Synthetic Fuels as a Cornerstone of Net-Zero Emissions: A Review of Production Methods and Future Prospects

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2, 113 - 131, 30.03.2025

Akın Doğan , Gürkan Yüksel , Abdullah Uğur , Mehmet Boy , Erhan Kayabaşı , Recep Demirsöz

Öz

Synthetic fuels, produced through the conversion of renewable energy and carbon dioxide (CO₂), have emerged as a promising solution to decarbonize sectors that are difficult to electrify, such as aviation, shipping, and heavy industry. This review article provides a comprehensive analysis of five key synthetic fuel types: synthetic hydrocarbons, methanol, ammonia, synthetic natural gas (SNG), and hydrogen/green hydrogen. Each fuel is evaluated based on its production processes, applications, advantages, and challenges. Synthetic hydrocarbons and SNG offer compatibility with existing infrastructure, while methanol and ammonia provide versatile solutions for transportation and industrial use. Green hydrogen, produced via water electrolysis using renewable energy, stands out as a zero-emission fuel with the potential to decarbonize hard-to-abate sectors. However, high production costs, energy-intensive processes, and infrastructure requirements remain significant barriers to widespread adoption. Technological advancements, economies of scale, and supportive policies are critical to overcoming these challenges. This article highlights the transformative potential of synthetic fuels in achieving a sustainable, low-carbon energy future, emphasizing the need for continued innovation and global collaboration to accelerate their deployment. By integrating synthetic fuels into the global energy system, we can address climate change, enhance energy security, and pave the way for a net-zero emissions future.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Synthetic fuels, ammonia, syngas, methanol, hydrogen

Net Sıfır Emisyonun Temel Taşı Olarak Sentetik Yakıtlar: Üretim Yöntemleri ve Gelecek Perspektiflerinin İncelenmesi

Öz

Yenilenebilir enerji ve karbondioksitin (CO₂) dönüştürülmesiyle üretilen sentetik yakıtlar, elektrifikasyonun zor olduğu havacılık, deniz taşımacılığı ve ağır sanayi gibi sektörlerin karbonsuzlaştırılması için umut verici bir çözüm olarak öne çıkmaktadır. Bu derleme makalesi, beş temel sentetik yakıt türünü—sentetik hidrokarbonlar, metanol, amonyak, sentetik doğal gaz (SNG) ve hidrojen/yeşil hidrojen—kapsamlı bir şekilde analiz etmektedir. Her bir yakıt türü, üretim süreçleri, kullanım alanları, avantajları ve karşılaşılan zorluklar açısından değerlendirilmektedir. Sentetik hidrokarbonlar ve SNG, mevcut altyapı ile uyumluluk sağlarken; metanol ve amonyak, ulaşım ve sanayi uygulamaları için çok yönlü çözümler sunmaktadır. Yenilenebilir enerji kullanılarak su elektrolizi yoluyla üretilen yeşil hidrojen, karbon salımı içermeyen bir yakıt olarak, karbonsuzlaştırılması zor sektörler için önemli bir potansiyel taşımaktadır. Ancak, yüksek üretim maliyetleri, enerji yoğun süreçler ve altyapı gereksinimleri, bu yakıtların yaygın benimsenmesinin önündeki temel engeller arasında yer almaktadır. Teknolojik ilerlemeler, ölçek ekonomileri ve destekleyici politikalar, bu zorlukların aşılmasında kritik rol oynamaktadır. Bu makale, sentetik yakıtların sürdürülebilir ve düşük karbonlu bir enerji geleceği sağlama potansiyelini vurgulamakta ve bu yakıtların yaygınlaştırılmasını hızlandırmak için sürekli yenilik ve küresel iş birliğinin gerekliliğine dikkat çekmektedir. Sentetik yakıtların küresel enerji sistemine entegrasyonu, iklim değişikliğiyle mücadele edilmesine, enerji güvenliğinin artırılmasına ve net sıfır emisyon hedeflerine ulaşılmasına katkı sağlayacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Sentetik yakıtlar, amonyak, sentetik gaz, metanol, hidrojen

Kaynakça

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