinden kaynaklanabilecek radyasyon zararları belirlendi. Radyum eşdeğer aktivitesi, dâhili/harici zarar indisleri, alfa/gama indeksleri ve kapalı alanda absorplanan doz miktarları gibi farklı kriterler hesaplandı. Elde edilen sonuçlardan, çimento ve tuğla örneklerinin kapalı alan absorblanan doz miktarının dünya popülasyon ağırlıklı ortalamasından yüksek olduğu ancak radyum eşdeğer aktivitelerinin, dahili/harici zarar indislerinin ve alfa/gama indekslerinin önerilen maksimum güvenlik limitlerinin altında olduğu görüldü. Mermer örnekleri için ise tüm kriterlerin UNSCEAR tarafından önerilen güvenlik limitlerinin altında olduğu belirlendi. Sonuç olarak incelenen yapı malzemelerinin kullanımında insan sağlığı açısından bir sakınca olmadığı görüldü.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Yapı malzemesi, doğal radyoaktivite, radyolojik tehlike , gama spektrometresi

226Ra, 232Th and 40K ACTIVITY CONCENTRATIONS AND RADIOLOGICAL HAZARDS OF BUILDING MATERIALS IN MUGLA, TURKEY

Öz

The activity concentrations of natural gamma-emitting radionuclides in commonly used building materials were measured by using high purity germanium (HPGe) detector coupled with a high resolution multichannel analyser. The results associated radiation hazards due to  ⁴⁰K, ²²⁶Ra and ²³²Th have been determined in samples collected randomly from southwest part of Turkey. When the building materials such as clay brick, marble, cement etc. originating from soil and rocks are used in constructions they cause direct ionizing radiation exposure at varying intensities. Different criterion formulas as radium equivalent activity, the external/internal hazard indices, the alpha/gamma indexes and the absorbed dose rate in indoor air were determined to assess the radiation hazards arising due to the use of materials studied for people living in the construction of dwellings made of the these materials. Although indoor absorbed dose rate is relatively higher than the world population-weighted average value and international limit for studied brick and cement samples they could be used safely as building materials because radium equivalent activity, alpha/gamma indices and hazard indices of those materials have been found to be within the recommended limits. All the values for all criterion formulas for marble samples are found to be well below the safety limits recommended by UNSCEAR. It can be concluded that examined materials can be used for construction of buildings for interior and external works.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Building materials, natural radioactivity, radiological hazard, gamma-ray spectrometry

