Various Tasks, Usage Areas and Meanings of Persian Preposition “ba” with Examples from Classical Persian Poetry

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 19 Sayı: 48, 137 - 154, 29.06.2019

Pelin Seval Çağlayan Esen

https://doi.org/10.32330/nusha.526028

Öz

A preposition is a word used to link nouns, pronouns, or phrases to other words within a sentence. They
act to connect the people, objects, time and locations of a sentence. Preposition
does not have a meaning on its own, in sentence comes before or after noun or
words like noun; establishes various meaning relations between words and verbs,
gerundial, nouns and grammatical independent clauses that add different
meanings to the sentence. Prepositions are usually short words, and they
are normally placed directly in front of nouns. A nice way to think about
prepositions is as the words that help glue a sentence together. They do this
by expressing position and movement, possession, time and how an action is
completed.

Indeed, several of the most frequently used
words in Persian, such as به، با، در، بر، تا، تا،
جز، چون، برای  از، (az-from, ba-to, dar-in,
ber-on, upon, ta-up to, coz-other than, jon-for, baray-for) are prepositions.
Explaining prepositions can seem complicated, but they are a common part of
language and most of us use them naturally without even thinking about it.
Prepositions are the smallest group of auxiliary parts of sentence, helps use
of words, phrases, and sentence. While prepositions establish interest among
words, creates phrases. Sometimes these phrases are complete verb such as
adverbial in terms of reason, time, place, direction, purpose, quality,
quantity, contrast, question, similarity, means, sometimes such as indirect
object in terms of heading, availability, leaving.

In fact, it’s interesting to note that
prepositions are regarded as a ‘closed class’ of words,This means, unlike verbs
and nouns, no new words are added to this group over time. In a way, it
reflects their role as the functional workhorse of the sentence. They are
unassuming and subtle, yet vitally important to the meaning of language.

Prepositions in Persian three types are
examined: simple preposition, compound preposition, defined preposition. Simple
preposition are those which are not compounded with any other word. The Simple
Prepositions generally assist in determining the place or position of a person
or thing. For example: به، با، در، را، بر، تا، الا،
باز، تا، جز، چو، چون، فرو، که، فرا، برای  از، (az, ba, dar, ra,
ber, ta, ella, baz, coz, jo, jon, foro, ke, fera, baray). Compound preposition are
those prepositions which are formed by prefixing the preposition to a noun, an
adjective or an adverb. For example: به جز، جز از، مگر
از، جز که، چون که، مگر که، همچو، از بهر، به خاطر، به غیر از
( ba, coz, coz az, magar az, coz ke, jon ke, magar
ke, hamjo, az bahr, ba hatar, ba gayr az). Defined preposition come in three varieties: At the end of the words, the
summoning ا (a), the beginning of the call ای (ay) the
exclamation exclamation and the را
(ra).

In Persian especially in the classical works
type of poetry and prose it is seen that prepositions have more than one
meaning. Preposition  به (ba) has a lot of meanings such as the, on, at, to, for, from,
with, upon, over, towards, on account of, despite, although, spite of, like,
while, under, acording to, about, near, next to, when, by. At the same time
this preposition binds two words of the same kind, sometimes makes the
adjective or the adverb, it was seen that this preposition was used at the
beginning of the verbs, gerundial in classical Persian. While setting the
sentence in the present, preposition  به (ba) was used at the beginning of verb in
the imperatives and subjunctive mood of verbs. Sometimes the tanven at the
end of the envelope is thrown and the preposition  به (ba) is added thus
makes the task adverbial in the sentence, used to meaning of starting in
sentences, used to consolidate the meaning of the word, connects two words of
the same type, before these prepositions بر
(bar) on, در (dar) at, جز
(coz) other than accepted more and for the sentence meaning of this preposion
unnecessary.

