Termik Santral Atığı Olan Kömür Külünün SBR Matrisli Bileşiklere İlave Edilmesinin Mekanik Özelliklere Etkisi

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2, 135 - 146, 31.12.2023

Saban Bulbul , Enes Ayhan , Hakan Gökmeşe

https://doi.org/10.47112/neufmbd.2023.14

Öz

Kömür küllerinin geri dönüşümü olmadığı için doğaya atılması ciddi zararlar ortaya çıkarmaktadır. Aynı zamanda kömür külünün kimyasal bileşiminde insan ve hayvan sağlığına zararlı maddelerin olması özellikle doğal yağışlar sayesinde içme sularına karışması canlıların ve sulama yapılan tarım alanlarını ciddi şekilde tehlikeye sokmaktadır. Türkiye’de birçok termik santral bulunmaktadır. Buralardan elde edilen atıkların geri dönüştürülmesi ve ekonomiye kazandırılması büyük önem arz etmektedir. Endüstriyel atıkların polimer teknolojisi sektöründe dolgu olarak kullanılmasıyla ilgili sınırlı sayıda çalışmalar mevcuttur. Kömür külünün polimer matrisli bileşiklerde kullanılması ile ilgili hiçbir çalışma mevcut değildir. Bu çalışmada SBR matrisine %0, %5, %10 ve %15 oranında karbon siyahına ek olarak kömür külü ilave edilmiş ve 4 farklı bileşik elde dilmiştir. Elde edilen bu bileşiklerin çapraz bağ yoğunluğu hesaplanmış ve çapraz bağ yoğunluğunun mekanik özellikler üzerine etkisi araştırılmıştır. Bileşiklerdeki kömür külü dolgu oranı yükseldikçe, bileşiklerin çapraz bağ yoğunluğunun artmasına ve buna bağlı olarak, sertlik, yüzde uzama, kopma mukavemeti gibi mekanik özellikleri geliştirdiği ve özgül ağırlık gibi fiziksel özelikleri de arttırdığı görülmüştür.

Anahtar Kelimeler

SBR, Mekanik özellikleri, Kömür Külü

Effect on Mechanical Properties of Addition of Coal Ash as Thermal Power Plant Waste to SBR Matrix Compounds

Öz

The disposal of coal ashes into the environment due to their non-recyclable nature poses significant harms. Moreover, the presence of harmful substances in the chemical composition of coal ash, coupled with the potential contamination of drinking water sources and irrigation areas through natural precipitation, poses serious threats to both living organisms and agricultural lands. There are many thermal power plants in Turkey. It is of great importance that the wastes obtained from these areas are recycled and brought into the economy. There are limited studies on the use of industrial wastes as filler in the polymer technology sector. There are no studies on the use of coal ash in polymer matrix compounds. In this study, 0%, 5%, 10%and 15%carbon black were added to the SBR matrix in addition to coal ash and 4 different compounds were obtained. The crosslink density of these obtained compounds was calculated and the effect of crosslink density on mechanical properties was investigated. It was observed that as the coal ash filling ratio in the compounds increased, the crosslink density of the compounds increased and accordingly, mechanical properties such as hardness, percent elongation, breaking strength and physical properties such as specific gravity increased.

