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Çatışma Çözümü ve Çatışma Yönetimi Bağlamında Birleşmiş Milletler Barışı Koruma: Kavramsal Bir Billurlaştırma

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 48 Sayı: 4, 1100 - 1133, 15.12.2024

Öz

Birleşmiş Milletler barışı koruma, çatışma çözümü ve çatışma yönetimi bağlamında kavramsallaştırılırken nelere dikkat edilmelidir? Bu soru yanıtlanırken (i) Johan Galtung’un negatif ve pozitif barış modelinden ve (ii) John Burton’ın çatışma çözümü ve çatışma yönetimi ayrımından yararlanılacaktır. Barışı korumanın, negatif ve pozitif barış düzeylerinde analiz edilmesiyle çatışma çözümü ve çatışma yönetimi bağlamında karşılaşılan anlam ikililiklerinin önüne geçilebileceğini açıklamak, bu çalışmanın öncelikli hedefidir. Barışı korumanın kavramsallaştırılmasında ve sürdürülebilir bir barışın inşasındaki etkinliğinin değerlendirilmesinde, ilgili boyut ve ayrımların dikkate alınması önem arz etmektedir. Buna göre ilgili çalışmada Birleşmiş Milletler barışı korumanın tarihi gelişimi, temel ilkeleri ve Soğuk Savaş sonrasındaki dönüşümü ele alınacaktır. Nitekim Soğuk Savaş sonrasında gündeme gelen kimlik temelli çatışmalara bağlı olarak barışı korumanın sınır ve açmazlarını tahlil etmek önem arz etmektedir. Diğer taraftan barışı koruma üzerine eleştiriler Soğuk Savaş öncesine uzansa da barışı korumanın, bilhassa Soğuk Savaş sonrasında koruma sorumluluğunun gelişimiyle birlikte önemli dönüşümler geçirdiğini vurgulamak gerekmektedir. Barışı korumanın temel ilkelerinin Soğuk Savaş sonrasında daha da güçlü aşınması ve insanlığa karşı suçların önlenememesi, barışı korumanın dayanakları ve muhteviyatının derinleşmesinde rol oynamıştır. Bu çerçevede bu çalışma, birden çok safahatı barındıran Birleşmiş Milletler barışı korumanın gelişimi ve dönüşümüyle paralel olarak barışı korumaya dönük kavramsal mülahazalar ve arabuluculuk, barışa zorlama, barış inşası, barış yapma ve önleyici diplomasi şeklindeki tamamlayıcı yaklaşımları kısaca ele alacaktır. İlgili yaklaşımlarla etkileşimi göz önüne alındığında, barışı koruma safahatına hem daha bütüncül hem de daha nüanslı yaklaşılması gerektiği aşikârdır. Bununla birlikte bir çatışma yönetimi mekanizması olarak gelişen barışı korumanın, bahsedilen tamamlayıcı yaklaşımlar kapsamında çatışma çözümü ve pozitif barış süreçlerinin bir parçası olsa da negatif barışla bağlantısının koparılamayacağı belirtilebilir. Bu yüzdendir ki barışı koruma kavramsallaştırılırken çatışma çözümü ya da çatışma yönetimi perspektiflerinden herhangi birine, diğeri göz ardı edilerek körü körüne bağlı kalınmamalıdır. Ancak bu esnek bakış açısının kavramsal olarak yol açabileceği karışıklığa karşı, ayrıştırıcı yaklaşım-barışı koruma-çatışma yönetimi-negatif barış ve barış inşası-birliksel yaklaşım-çatışma çözümü-pozitif barış kavramlarının birbirleriyle ilişkilendirilmesi işlevsel bir rol oynayabilir.

Etik Beyan

Bu derleme makale çalışmasının hazırlık, kaynak tarama, analiz ve bilgilerin sunumu olmak üzere tüm aşamalarında bilimsel etik ilke ve kurallarına uygun davrandığımı; bu çalışma kapsamında doğrudan ve dolaylı yararlandığım tüm kaynaklara kaynakçada yer verdiğimi; Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)' in tüm şartlarını ve koşullarını kabul ederek etik görev ve sorumluluklara riayet ettiğimi beyan ederim. Bunlara ek olarak bu derleme çalışma, etik onay gerektiren herhangi bir araştırma da içermemektedir.