In the study, the various uses of preposition به (ba) 
and its different meanings were examined with examples. Thirty-nine
different uses and meanings of preposition به
(ba)  were determined and explained with
examples. These example are mostly selected from poems of poets of Persian
literature such as Firdevsi, Enveri, Hakani, Attar, Mevlana, Iraki, Sadi,
Evhadi, Hafız.

Structured Abstract

A preposition is a word used to link nouns, pronouns, or phrases to other words within a sentence. They act to connect the
people, objects, time and locations of a sentence. Preposition does not
have a meaning on its own, in sentence comes before or after noun or words like
noun; establishes various meaning relations between words and verbs, gerundial,
nouns and grammatical independent clauses that add different meanings to the
sentence. Prepositions are usually short words, and they are normally
placed directly in front of nouns. A nice way to think about prepositions is as
the words that help glue a sentence together. They do this by expressing
position and movement, possession, time and how an action is completed.

Indeed, several of the most frequently used
words in Persian, such as به، با، در، بر، تا، تا،
جز، چون، برای  از، (az-from, ba-to,
dar-in, ber-on, upon, ta-up to, coz-other than, jon-for, baray-for) are
prepositions. Explaining prepositions can seem complicated, but they are a
common part of language and most of us use them naturally without even thinking
about it. Prepositions are the smallest group of auxiliary parts of sentence,
helps use of words, phrases, and sentence. While prepositions establish
interest among words, creates phrases. Sometimes these phrases are complete
verb such as adverbial in terms of reason, time, place, direction, purpose,
quality, quantity, contrast, question, similarity, means, sometimes such as
indirect object in terms of heading, availability, leaving.

In fact, it’s interesting to note that
prepositions are regarded as a ‘closed class’ of words,This means, unlike verbs
and nouns, no new words are added to this group over time. In a way, it
reflects their role as the functional workhorse of the sentence. They are
unassuming and subtle, yet vitally important to the meaning of language.

Prepositions in Persian three types are
examined: simple preposition, compound preposition, defined preposition. Simple
preposition are those which are not compounded with any other word. The Simple
Prepositions generally assist in determining the place or position of a person
or thing. For example: به، با، در، را، بر، تا، الا،
باز، تا، جز، چو، چون، فرو، که، فرا، برای  از، (az, ba, dar, ra,
ber, ta, ella, baz, coz, jo, jon, foro, ke, fera, baray). Compound preposition
are those prepositions which are formed by prefixing the preposition to a noun,
an adjective or an adverb. For example: به جز، جز از، مگر
از، جز که، چون که، مگر که، همچو، از بهر، به خاطر، به غیر از
( ba, coz, coz az, magar az, coz ke, jon ke, magar
ke, hamjo, az bahr, ba hatar, ba gayr az). Defined preposition come in three varieties: At the end of the words, the
summoning ا (a), the beginning of the call ای (ay) the exclamation exclamation and the را (ra).

In Persian especially in the classical works
type of poetry and prose it is seen that prepositions have more than one
meaning. Preposition  به (ba) has a lot of meanings such as the, on, at, to, for, from,
with, upon, over, towards, on account of, despite, although, spite of, like,
while, under, acording to, about, near, next to, when, by. At the same time
this preposition binds two words of the same kind, sometimes makes the
adjective or the adverb, it was seen that this preposition was used at the beginning
of the verbs, gerundial in classical Persian. While setting the sentence in the
present, preposition  به (ba) was used at the beginning of verb in the imperatives and
subjunctive mood of verbs. Sometimes the tanven at the end of the envelope
is thrown and the preposition  به (ba) is added thus makes the task
adverbial in the sentence, used to meaning of starting in sentences, used to
consolidate the meaning of the word, connects two words of the same type,
before these prepositions بر (bar) on, در (dar) at, جز
(coz) other than accepted more and for the sentence meaning of this preposion
unnecessary.

In the study, the various uses of preposition به (ba) 
and its different meanings were examined with examples. Thirty-nine
different uses and meanings of preposition به
(ba)  were determined and explained with
examples. These example are mostly selected from poems of poets of Persian
literature such as Firdevsi, Enveri, Hakani, Attar, Mevlana, Iraki, Sadi,
Evhadi, Hafız.