Anahtar Kelimeler

SBR, Coal ash

Kaynakça

• Y. Uzun, H. Ergün, E. Şeker, Hikayeler İçin Artırılmış Gerçeklik Yaklaşımı, Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi Fen ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi. 4 (2022), 1-7.
• M. Arroyo, M. Lopezmanchado, J. Valentin, J. Carretero, Morphology/behaviour relationship of nanocomposites based on natural rubber/epoxidized natural rubber blends, Composites Science and Technology. 67 (2007), 1330-1339. doi:10.1016/j.compscitech.2006.09.019.
• Kauçuk Sektör İzleme Raporu 2017.pdf, (t.y.). https://pagev.org/upload/files/Hammadde%20Yeni%20Tebli%C4%9F%20Bilg.%203/Kau%C3%A7uk%20Sekt%C3%B6r%20%C4%B0zleme%20Raporu%202017.pdf (erişim 19 Haziran 2023).
• M. Morton, Rubber Technology, Springer Science & Business Media, 2012.
• Elastomers and Rubber Compounding Materials - 1st Edition, (t.y.). https://shop.elsevier.com/books/elastomers-and-rubber-compounding-materials/franta/978-0-444-42994-0 (erişim 19 Haziran 2023).
• S.-J. Park, M.-K. Seo, C. Nah, Influence of surface characteristics of carbon blacks on cure and mechanical behaviors of rubber matrix compoundings, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. 291 (2005), 229-235. doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2005.04.103.
• S.-S. Choi, S.-H. Ha, Influence of the swelling temperature and acrylonitrile content of NBR on the water swelling behaviors of silica-filled NBR vulcanizates, Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. 15 (2009), 167-170. doi:10.1016/j.jiec.2008.09.016.
• N. Suzuki, M. Ito, F. Yatsuyanagi, Effects of rubber/filler interactions on deformation behavior of silica filled SBR systems, Polymer. 46 (2005), 193-201. doi:10.1016/j.polymer.2004.10.066.
• B.T. Poh, C.C. Ng, Effect of silane coupling agents on the mooney scorch time of silica-filled natural rubber compound, European Polymer Journal. 34 (1998), 975-979. doi:10.1016/S0014-3057(97)00211-5.
• T. Jesionowski, A. Krysztafkiewicz, Influence of silane coupling agents on surface properties of precipitated silicas, Applied Surface Science. 172 (2001), 18-32. doi:10.1016/S0169-4332(00)00828-X.
• P. Sae-oui, C. Sirisinha, U. Thepsuwan, K. Hatthapanit, Roles of silane coupling agents on properties of silica-filled polychloroprene, European Polymer Journal. 42 (2006), 479-486. doi:10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2005.09.003.
• M. Abdelmouleh, S. Boufi, M. Belgacem, A. Dufresne, Short natural-fibre reinforced polyethylene and natural rubber composites: Effect of silane coupling agents and fibres loading, Composites Science and Technology. 67 (2007), 1627-1639. doi:10.1016/j.compscitech.2006.07.003.
• N. Seshaiah, N. Santhosh Kumar, M. Khadar Hussain Afrid, K. Sriram, K. Vinay, B. Sekhar Rahul, Investigation of cure behaviour and tensile properties of NR/SBR composite filled with carbon black and silica, Materials Today: Proceedings. 59 (2022), 387-391. doi:10.1016/j.matpr.2021.11.352.
• C. Jiang, J. Bo, X. Xiao, S. Zhang, Z. Wang, G. Yan, Y. Wu, C. Wong, H. He, Converting waste lignin into nano-biochar as a renewable substitute of carbon black for reinforcing styrene-butadiene rubber, Waste Management. 102 (2020), 732-742. doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2019.11.019.
• J. Tan, H. Cheng, L. Wei, C. Wei, Y. Xing, X. Gui, Using low-rank coal slime as an eco-friendly replacement for carbon black filler in styrene butadiene rubber, Journal of Cleaner Production. 234 (2019), 949-960. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.06.221.
• D. Roucou, J. Diani, M. Brieu, D. Colombo, Experimental identification of fracture toughness of a carbon black-filled styrene butadiene rubber undergoing energy dissipation by Mullins softening, Mechanics of Materials. 151 (2020), 103645. doi:10.1016/j.mechmat.2020.103645.
• M. Uyaner, A. Yar, Nano Elyaf Takviyeli Nanokompozit Üretimi ve Karakterizasyonu, Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi Fen ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi. 1 (2019), 10-19.
• S.Ş. Kaya, K. Alaykiran, Hata Türü ve Etkileri Analizi ve Döküm Sektöründe Bir Uygulama, Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi Fen ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi. 1 (2019), 76-89.
• S. Bulbul, M. Ergun, Effect of mica powder-filled styrene-butadiene rubber compounds on crosslink density and mechanical properties, Thermal Science. 26 (2022), 3019-3028. doi:10.2298/TSCI2204019B.
• Ş. Bülbül, S.S. Büyük, The crosslinking and mechanical properties of SBR compounds with the addition of carburized pine nut cone ash, Journal of Elastomers & Plastics. 54 (2022), 906-921. doi:10.1177/00952443221102585.
• S. Bülbül, Improving the crosslink density and the mechanical properties after vulcanization for an iron oxide layer (scale) and SBR/rubber masterbatch, Materiali in tehnologije. 54 (2020), 71-78. doi:10.17222/mit.2019.129.