Destekleyen Kurum

Bu çalışma için herhangi bir destek alınmamıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Beardsley K vd. (2019). Mediation, Peacekeeping, and the Severity of Civil War. The Journal of Conflict Resolution, 63(7), 1682-1709.
  • Bercovitch J vd. (2009). Introduction: The Nature of Conflict and Conflict Resolution. İçinde: J Bercovitch, V Kremenyuk ve I. W Zartman (der), The SAGE Handbook of Conflict Resolution, Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications, 1-11.
  • Berdal M (1995). United Nations Peacekeeping in the Former Yugoslavia. İçinde: D C F Daniel ve B C Hayes (der), Beyond Traditional Peacekeeping, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 228-247.
  • Berdal M (2015). United Nations Peacekeeping and the Responsibility to Protect. İçinde: R Thakur ve W Maley (der), Theorising the Responsibility to Protect, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 223-248.
  • Birleşmiş Milletler (Aralık 2003). Handbook on United Nations Multidimensional Peacekeeping Operations.
  • Birleşmiş Milletler Barışı Koruma Harekâtı Uygulamaları Departmanı. https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/peacekeeping-handbook_un_dec2003_0.pdf. Son erişim tarihi, 12.03.2023.
  • Birleşmiş Milletler (26.06. 1967). UNEF I Withdrawal (16 May – 17 June 1967) – SecGen Report, Addenda, Corrigendum, Report of the Secretary-General on the Withdrawal of the United Nations Emergency Force. Documents A/6730. https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-182090/. Son erişim tarihi, 01.03.2023.
  • Birleşmiş Milletler Barışı Koruma (2008). United Nations Peacekeeping Operations: Principles and Guidelines. BM Barışı Koruma Harekâtı Uygulamaları Departmanı. https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/capstone_eng_0.pdf. Son erişim tarihi, 01.03.2023.
  • Birleşmiş Milletler Barışı Koruma (t.y.-a). “Role of the General Assembly”. https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/role-of-general-assembly. Son erişim tarihi, 14.03.2023.
  • Birleşmiş Milletler Barışı Koruma (t.y.-b). “Middle East-UNEF I: Facts and Figures”. https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/mission/past/unef1facts.html. Son erişim tarihi, 02.03.2023.
  • Birleşmiş Milletler Barışı Koruma (t.y.-c). “Principles of Peacekeeping”. https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/principles-of-peacekeeping. Son erişim tarihi, 12.03.2023.
  • Birleşmiş Milletler Barışı Koruma (t.y.-d). “Preventing Conflicts”. https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/preventing-conflicts. Son erişim tarihi, 12.03.2023.
  • Birleşmiş Milletler Barışı Koruma (t.y.-e). “Terminology”. https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/terminology. Son erişim tarihi, 12.03.2023.
  • Birleşmiş Milletler Barışı Koruma (t.y.-f). “A4P+ Priorities for 2021-2023”. https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/a4p_background_paper.pdf. Son erişim tarihi, 12.03.2023.
  • Birleşmiş Milletler Barışı Koruma Eylemi (t.y.). “Eight areas of Improvement”. https://www.un.org/en/A4P/. Son erişim tarihi, 12.09.2024.
  • Birleşmiş Milletler Dijital Kütüphane (1960). Introduction to the annual report of the Secretary-General on the work of the Organization, 16 June 1959 -- 15 June 1960, Birleşmiş Milletler Genel Kurulu Resmi Tutanakları, 15. Oturum, IA (A/4390/Add.l). New York, Birleşmiş Milletler https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/714842?ln=en. Son erişim tarihi, 04.01.2023.
  • Birleşmiş Milletler Genel Kurulu (21.08.2000). Identical letters dated 21 August 2000 from the Secretary-General to the President of the General Assembly and the President of the Security Council. Report of the Panel on United Nations Peace Operations, A/55/305-S/2000/809. https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/brahimi-report-0. Son erişim tarihi, 21.03.2023.
  • Birleşmiş Milletler Genel Kurulu (24.10.2005). 2005 World Summit Outcome, A/60/L.1 Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 16 September 2005 [without reference to a Main Committee (A/60/L.1)], 60/1. 2005, Dünya Zirvesi Sonuç Bildirgesi, 16. Oturum, A/RES/60/1/2005.
  • Birleşmiş Milletler Genel Kurulu (12.01.2009). Implementing the Responsibility to Protect. Report of the Secretary-General, A/63/677.
  • Boutros-Ghali, B (31.01.1992). An Agenda for Peace: Preventive Diplomacy, Peacemaking and Peace-keeping. Report of the Secretary-General pursuant to the statement adopted by the Summit Meeting of the Security Council on 31 January 1992. New York, Birleşmiş Milletler, https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/145749. Son erişim tarihi, 13/04/2023.
  • Bratt D (1996). Assessing the Success of UN Peacekeeping Operations. International Peacekeeping, 3(4), 64-81.
  • Burton J (1986). The Theory of Conflict Resolution. Current Research on Peace and Violence, 9(3), 125-130.
  • Burton J (1991). Conflict Resolution as a Political Philosophy. Interdisciplinary Peace Research, 3(1), 62-72.
  • Burton J W (1990). Conflict: Practices in Management, Settlement, and Resolution. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Macmillan.
  • Butler M J (2009). International Conflict Management: An Introduction. Londra, New York, Routledge.
  • Clayton G ve Dorussen H (2022). The Effectiveness of Mediation and Peacekeeping for Ending Conflict. Journal of Peace Research, 59 (2), 150-165.
  • Curran D (2017). More than Fighting for Peace? Conflict Resolution, UN Peacekeeping, and the Role of Training Military Personnel, Cham, New York, Heidelberg, Dordrecht, London: Springer International Publishing.
  • Denk E (2019). Uluslararası Örgütler Hukuku: Birleşmiş Milletler Sistemi. Gözden Geçirilmiş İkinci Baskı, Ankara: Siyasal Kitabevi.
  • Diehl P F (1993). International Peacekeeping. Baltimore: Md., Johns Hopkins University.
  • Diehl P F vd. (1998). International Peacekeeping and Conflict Resolution: A Taxonomic Analysis with Implications, The Journal of Conflict Resolution, 42(1), 33-55.
  • Druckman D vd. (1999). Conflict Resolution Roles in International Peacekeeping Missions. İçinde: H-W Jeong (der), The New Agenda for Peace Research, Aldershot, England: Ashgate, 105-134.
  • Fabian L L (1971). Soldiers without Enemies: Preparing the United Nations for Peacekeeping, Washington: Brookings Institution.
  • Fetherston A B (1994a). Towards a Theory of United Nations Peacekeeping. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, London: Palgrave Macmillan Press.
  • Fetherston A B (1994b). Putting the Peace Back into Peacekeeping: Theory Must Inform Practice. International Peacekeeping, 1 (l), 3-29.
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UNITED NATIONS PEACEKEEPING IN THE CONTEXT OF CONFLICT RESOLUTION AND CONFLICT MANAGEMENT: A CONCEPTUAL CRYSTALLIZATION

