Farklı Yeme Bozukluklarının Gelişmesinde Etiyolojik Bir Faktör Olarak Kültürlerarası Farklılıklar

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2, 66 - 79, 31.12.2022

Sema Merve Balçık

https://doi.org/10.33817/muhakeme.1118416

Öz

Yeme bozuklukları, genel bir bakışla, biyolojik, psikolojik, gelişimsel ve kültürel faktörlerden etkilenerek gelişen (Rikani ve ark., 2013) yeme davranışındaki tekrarlayan bir rahatsızlıktır (APA, 2013). Yeme bozuklukları DSM-5 içerisinde pika, ruminasyon bozukluğu, kaçıngan/ kısıtlı gıda alım bozukluğu, anoreksiya nervoza, bulimiya nervoza ve tıkınırcasına yeme bozukluğu olmak üzere beş farklı yeme biçimini kapsayacak şekilde sınıflandırılmıştır (APA, 2013) ve bu sınıflandırmalar doğası gereği evrensel olarak kabul edilir. Öte yandan, bu kapsamda yeme bozukluklarına dair farklı kültürlerde farklı şekillerde ortaya çıktığına ilişkin ve yeme bozukluklarının yüzyıllardır tüm dünyaya yayılmış ve kültürel etkilerden bağımsız bir sendrom olduğu yönünde iki ayrı açıklama mevcuttur. Bu derleme çalışması, buradan hareketle, yeme bozukluklarının ortaya çıkışındaki kültürel etmenlerin rolü ile ilgili düşünceleri bir araya toplamayı ve kültürlerarasında görülen farklılıkları değerlendirmeyi amaçlamıştır. Bu amaç kapsamında, ilgili literatür çerçevesinde gözlenen kültürel farkların olası sebeplerine de değinilmiştir. Genel olarak sonuçlarına bakıldığında çalışmaların çoğunun anoreksiya nervoza, bulimiya nervoza ve tıkınırcasına yeme bozukluğu üzerinden gerçekleştirildiği görülmektedir. Ayrıca yeme bozukluklarının -özellikle anoreksiya nervozanın- farklı kültürlerde farklı belirtilerle ortaya çıktığı da bulunmuştur. Bu sonuçlar, bazı yeme bozukluklarının kültüre özgü semptomları olduğunu gösterirken bu durumun her yeme bozukluğu için ortaya çıkmayabileceğini ve ilgili literatürde, gelecek çalışmaların farklı yeme bozukluklarını farklı kültürlerde test etmesine ihtiyaç olduğunu göstermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

yeme bozuklukları, kültürlerarası çalışmalar, beden imajı, kültür, Eating disorders, culture, cross- cultural studies, body image.

Teşekkür

Makalenin geliştirilmesinde yaptığı öneriler, yorumlar ve destekleri için Dr. Öğretim Üyesi Büşra Aktaş'a teşekkür ederim.

Cross-Cultural Differences as an Etiological Factor in the Development of Different Eating Disorders

Öz

Eating disorders are recurrent disturbances in eating behaviours (APA, 2013) whose development are presumably associated with biologic, psychological, developmental and sociocultural factors (Rikani et all., 2013). Encompassing six distinct eating habits, eating disorders are classified in DSM-5 as pica, rumination, avoidant or restrictive food intake disorder, anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder (APA,2013). On the other hand, two contrasting explanations exist vis-a-vis the connection between culture and eating disorders, i.e. eating disorders appear in unalike forms in different cultures and eating disorders are worldwide phenomenon irrespective of cultural variations. This paper endeavours to collate the views on the functions of cultural elements in emergence of eating disorders and assesses the intercultural dissimilitudes during the process. To this end, it also touches on the possible causes of cultural distinctions detected during the literature review. It appears that the majority of studies are administered on anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder and their results indicate that certain eating disorders have culture-specific symptoms. They also indicate, however, the symptoms may not develop on all eating disorders and future studies in the field need to examine eating disorders in different cultural settings. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

Eating disorders, culture, cross- cultural studies, body image.

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