• Ş. Bülbül, N. Akçakale, M. Yaşar, H. Gökmeşe, The effect of wood ash on the mechanical properties of rubber compounds, materiali in tehnologije. 53 (2019), 333-339. doi:10.17222/mit.2018.126.
• Ş. Bülbül, N.Akçakale, The Production and mechanical Properties of carburized Corn Cob Ash added Rubber Compounds, KGK Kautschuk Gummi Kunststoffe. 72 (2019), 30-35.
• S. Bulbul, N. Akcakale, H. Gokmese, O. Gok, M. Yasar, The effect on hardness and density of filling materials in NR/SBR rubber compounds, International Advanced Researches and Engineering Journal. 1 (2017), 1-4.
• N. Akçakale, Ş. Bülbül, The Effect of Mica Powder and Wollastonite Fillings on the Mechanical Properties of NR/SBR Type Elastomer Compounds, Journal of Rubber Research. 20 (2017), 157-167. doi:10.1007/BF03449149.
• M. Hernández Santana, M. Huete, P. Lameda, J. Araujo, R. Verdejo, M.A. López-Manchado, Design of a new generation of sustainable SBR compounds with good trade-off between mechanical properties and self-healing ability, European Polymer Journal. 106 (2018), 273-283. doi:10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2018.07.040.
• S.-S. Choi, J.-C. Kim, Lifetime prediction and thermal aging behaviors of SBR and NBR composites using crosslink density changes, Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. 18 (2012), 1166-1170. doi:10.1016/j.jiec.2012.01.011.
• J. Machotová, A. Kalendová, M. Voleská, D. Steinerová, M. Pejchalová, P. Knotek, L. Zárybnická, Waterborne hygienic coatings based on self-crosslinking acrylic latex with embedded inorganic nanoparticles: a comparison of nanostructured ZnO and MgO as antibacterial additives, Progress in Organic Coatings. 147 (2020), 105704. doi:10.1016/j.porgcoat.2020.105704.
• R. Mounir, M. Mohamed, M. El-Zaya, Thermal and Physico-Mechanical Properties of Irradiated Aluminum Oxide Filled Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer Rubber Composites, Arab Journal of Nuclear Sciences and Applications. 0 (2021), 1-7. doi:10.21608/ajnsa.2021.62040.1444.
• J.-Y. Lee, N. Park, S. Lim, B. Ahn, W. Kim, H. Moon, H. Paik, W. Kim, Influence of the silanes on the crosslink density and crosslink structure of silica-filled solution styrene butadiene rubber compounds, Composite Interfaces. 24 (2017), 711-727. doi:10.1080/09276440.2017.1267524.
• L.C. Sim, S.R. Ramanan, H. Ismail, K.N. Seetharamu, T.J. Goh, Thermal characterization of Al2O3 and ZnO reinforced silicone rubber as thermal pads for heat dissipation purposes, Thermochimica Acta. 430 (2005), 155-165. doi:10.1016/j.tca.2004.12.024.
• W. Jansomboon, P. Prapainainar, S. Loykulnant, P. Kongkachuichay, P. Dittanet, P. Kumnorkaew, Z. Li, I. Kinloch, R.J. Young, Raman spectroscopic study of reinforcement mechanisms of electron beam radiation crosslinking of natural rubber composites filled with graphene and silica/graphene mixture prepared by latex mixing, Composites Part C: Open Access. 3 (2020), 100049. doi:10.1016/j.jcomc.2020.100049.
• S. Debnath, S.K. De, D. Khastgir, Effect of silane coupling agent on vulcanization, network structure, polymer-filler interaction, physical properties and failure mode of mica-filled styrene-butadiene rubber, Journal of Materials Science. 22 (1987), 4453-4459. doi:10.1007/BF01132046.
• R.S.A. Afia, E. Mustafa, Z.Á. Tamus, Condition Monitoring of Photovoltaic Cables Based Cross-Linked Polyolefin Insulation Under Combined Accelerated Aging Stresses: Electrical and Mechanical Assessment, Energy Reports. 8 (2022), 1038-1049. doi:10.1016/j.egyr.2021.11.122.
• D. Min, C. Yan, Y. Huang, S. Li, Y. Ohki, Dielectric and Carrier Transport Properties of Silicone Rubber Degraded by Gamma Irradiation, Polymers. 9 (2017), 533. doi:10.3390/polym9100533.
• M. Celina, K.T. Gillen, J. Wise, R.L. Clough, Anomalous aging phenomena in a crosslinked polyolefin cable insulation, Radiation Physics and Chemistry. 48 (1996), 613-626. doi:10.1016/0969-806X(96)00083-7.
• H. Nabil, H. Ismail, C.T. Ratnam, Simultaneous Enhancement of Mechanical and Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Natural Rubber/Recycled Ethylene-Propylene-Diene Rubber Blends by Electron Beam Irradiation, International Journal of Polymer Analysis and Characterization. 19 (2014), 272-285. doi:10.1080/1023666X.2014.880023.
• F. Findik, R. Yilmaz, T. Köksal, Investigation of mechanical and physical properties of several industrial rubbers, Materials & Design. 25 (2004), 269-276. doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2003.11.003.
• C. Yeswin, D.B.S. Vamsi, B.N. Vijay, I. Naveen, P.S.P. Reddy, N. Rahulan, Physical properties of nano Al2O3 reinforced NBR/SBR blends, Materials Today: Proceedings. 52 (2022), 2273-2278. doi:10.1016/j.matpr.2021.08.241.