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 48 Sayı: 4, 1100 - 1133, 15.12.2024

Öz

What should be taken into consideration in conceptualizing United Nations peacekeeping in the context of conflict resolution and conflict management? In response to this question, (i) Johan Galtung’s negative and positive peace model, and (ii) John Burton’s distinction between conflict resolution and conflict management will be utilized. The primary purpose of this study is to explain that semantic ambiguities that have been encountered in the context of conflict resolution and conflict management can be prevented through the analysis of peacekeeping at negative and positive peace levels. It is important to take these related dimensions and distinctions into consideration in conceptualizing peacekeeping and assessing its effectiveness for the creation of a sustainable peace. Accordingly, the historical development, fundamental principles and transformation of United Nations peacekeeping after the Cold War will be addressed in this study. Indeed, it is important to analyze the restrictions and dilemmas of peacekeeping due to identity-based conflicts that have come to the forefront after the Cold War. With that being said, it is necessary to stress that criticisms for peacekeeping date back to before the Cold War. However, especially after the Cold War, peacekeeping has experienced significant transformations, along with the development of responsibility to protect. The further erosion of the fundamental principles of peacekeeping after the Cold War, and failure to prevent crimes against humanity have played a role in deepening the foundations and substance of peacekeeping. Within this framework, this study will briefly address conceptual considerations intended for peacekeeping, and complementary approaches as mediation, peace enforcement, peacebuilding, peacemaking, and preventive diplomacy in parallel to the development and transformation of United Nations peacekeeping, which entails multiple phases. Taking its interaction with such approaches into consideration, it is evident that peacekeeping phases should be approached both more holistically and nuanced. However, it can be denoted that peacekeeping, developed as a conflict management mechanism, can be part of conflict resolution and positive peace processes within the scope of the relevant aforesaid approaches, but its connection to negative peace cannot be undermined. Therefore, one should not be blindfoldedly adhered to either conflict resolution or conflict management perspectives by disregarding one over the other. In response to the conceptual confusion resulting from such flexible standpoint, linking dissociative approach-peacekeeping-conflict management-negative peace, and peacebuilding-associative approach-conflict resolution-positive peace can play a functional role.