Anahtar Kelimeler

preposition, preposition “ba”, Persian, complementary, complement

FARSÇA به EDATININ KLASİK FARS ŞİİRİNDEN ÖRNEKLERLE ÇEŞİTLİ GÖREVLERİ, KULLANIM ALANLARI VE ANLAMLARI

Öz

Edat tek başına bir anlamı olmayan, cümle
içerisinde isim veya isim soylu kelimelerden önce ya da sonra gelerek bağlı
olduğu kelimeler ile fiiller, fiilimsiler, isimler arasında çeşitli anlam
ilgileri kuran, cümleye farklı anlamlar katan, gramer görevli bağımsız kelime
türüdür. Edatlar cümlenin yardımcı parçalarının en küçük grubunu oluşturur, birlikte
kullanıldıkları kelimelerin, kelime gruplarının ve cümlelerin kullanışlarına, ifade
kabiliyetlerine yardım eder. Edatlar sözcükler arasında ilgi kurarken aynı
zamanda tümleç öbekleri oluşturur, bu öbekler bazen zarf tümleçleri gibi
yüklemi neden, zaman, yer, yön, amaç, nitelik, nicelik, karşıtlık, soru,
benzerlik, vasıta, beraberlik, açıklama bakımından bazen de dolaylı tümleçler
gibi yönelme, bulunma, ayrılma bakımından tümler. Farsçada
özellikle nazım ve nesir türünde kaleme alınan klasik eserlerde edatların
birbirlerinin yerine ve öz anlamları dışında farklı anlamlarda kullanıldığı
görülmektedir. Çeşitli kullanım alanları ve farklı görevleri olan, isme –e
halini veren به edatı da از، با، بر، برای، تا، در، نزدِ،
از روی، از جهتِ، به سوی، مطابقِ، به
واسطۀ، به سببِ  gibi
edatlar yerine kullanılarak öz anlamı dışında -i,  -de, -den, ile, için, üzerine, üzerinde, -e doğru, tarafına, -e karşın, karşılığında, -e
rağmen, yerine, kadar, bir, bakımından, gibi, sebebiyle, yüzünden, -e uygun, -e
göre, -iken, olarak, altında, hakkında, yanına, yanında, -dığı zaman, yoluyla,
…gibi birçok anlamı karşılamaktadır.

Çalışmada به
edatının klasik şiirde kullanım alanları, görevleri ve farklı anlamları Firdevsî,
Enverî, Hakânî, Attâr, Mevlânâ, Irâkî, Saʻdî, Evhâdî, Hâfız gibi klasik Fars
şairlerinin şiirlerinden tarafımızca tespit edilen örneklerle incelenmiştir. Örneklerin
sayfa numarasının yanında beyit numarası da verilmiştir. Kendinden sonra gelen kelimeye
tamlama kesresi ile bağlanan edatlarda kesre işareti gösterilmiştir. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

