الحرب على سورية والظواهر النفسيةقراءة في رواية "شقة على شارع النيل"

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 20 Sayı: 50, 259 - 284, 30.06.2020

Mohamad Turkey

https://doi.org/10.32330/nusha.646328

Öz

هناك علاقة وطيدة بين الأدب وعلم النفس، ذلك لأن
علم النفس من أقرب العلوم إلى الإبداع الأدبي؛ فكلاهما يتعاملان مع البشر وردود
أفعالهم، ورغباتهم، والشقاء الذي يتعرّضون له.

والرواية من أكثر الأعمال الأدبية انفتاحًا على
المنهج النفسي، لأنها تتيح للروائي كشف العديد من غرائزه وطباعه، وذلك من خلال
إسباغها على شخصيات روايته، وتمرير خطاباته ومشاعره. ويقدّم المنهج النفسي
للدّارسين خدمات جليلة في دراسة النصوص الرّوائية، ويمنحهم مفاتيح وأدوات تمكّنهم
من اكتشاف مكبوتات الروائي من خلال تحليل شخصيّاته، وإزالة الغموض عنها، وتوضيحها،
وتقديمها للمتلقي.

تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى
تناول الظواهر النفسية للشخصّيات وتحليلها في رواية "شقة على شارع
النيل" للكاتب أحمد زياد محبك. ويأتي اختيار هذه الرواية موضوعًا للبحث بسبب
أهميّة الموضوع الذي تناولته هذه الرواية، وهو الحرب في سورية وتأثيرها على
المجتمع السوري عامّة والحلبي خاصّة. والحرب مجال خصب لنقل مشاعر وأحاسيس الكاتب
عبر شخصياته، والتعبير من خلالها عن أفكاره وموقفه من الحرب. وذلك من خلال تصوير
مشاهد القتل والدماء والخراب التي تصيب الإنسان والمكان.

وهناك سبب آخر لاختيار
هذه الرواية، هو أهميّة المكان والزمان اللذين تدور فيهما رحى هذه الحرب؛ فالمكان
هو مدينة حلب، تلك المدينة العريقة المشهورة بسبب موقعها الجغرافي المتميّز في
العالم. والزمان الذي تمثّل بفترة اشتدّ فيها الصراع ووصلت الحرب إلى ذروتها. حيث
رصدت الرواية هذا الصراع، وقدّمت صورة محزنة عن معاناة الإنسان في هذه المدينة،
تلامس الواقع في جزء كبير منها.

وقد قام على دراسة الجوانب النّفسيّة للشخصيات الروائية كالظّلم
والكراهية والقلق والحبّ وغيرها، إضافة إلى دراسة الصّراع النّفسيّ المتجلّي فيها،
والأحلام لدى شخصيّاتها، وتقديم أهمّ النتائج الّتي توصّل إليها البحث

Anahtar Kelimeler

رواية، شقة على شارع النيل، علم النفس، محبك

The war in Syria and the psychological phenomena Read the novel "Shaka Alla Sharee Alneel"

Öz

Abstract

There is a close relationship between literature and psychology, because
psychology is one of the closest sciences to literary creativity; They both
deal with human beings and their reactions, desires, and misery.

The novel is one of the most open-minded literary works of the
psychological approach, as it allows the novelist to reveal many of his
instincts and temperaments, by reflecting them on the characters of his novel,
and passing on his speeches and feelings. The psychological approach provides
great services in the study of narrative texts, giving them keys and tools to
enable them to discover the novelist's depths by analyzing his characters,
demystifying them, clarifying them, and presenting them to the recipient.

This study aims to address the psychological phenomena of the characters
and analyze them in the novel "Shaka Alla Sharee Alneel", by Ahmed
Ziad Mohabek. The choice of this novel as the subject of research is because of
the importance of the topic addressed in this novel, namely the war in Syria
and its impact on Syrian society in general and Aleppo in particular. The war
is a fertile field for conveying the writer's feelings through his characters,
expressing his thoughts and his attitude to the war. This is done by depicting
scenes of killing, blood and destruction that afflict man and place.