Kaynakça

  • Beardsley K vd. (2019). Mediation, Peacekeeping, and the Severity of Civil War. The Journal of Conflict Resolution, 63(7), 1682-1709.
  • Bercovitch J vd. (2009). Introduction: The Nature of Conflict and Conflict Resolution. İçinde: J Bercovitch, V Kremenyuk ve I. W Zartman (der), The SAGE Handbook of Conflict Resolution, Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications, 1-11.
  • Berdal M (1995). United Nations Peacekeeping in the Former Yugoslavia. İçinde: D C F Daniel ve B C Hayes (der), Beyond Traditional Peacekeeping, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 228-247.
  • Berdal M (2015). United Nations Peacekeeping and the Responsibility to Protect. İçinde: R Thakur ve W Maley (der), Theorising the Responsibility to Protect, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 223-248.
  • Birleşmiş Milletler (Aralık 2003). Handbook on United Nations Multidimensional Peacekeeping Operations.
  • Birleşmiş Milletler Barışı Koruma Harekâtı Uygulamaları Departmanı. https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/peacekeeping-handbook_un_dec2003_0.pdf. Son erişim tarihi, 12.03.2023.
  • Birleşmiş Milletler (26.06. 1967). UNEF I Withdrawal (16 May – 17 June 1967) – SecGen Report, Addenda, Corrigendum, Report of the Secretary-General on the Withdrawal of the United Nations Emergency Force. Documents A/6730. https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-182090/. Son erişim tarihi, 01.03.2023.
  • Birleşmiş Milletler Barışı Koruma (2008). United Nations Peacekeeping Operations: Principles and Guidelines. BM Barışı Koruma Harekâtı Uygulamaları Departmanı. https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/capstone_eng_0.pdf. Son erişim tarihi, 01.03.2023.
  • Birleşmiş Milletler Barışı Koruma (t.y.-a). “Role of the General Assembly”. https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/role-of-general-assembly. Son erişim tarihi, 14.03.2023.
  • Birleşmiş Milletler Barışı Koruma (t.y.-b). “Middle East-UNEF I: Facts and Figures”. https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/mission/past/unef1facts.html. Son erişim tarihi, 02.03.2023.
  • Birleşmiş Milletler Barışı Koruma (t.y.-c). “Principles of Peacekeeping”. https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/principles-of-peacekeeping. Son erişim tarihi, 12.03.2023.
  • Birleşmiş Milletler Barışı Koruma (t.y.-d). “Preventing Conflicts”. https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/preventing-conflicts. Son erişim tarihi, 12.03.2023.
  • Birleşmiş Milletler Barışı Koruma (t.y.-e). “Terminology”. https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/terminology. Son erişim tarihi, 12.03.2023.
  • Birleşmiş Milletler Barışı Koruma (t.y.-f). “A4P+ Priorities for 2021-2023”. https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/a4p_background_paper.pdf. Son erişim tarihi, 12.03.2023.
  • Birleşmiş Milletler Barışı Koruma Eylemi (t.y.). “Eight areas of Improvement”. https://www.un.org/en/A4P/. Son erişim tarihi, 12.09.2024.
  • Birleşmiş Milletler Dijital Kütüphane (1960). Introduction to the annual report of the Secretary-General on the work of the Organization, 16 June 1959 -- 15 June 1960, Birleşmiş Milletler Genel Kurulu Resmi Tutanakları, 15. Oturum, IA (A/4390/Add.l). New York, Birleşmiş Milletler https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/714842?ln=en. Son erişim tarihi, 04.01.2023.
  • Birleşmiş Milletler Genel Kurulu (21.08.2000). Identical letters dated 21 August 2000 from the Secretary-General to the President of the General Assembly and the President of the Security Council. Report of the Panel on United Nations Peace Operations, A/55/305-S/2000/809. https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/brahimi-report-0. Son erişim tarihi, 21.03.2023.
  • Birleşmiş Milletler Genel Kurulu (24.10.2005). 2005 World Summit Outcome, A/60/L.1 Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 16 September 2005 [without reference to a Main Committee (A/60/L.1)], 60/1. 2005, Dünya Zirvesi Sonuç Bildirgesi, 16. Oturum, A/RES/60/1/2005.
  • Birleşmiş Milletler Genel Kurulu (12.01.2009). Implementing the Responsibility to Protect. Report of the Secretary-General, A/63/677.
  • Boutros-Ghali, B (31.01.1992). An Agenda for Peace: Preventive Diplomacy, Peacemaking and Peace-keeping. Report of the Secretary-General pursuant to the statement adopted by the Summit Meeting of the Security Council on 31 January 1992. New York, Birleşmiş Milletler, https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/145749. Son erişim tarihi, 13/04/2023.