Kaynakça

• Nero, A.V., Nazaroff, W.W., Characterizing the source of radon indoors. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 7, 23–39, 1984.
• UNSCEAR, United Nations Scientific Committee on the effects of atomic radiation. Sources, effects and ionizing radiation. United Nations publication. New York, United Nations, 1988.
• Lee, E.M., Menezes, G., Finch, E.C., Natural radioactivity in building materials in the Republic of Ireland. Health phys. 86(4), 378-383, 2004.
• Orgun, Y., Altınsoy, N., Gultekin, A.H., Karahan, G., Celebi, N., Natural radioactivity levels in granitic plutons and groundwaters in Southeast part of Eskisehir, Turkey. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 63, 267–275,2005.
• Stranden, E., Some aspects on radioactivity of building materials. Health phys. 8, 167-177, 1976.
• Tzortzis, M., Tsertos, H., Christofides, S., Christodoulides, G., Gamma radiation measurements and dose rates in commercially used natural tiling rocks (granites). J. Environ. Radioact. 70, 223–235, 2003.
• Lu, X., Radioactivity level in Chinese building ceramic tile. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 112, 323–327, 2004.
• Ghosh, D., Deb, A., Bera, S., Sengupta, R., Patra, K.K., Assessment of alpha activity of building materials commonly used in West Bengal, India. J. Environ. Radioact. 99, 316–321, 2008.
• Stoulos, S., Manolopoulo, M., Papastefanou, C., Assessment of natural radiation exposure and radon exhalation from building materials in Greece. J. Environ. Radioact. 69, 225–240, 2003.
• Ademola, J.A., Oguneletu, P.O., Radionuclide content of concrete building blocks and radiation dose rates in some dwellings in Ibadan, Nigeria. J. Environ. Radioact. 81(1), 107-113, 2005.
• Ahmed, N.K., Measurement of natural radioactivity in building materials in Qena city, upper Egypt. J. Environ. Radioact. 83, 91-99, 2005.
• Ali, S., Tufail, M., Jamil, K., Ahmad, A., Klian, H.A., Gamma-ray activity and dose rate of brick samples from some areas of North West Frontier Province (NWFP), Pakistan. Sci. Total Environ. 187, 247–252, 1996.
• Armani, D., Tahtat, M., Natural radioactivity in Algerian building materials. Appl Radiat Isot . 54, 687–689, 2001.
• Anjos, R.M., Veiga, R., Soares, T., Santos, A.M.A., Aguiar, J.G., Frasca, M.H.B.O., Brage, J.A.P., Uzeda, D., Mangia, L., Facure, A., Mosquera, B., Carvalho, C., Gomes, P.R.S., Natural radionuclide distrubution in Brazilian commercial granites. Radiat. Meas. 39, 245-253, 2005.
• Beretka, J., Mathew, P.J., Natural radioactivity of Australian building materials, industrial wastes and by- products. Health Phys. 48, 87-95, 1985.
• Chen, C.J., Weng, P.S., Chu, T.C., Radon exhalation rate from various building materials. Health Phys. 64 (6), 613-619, 1993.
• Chong, C.S., Ahmad, G.U., Gamma activity of some building materials in West Malaysia. Health Phys. 43, 272–273, 1982.
• El-Arabi, A.M., Gamma activity in some environmental samples in South Egypt. Indian J. Pure Appl. Phys. 43, 422–426, 2005.
• El-Hewamanna, R., Sumithrarachchi, C.S., Mahawatte, P., Nanayakkara, H.L.C., Ratnayake, H.C., Natural radioactivity and gamma dose from Sri Lankan clay bricks used in building construction. Appl Radiat Isot. 54, 365–369, 2001.
• Ibrahim, N., Natural activities of 238U, 232Th and 40K in building materials. J. Environ. Radioact. 43, 255–258, 1999.
• Khan, A.J., Prasad, R., Tyagl, R.K., Measurement of radon exhalation rate from some building materials. Nucl. Tracks Radiat. Meas. 20 (4), 609-610, 1992.
• Khan, K., Aslam, M., Orfi, S.D., Khan, H.M., Norm and associated radiation hazards in bricks fabricated in various localities of the North-West Frontier Province (Pakistan). J. Environ. Radioact. 58 (1), 59-66, 2002.
• Kovler, K., Haquin, G., Manasherov, V., Ne'eman, E., Lavi, N., Natural radionuclides in building materials available in Israel. Building and Environment. 37 (5), 531-537, 2002.
• Kumar, A., Kumar, M., Singh, B., Singh, S., Natural activities of 238U, 232Th and 40K in some Indian building materials. Radiat. Meas. 36, 465–469, 2003
• Louizi, A., Proukakis, C., Measurements of natural radioactivity in Greek building materials.1st Mediterranean Congress on Radiation Protection, Athens, April 5-7, 1994.
• Mollah, A.S., Ahmed, G.U., Hussain, S.R., Rahman, M.M., The natural radioactivity of some building materials used in Bangladesh. Health Phys. 50, 849-851, 1986.
• Pavlidou, S., Koroneos, A., Papastefanou, C., Christofides, G., Stoulos, S., Vavelides, M., Natural radioactivity of granites used as building materials. J Environ Radioact. 89, 48–60, 2006.
• Tufail, M., Ahmad, N., Almakky, S., Zafar, M.S., Khan, H.A., Natural radio- activity in the ceramics used in dwelling as construction material. Sci. Total Environ. 127, 243–253, 1992.