Another reason for choosing this novel is the importance of the place
and time in which this war is taking place: Aleppo, an ancient city that is
famous for its unique geographical location in the world. The time was a period
when the conflict intensified, and the war reached its climax. The novel observed this
conflict and presented a sad picture of human suffering in this city, touching
the reality a lot.

It was based on the study of the psychological
aspects of narrative characters such as injustice, hatred, anxiety, love, etc.,
as well as the study of the psychological conflict in which they are exposed,
the dreams of their characters, and presenting the results of the research.

The
Structured Abstract

This study is based on the psychological
method, one of the most important methods followed by critics for the analysis
of literary text. It subordinates literary texts to psychological research and
tries to use psychological theories in the interpretation of literary events
and the determination of their reasons. We can say that this methodology
started in a structured scientific way after the appearance of Freud's work in psychoanalysis.
In such a study, it is necessary to stand up and identify with the characters
made by the novelist and reveal the inner psychological secrecy that usually
appears in the characters' speech.

Since Freud was the first theorist of this
approach, it was necessary to study his views on the soul. According to Freud,
the human spirit is covered by two things: the subconscious, which covers its
greatest area, and consciousness, which covers the smaller one. He thinks that
there are three systems that interact with each other to create personality.
The three systems are Identity, ego and superego.

The first psychological aspects we see in the
novel is injustice and its causes, namely it means to displace something.
Injustice stems from the social life that people live in and how they practice
injustice with each other. There are many examples of injustice in the novel,
such as the injustice of the father to his children and his wife and leaving
them without supportor  and this is what
abo Jameel's sister husband has done the injustice for Abo Jameel's elder
brother to Abo Jameel and his brothers by 
buying the house from them cheaply.

The second is hatred and its motivation
because it is patriarchy and distress and the negative emotions that affect
human life. It was with many types uch as hatred of  war and injustice, hatred of mistakes, and
the hatred of man to man. In the novel, we can see the hatred of Abi Jamil's
brothers towards him because he married a girl he loved an educated girl. The
third is the love and its fruits, which means the feeling of belonging to a
person or something, and there are many psychological indications in the novel.
Such as the love between a man and a woman, because of the sexual need, such a  the love of Abu Jamil, the most important
charcter in the novel, and in this context there is another kind of love that
what we call for the positive emotions in the social interaction like the love
of Abu Jameel to his sister whose husband left her and her children .There is
also the love of Om Jameel for her daughter who lives in Qatar. There is also
the love fort he place  and the homeland
where a man was born, and all these genres are printed with the rich
psychological nature spoken by the characters of the novel. Fourthly, the fear
and its consequences .It is the feeling of something bad will happen or the
fera of losing the close people .The fear was in many places in the novel where
its main motive was the war its results from 
explosions.The fear can be traced at Abo Jameel's fear from the future
and it was repeated fort he lose of his son Jamil, who was martyred at the end
of the novel. And the fifth is anxiety about the causes and consequences .It is
a state of being worried and not being relaxed and comfortable arising from unpleasant
social experiences. According to the novel, anxiety has two sources that
originate from the inside, from the same personality, and from the outside,
from all sides, from the outside world, and most of them appear in the acts of
the characters and control them. This is generally the result of anxiety caused
by the bad situation in the country in general. And the sixth is sadness and it
motivations , Types of sadness accumulated in the souls of the characters of
the novel, especially when the war and its shells were inflicted by innocent
and defenseless people.As the death of Ola, who was a friend of Abu Jamil's
sister, and the death of the Lebanese searcher and the death of Jameel. And the
seventh is homesikhnes, and its tragedies .It is the loneliness felt by the
characters of the novel in their homeland,its causes in  the novel is the lost, and the psychological
stress that led to the separation of the personalities from the outside world.

In the novel,the psychological conflict
emerged, such as the struggle between love and duty, the struggle between good
and evil, and the struggle between lying and honesty;This was clear in the
character of Abu Jamil, and in this matter the superego intervened to observe
the actions of the noble characters.

The search talked about the dream that helps
the psychoanalyst to reveal the desires of the novelist characters and their
implications, and it shows that the reason that drives the man to dream is the
reality and its concerns and the harsh conditions that surround the
personality, and the habits and traditions that cannot be overcome.