  • Bratt D (1996). Assessing the Success of UN Peacekeeping Operations. International Peacekeeping, 3(4), 64-81.
  • Burton J (1986). The Theory of Conflict Resolution. Current Research on Peace and Violence, 9(3), 125-130.
  • Burton J (1991). Conflict Resolution as a Political Philosophy. Interdisciplinary Peace Research, 3(1), 62-72.
  • Burton J W (1990). Conflict: Practices in Management, Settlement, and Resolution. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Macmillan.
  • Butler M J (2009). International Conflict Management: An Introduction. Londra, New York, Routledge.
  • Clayton G ve Dorussen H (2022). The Effectiveness of Mediation and Peacekeeping for Ending Conflict. Journal of Peace Research, 59 (2), 150-165.
  • Curran D (2017). More than Fighting for Peace? Conflict Resolution, UN Peacekeeping, and the Role of Training Military Personnel, Cham, New York, Heidelberg, Dordrecht, London: Springer International Publishing.
  • Denk E (2019). Uluslararası Örgütler Hukuku: Birleşmiş Milletler Sistemi. Gözden Geçirilmiş İkinci Baskı, Ankara: Siyasal Kitabevi.
  • Diehl P F (1993). International Peacekeeping. Baltimore: Md., Johns Hopkins University.
  • Diehl P F vd. (1998). International Peacekeeping and Conflict Resolution: A Taxonomic Analysis with Implications, The Journal of Conflict Resolution, 42(1), 33-55.
  • Druckman D vd. (1999). Conflict Resolution Roles in International Peacekeeping Missions. İçinde: H-W Jeong (der), The New Agenda for Peace Research, Aldershot, England: Ashgate, 105-134.
  • Fabian L L (1971). Soldiers without Enemies: Preparing the United Nations for Peacekeeping, Washington: Brookings Institution.
  • Fetherston A B (1994a). Towards a Theory of United Nations Peacekeeping. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, London: Palgrave Macmillan Press.
  • Fetherston A B (1994b). Putting the Peace Back into Peacekeeping: Theory Must Inform Practice. International Peacekeeping, 1 (l), 3-29.
  • Fetherston A B vd. (1994). UNPROFOR: Some Observations from a Conflict Resolution Perspective. International Peacekeeping, 1(2), 179-203.
  • Franke V ve Guttieri K (2020). United Nations peacekeeping in international conflict management. İçinde: C Butcher ve M C Hallward (der), Understanding International Conflict Management, Londra, New York: Routledge, 68-81.
  • Galtung J (1964). An Editorial. Journal of Peace Research, 1 (1), 1-4.
  • Galtung J (1969). Violence, Peace, and Peace Research. Journal of Peace Research, 6 (3), 167-191.
  • Galtung J (1972). Conflict Theory and the Palestine Problem. Journal of Palestine Studies, 2 (1), 34-63.
  • Galtung J (1976). Three Realistic Approaches to Peace: Peacekeeping, Peacemaking, Peacebuilding. Impact of Science  on Society, 26 (1/2), 103-115. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000017295. Son erişim tarihi, 12/03/2023.
  • Galtung J (1985). Twenty-Five Years of Peace Research: Ten Challenges and Some Responses. Journal of Peace Research, 22 (2), 141-158.
  • Galtung J (2007). Introduction: Peace by Peaceful Conflict Transformation – The TRANSCEND Approach. İçinde: C Webel ve J Galtung (Der.), Handbook of Peace and Conflict Studies, London & New York: Routledge, 14-32.
  • Goulding M (1993). The Evolution of United Nations Peacekeeping. International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs 1944-), 69(3), 451-464.
  • Gray C (2008). The Charter Limitations on the Use of Force: Theory and Practice. İçinde: V Lowe, A Roberts, J Welsh ve D Zaum (der), The United Nations Security Council and War: The Evolution of Thought and Practice since 1945, New York: Oxford University Press, 86-98.
  • Greig J M ve Diehl P F (2005). The Peacekeeping-Peacemaking Dilemma. International Studies Quarterly, 49(4), 621–645.
  • Guterres A (28.03.2018). Secretary-General’s remarks to Security Council High-Level Debate on Collective Action to Improve UN Peacekeeping Operations. Birleşmiş Milletler, https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/statement/2018-03-28/secretary-generals-remarks-security-council-high-level-debate-collective-action-improve-un-peacekeeping-operations. Son erişim tarihi, 12.09.2024.
  • Hansen W vd. (2004). Hawks and Doves: Peacekeeping and Conflict Resolution. İçinde: A Austin, M Fischer ve N Ropers (der), Transforming Ethnopolitical Conflict, VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 295-319.