edat, به edatı, Farsça, tamamlayıcı

Kaynakça

• Değirmençay, V. (2010). Farsça Edatlar ve Bağlaçlar Sözlüğü. İstanbul: Kurtuba Yayınevi.
• Delice, H. İ. (2008). Sözcük Türleri. Sivas: Asitan Yayıncılık.
• Efşâr, H. İ. (1380 hş.). Destûr-i Sâhtimân-i Zebân-i Fârsî. Tahran: İntişârât-i Danişgâh-i Ellâme-yi Tabâtabâyî.
• Ergin, M. (2013). Türk Dilbilgisi. İstanbul: Bayrak Yayıncılık.
• Erjeng, G. R. (1374 hş.). Destûr-i Zebân-i Fârsî-yi İmrûz. Tahran: İntişârât-i Danişgâh-i Ellâme-yi Tabâtabâyî.
• Enverî, E. (1364 hş.). Dîvân-i Enverî. (tsh. Saîd-i Nefîsî) Tahran: İntişârât-i Nigâh.
• Ferşîdverd, H. (1392 hş.). Destûr-i Mufessel-i İmrûz. Tahran: İntişârât-i Sohen.
• Firdevsî, Ebu’l-Kâsım (1388 hş.). Şahname-yi Firdevsî. (tsh. Said-i Hamîdîyân) Tahran: Neşr-i Katre
• Gaznevî, Ebu'l-Mecd Mecdûd bin Âdem Senâî (1382hş.). Hadikat’ül'Hakika ve Şeriat’üt- Tarika, (tsh. Meryem-i Huseynî) Tahran: İntişârât-i Danişgâh-i Tahran.
• Gencevî, N. (1315 hş.). Heft Peyker. (tsh. Vahid-i Destgirdî), Tahran: Neşr-i İlm.
• Gencevî, N., (1316 hş.). Şerefnâme. (tsh. Vahid-i Destgirdî), Tahran: Neşr-i İlm.
• Givî, H. A.- Enverî H. (1392 hş.). Destûr-i Zebân-i Fârsî II. Tahran: İntişârât-i Fâtimâ.
• Hânlerî, P. N. (1392 hş.). Destûr-i Zebân-i Fârsî. Tahran: İntişârât-i Tûs.
• Hayyâmpûr, A. (1392 hş.). Destûr-i Zebân-i Fârsî. Tebriz: İntişârât-i Sutûde.
• Irâkî, F. (1377 hş.). Kullîyât-i Şeyh Fahreddîn İbrâhîm-i Hemedânî. (tsh. Nesrîn-i Muhteşem) Tahran: İntişârât-i Zevvâr.
• Karîb, A., Humâyî, C., Yâsemî R., Behâr, M., Furûzânfer, B. (1392 hş.), Destûr-i Zebân-i Fârsî (Penc Ustâd) Tahran: İntişârât-i Nâhîd.
• Koç, N. (1996). Yeni Dilbilgisi. İstanbul: İnkılâp Kitapevi.
• Merâgî, E. (1362 hş.). Divân-i Kâmil-i Evhâdî-yi Merâgî. (tsh. Emîr Ahmed-i Eşrefî) Tahran: İntişârât-i Pîşrov.
• Rehber, H. H. (1380 hş.). Destûr-i Zebân-i Fârsî. Tahran: İntişârât-i Mehtâb.
• Rumî, M. C. (1389 hş.). Divân-ı Kebîr I-II (Kulliyât-i Şems-i Tebrîzî). (tsh. Tevfîk H. Subhânî) Tahran: Encumen-i Âsâr ve Mefâhir-i Ferhengî.
• Şahinoğlu, M. N. (1997). Farsça Grameri (Sarf ve Nahiv). İstanbul: Kitabevi Yayınevi.
• Sâvecî, S. (1376 hş.). Kullîyât-i Selmân-i Sâvecî. (tsh. Abbasali Vefâyî) Tahran: İntişârât-i Sohen.
• Şîrâzî, H. (1372 hş.). Şâh-i Nebât-i Hâfız. (tsh. Muhammed Rıza Berzger Hâlikî) Tahran: İntişârât-i Zevvâr.
• Şîrâzî, S. (1377 hş.). Dîvân-i Gazeliyât-i Sadî-yi Şîrâzî I. (tsh. Halîl Hatîb Rehber) Tahran: İntişârât-i Danişgâh-i Tahran.
• Şükûn, Z. (1984). Farsça-Türkçe Lûgat Gencinei Güftar Ferhengi Ziya I. İstanbul: Milli Eğitim Basımevi.
• Tebrîzî, S. (1364 hş.). Dîvân-i Sâib-i Tebrîzî I. (tsh. Muhammed-i Kahramanî) Tahran: Şirket-i İntişârât-i İlmî ve Ferhengî.
• Yıldırım, N. (2015). Farsça Dilbilgisi. İstanbul: Kabalcı Yayınevi.