The research came with the important results
that emerged with the psychological methodology used in the study of
personalities and the importance of these psychological aspects. The novel
"Shaqa on El-Nael Sharee" was able to present a picture of the war
and its implications for the reality of life in its various fields, its impact
on the place and the human being, It showed the negative consequences that the
ınjustıce has in all its forms among people in all levels, through its
characters especially the main characters, We canfınd the feelings of hatred in
all the characters of the novel they violate the rules of social life, and the
hatred of war has clearly emerged. In response to the war the feelings of love
prevailed, and this is a clear proof of the great state of brotherhood that
people have in the tıme of war. The atmosphere of the novel was filled with
anxiety since its early pages, The characters seemed mostly in a state of anxiety
and fear of the unknown fate that awaited each of them, and this anxiety was
momentary at the end, and the sadness seemed to be the companion of the
characters The dream came as a sign that the characters escaped from their
bitter reality, to find a away out of their sadness and great tragedies.

What distinguishes the novel is its
presentation of the manifestations of psychological life through the actions of
the characters and their attıtudes and through their dialogue with others,
their revelations, and confessions, and the writer left the recipient the
freedom of understanding and interpretation and did not resort to the
introspection of the characters or analysis of their psychology in a direct
manner, Thıs what made the novel based on actions, attitudes, and scenes,
including dialogue, and was far from the tradıtıonal narrative.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Novel, "Shaka Ala Sharee Alneel", Psychology, Mohabek

"NİL CADDESİ'NDEKİ DAİRE" ROMANI BAĞLAMINDA SURİYE SAVAŞI ve PSİKOLOJİK OLGULARI

Öz

Edebiyat ve psikoloji arasında yakın bir
ilişki vardır, çünkü psikoloji edebi yaratıcılığa en yakın bilimlerden biridir;
her iki ilimde insanların eylemleri, tepkileri, arzuları ve maruz kaldıkları
sıkıntılarla ilgilenirler.

Çünkü Roman, psikolojik yaklaşımı en çok
kullanan bir edebi eser olarak, yazarın romanında kahramanlarına kendi içgüdü
ve duygularını, onların karakterine yansıtarak mizacını ortaya çıkarma imkânı
sunmaktadır. Araştırmacıya roman metinleri üzerinden psikolojik yaklaşımı
anlatarak çok önemli katkılar sağlar, onlara anahtarlar ve araçlar vererek
onların karakter analizlerini yaparak, onların bastırılmış duygularının
açıklığa kavuşturarak okuyucusuna sunarak bu duyguların açıklığa ulaşmasını
sağlar.

Bu çalışma, Ahmed Ziyad Muhabbik'in "Nil
Caddesindeki Daire" adlı romanında karakterlerin psikolojik olaylarını ele
almayı ve analiz etmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu romanı seçmemizin sebebi, genel
anlamda Suriye'deki savaş ve özellikle de Halep toplumunun ele aldığı bu
savaşın Suriye toplumu üzerindeki etkisi ve önemini üzerinde durmak içindir.
Savaş, yazarın duygu ve düşüncelerini ve savaşa karşı tutumunu karakteri
aracılığıyla aktarmak için verimli bir alandır. Bu, insana ve mekâna yönelik,
öldürme ve kan akıtma sahnelerinin tasviri aracılığıyla sağlanmaktadır.

Bu romanı seçmemizin bir diğer önemli nedeni
de bu savaşın yaşandığı yer ve zamanın, dünyanın eşsiz coğrafi konumuyla öne
çıkan ünlü Halep antik kenti olmasıdır ki, savaşın şiddetinin zirve yaptığı
yerdir. Romanda, orada yaşanan çatışmaya ait acı veren sıkıntılı anların
gerçekçi gözlemleri ve üzücü manzaraların, tasviri yapılarak sunulmuştur.

Roman karakterlerinin maruz kaldıkları zulüm,
işkence, nefret, kaygı, aşk, gibi psikolojik yönlerinin incelenmesinin yanı
sıra psikolojik çatışmanın incelenmesine, karakterlerinin hayallerine de
araştırmada yer verilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Roman, Nil Caddesindeki Daire, Psikoloji, Muhabbik

Kaynakça

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