  • Harrell M C ve Howe R (1995). Military Issues in Multinational Operations. İçinde: D C F Daniel ve B C Hayes (der), Beyond Traditional Peacekeeping, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 189-204.
  • Huldt B (1995). Working Multilaterally: The Old Peacekeepers’ Viewpoint. İçinde: D C F Daniel ve B C Hayes (der), Beyond Traditional Peacekeeping, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 101-119.
  • Ingebritsen C (2002). Norm Entrepreneurs: Scandinavia’s Role in World Politics. Cooperation and Conflict, 37 (1), 11-23.
  • Jakobsen P V (2006a). Nordic Approaches to Peace Operations: A New Model in the Making?. London & New York: Routledge.
  • Jakobsen P V (2006b). The Nordic Peacekeeping Model: Rise, Fall, Resurgence?. International Peacekeeping, 13(3), 381-395.
  • Johansen R C (1994). Review of U. N. Peacekeeping: How Should we Measure Success?, by Paul F. Diehl, Mershon International Studies Review, 38 (2), 307-310.
  • Last D M (1995). Peacekeeping Doctrine and Conflict Resolution Techniques. Armed Forces & Society, 22(2), 187-210.
  • Lowe V vd. (2008). Introduction. İçinde: V Lowe, A Roberts, J Welsh ve D Zaum (der), The United Nations Security Council and War: The Evolution of Thought and Practice since 1945, New York: Oxford University Press, 1-58.
  • Mishra V (2024). Mystery still surrounds death of revered UN chief Hammarskjöld, 63 years after tragic plane crash. Birleşmiş Milletler Haberleri, 18 Ekim, https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/10/1155876. Son erişim tarihi, 12/06/2023.
  • Müdahale ve Devlet Egemenliği Uluslararası Komisyonu (Aralık 2001). The Responsibility to Protect, Report of the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty. ICISS, Global Centre for the Responsibility to Protect. https://www.globalr2p.org/resources/the-responsibility-to-protect-report-of-the-international-commission-on-intervention-and-state-sovereignty-2001/. Son erişim tarihi, 12.06.2023.
  • Özev M H (2019). The UN as a Legitimate and Legitimizing Agent and its Conflict Resolution Role. İçinde: M H
  • Özev ve A Erdoğan (der), The United Nations and its Conflict Resolution Role, İstanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi Yayınları, 9-25.
  • Paris R (2023). The Past, Present, and Uncertain Future of Collective Conflict Management: Peacekeeping and Beyond. Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding, 17 (3), 235-257.
  • Pearson L B (11.12.1957). “Lester Bowles Pearson: Nobel Lecture”. The Nobel Prize. Oslo Üniversitesi Oditoryumu. https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1957/pearson/lecture/. Son erişim tarihi, 12/03/2023.
  • Ramsbotham O ve Woodhouse T (1996). Peacekeeping: Terra Incognita - Here Be Dragons - Peacekeeping and Conflict Resolution in Contemporary Conflict: Some Relationships Considered. Ulster: University of Ulster, INCORE/United Nations University.
  • Ramsbotham O ve Woodhouse T (2000). Introduction. İçinde: T Woodhouse ve O Ramsbotham (der), Peacekeeping and Conflict Resolution. London, Portland, OR, Frank Cass Publishers, 1-7.
  • Ramsbotham O vd. (2006). Contemporary Conflict Resolution: The Prevention, Management and Transformation of Deadly Conflicts, İkinci Baskı, Cambridge, Malden: Polity Press.
  • Richmond O P (2023). Peace: A Very Short Introduction, İkinci Baskı, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Roberts A (1994). The Crisis in UN Peacekeeping. Survival: Global Politics and Strategy, 36(3), 93-120.
  • Ryan S (2000). United Nations Peacekeeping: A Matter of Principles?. International Peacekeeping, 7(1), 27-47.
  • Savaş Cazala M (2018). Koruma Sorumluluğu’nun Normatif Statüsü. Marmara Üniversitesi Öneri Dergisi, 13 (50), 65-89.
  • Volkan V (1999). Kanbağı: Etnik Gururdan Etnik Teröre. İstanbul: Bağlam Yayınları.
  • Woodhouse T ve Ramsbotham O (1998). Peacekeeping and Humanitarian Intervention in post-Cold War Conflict. İçinde: T Woodhouse, R Bruce ve M Dando (der), Peacekeeping and Peacemaking: Towards Effective Intervention in Post-Cold War Conflicts. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 39-73.
  • Woodhouse T ve Ramsbotham O (2000). Peacekeeping and Conflict Resolution. London: Routledge.
  • Young O R (1967). The Intermediaries: Third Parties in International Crises. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Toplam 72 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Barış Çalışmaları
Bölüm Makale / Articles
Yazarlar