• Tufail, M., Rashid, T., Mahmood, A.B., Alunad, N., Radiation doses in Pakistani houses. Sci. Total Environ. 142, 171–177, 1994.
• Tufail, M., Akhtar, N., Javied, S., Hamid, T., Natural radioactivity hazards of building bricks from saline soil of two districts of Pakistan. J Radiol Prot. 27, 481–492, 2007.
• Xinwei, L., Natural radioactivity in some building materials of Xi’an, China. Radiat Meas., 40, 94–97, 2005.
• Zaidi, J.H., Arif, M., Ahmad, S., Fatima, I., Qureshi, I.H., Determination of natural radioactivity in building materials used in the Rawalpindi/Islamabad area by y-ray spectrometry and instrumental neutron activation analysis. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 51, 559-564, 1999.
• Turhan, S.¸ Gurbuz, G., Radiological significance of the cement used in building construction in Turkey. Radiat Prot Dosim. 129, 391–396, 2007.
• Turhan, T., Baykan, U.N., Sen, K., Measurements of the natural radioactivity in building materials used in Ankara and assessment of external doses. J Radiol Prot. 28, 83–91, 2008.
• Koseoglu, K., Bayca, S.E., Cicek, T., Evaluation of brick waste on the brick production. CB University Soma Technical Vocational School Technical Sciences Journal. 1/9 (in Turkish), 2008.
• Mavi, B., Akkurt, I., Natural radioactivity and radiation hazards in some building materials used in Isparta, Turkey. Radiat. Phys. Chem. 79, 933–937, 2010.
• Damla, N., Cevik, U., Kobya, A.I., Celik, A., Celik, N., Yıldırım, I., Assessment of natural radioactivity and mass attenuation coefficients of brick and roofing tile used in Turkey. Radiat. Meas. 46, 701–708, 2011.
• Uyanik, N.A., Uyanık, O., Gur, F., Aydın, I., Natural radioactivity of bricks and brick material in the Salihli-Turgutlu area of Turkey. Environ. Earth Sci., 68, 499-506, 2012.
• IAEA, International Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against Ionizing Radiation and for the Safety of Radiation Sources. IAEA Safety Series No. 115, 1996.
• Beg, M.A.A., Qureshi, M.H., Yousaf, M., Ayub, M., Rafiq, M., Investigation of building materials part II. Evaluation of quality of red bricks. Pakistan J. Sci. Indust. Res. 32, 458–463, 1989.
• UNSCEAR, United Nations Scientific Committee on the effects of atomic radiation. Sources, effects and ionizing radiation. United Nations publication. New York, United Nations, 1993.
• ANSI N42.14, American national standard calibration and usage of germanium detectors for measurement of gamma-ray emission of radionuclides. American National Standarts Institute, 1978.
• OECD, Exposure to radiation from natural radioactivity in building materials, Report by Group of Experts of the OECD Nuclear Energy Agency, Paris, France, 1979.
• EC, Radiological protection principles concerning the natural radioactivity of building materials. European Commission. Radiation Protection Unit. Radiat. Prot.112, 1999.
• Nordic, Naturally occuring radiation in Nordic Countries-recommendation, in: The Flag Book series, The radiation Protection Authorities in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweeden, Reykjavik, 2000.
• UNSCEAR, United Nations Scientific Committee on the effects of atomic radiation. Sources, effects and ionizing radiation. United Nations publication. New York, United Nations, 2000.
• ICRP, International Commission on Radiological Protection. Recommendations of the International Commission on radiological protection. ICRP Publication 26. Oxford, Pergamon Press, 1977.
• ICRP, Principles for limiting exposure of the public to natural sources of radiation. International Commission on Radiological Protection. ICRP Publication 39. Oxford, Pergamon Press, 1984.
• ICRP, International Commission on Radiological Protection. Recommendations of the international commission on radiological protection. ICRP Publication 60. Oxford, Pergamon Press, 1990.
• Keller, G., Muth, H., Natural radioation exposure an medical radiology, in: Scherer, E., Streffer, Ch., Tolt, K.R. (Eds.), Radiation Exposure and Occupational Risks, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1990.
• Krieger, R., Radioactivity of construction materials. Betonwerk Fertigteil Tech. 47, 468-473, 1981.
• Cottens, E., Action against radon at the international level. Int Proceedings of the Symposium on SRBII, Journee Radon, Royal Society of Engineers and Industrials of Belgium, Brussels, 1990.
• Quindos, L.S., Fernandez, P.L., Soto, J., Building materials as sources of exposure in houses, in B.Seifert, H. Esdorn (Eds.), Indoor Air, Vol. 87, No. 2, Berlin: Institute of Water, Soil and Air Hygiene, 365, 1987.
• NEA-OECD, Nuclear Energy Agency. Exposure to radiation from the natural radioactivity in building materials. Report by NEA group of experts. OECD, Paris, 1979.