Özgenur Aktan 0000-0003-1026-2445

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Aralık 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 7 Haziran 2024
Kabul Tarihi 4 Aralık 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 48 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Aktan, Ö. (2024). Çatışma Çözümü ve Çatışma Yönetimi Bağlamında Birleşmiş Milletler Barışı Koruma: Kavramsal Bir Billurlaştırma. Mülkiye Dergisi, 48(4), 1100-1133.
AMA Aktan Ö. Çatışma Çözümü ve Çatışma Yönetimi Bağlamında Birleşmiş Milletler Barışı Koruma: Kavramsal Bir Billurlaştırma. Mülkiye Dergisi. Aralık 2024;48(4):1100-1133.
Chicago Aktan, Özgenur. “Çatışma Çözümü Ve Çatışma Yönetimi Bağlamında Birleşmiş Milletler Barışı Koruma: Kavramsal Bir Billurlaştırma”. Mülkiye Dergisi 48, sy. 4 (Aralık 2024): 1100-1133.
EndNote Aktan Ö (01 Aralık 2024) Çatışma Çözümü ve Çatışma Yönetimi Bağlamında Birleşmiş Milletler Barışı Koruma: Kavramsal Bir Billurlaştırma. Mülkiye Dergisi 48 4 1100–1133.
IEEE Ö. Aktan, “Çatışma Çözümü ve Çatışma Yönetimi Bağlamında Birleşmiş Milletler Barışı Koruma: Kavramsal Bir Billurlaştırma”, Mülkiye Dergisi, c. 48, sy. 4, ss. 1100–1133, 2024.
ISNAD Aktan, Özgenur. “Çatışma Çözümü Ve Çatışma Yönetimi Bağlamında Birleşmiş Milletler Barışı Koruma: Kavramsal Bir Billurlaştırma”. Mülkiye Dergisi 48/4 (Aralık 2024), 1100-1133.
JAMA Aktan Ö. Çatışma Çözümü ve Çatışma Yönetimi Bağlamında Birleşmiş Milletler Barışı Koruma: Kavramsal Bir Billurlaştırma. Mülkiye Dergisi. 2024;48:1100–1133.
MLA Aktan, Özgenur. “Çatışma Çözümü Ve Çatışma Yönetimi Bağlamında Birleşmiş Milletler Barışı Koruma: Kavramsal Bir Billurlaştırma”. Mülkiye Dergisi, c. 48, sy. 4, 2024, ss. 1100-33.
Vancouver Aktan Ö. Çatışma Çözümü ve Çatışma Yönetimi Bağlamında Birleşmiş Milletler Barışı Koruma: Kavramsal Bir Billurlaştırma. Mülkiye Dergisi. 2024;48(4):1100-33.
Mülkiye Dergisi: Mülkiyeliler Birliği Konur Sokak No. 1, Kızılay - ANKARA, TÜRKİYE. Tel: +90 312 4185572; Faks: +90 312 4191373; mulkiyedergisi@mulkiye.org.tr / Mülkiye Dergisi, Mülkiyeliler Birliği Genel Merkezi Yayın Organı'dır.