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Eski Mezopotamya'da Ticari Ağlar ve Kültürel Etkileşim: Eblalı Tüccarların Orta ve Geç Tunç Çağı'ndaki Rolü

Year 2025, Volume: 7 Issue: 1, 176 - 186, 26.03.2025

Abstract

Ebla, Orta ve Geç Tunç Çağları boyunca Mezopotamya ile Levant arasındaki ekonomik, politik ve kültürel etkileşimlerin şekillenmesinde kilit bir rol oynamıştır. MÖ 24. yüzyılda önemli bir güç merkezi olarak ortaya çıkan Ebla, Mezopotamya, Levant ve Anadolu arasındaki stratejik ticaret yollarını kontrol ederek ekonomik refah sağlamış ve aynı zamanda diplomatik üstünlük kurmuştur. Şehir, ticaret yolları üzerindeki hâkimiyetini yalnızca ekonomik kazanç için değil, aynı zamanda bölgesel güç dengelerini etkilemek ve kültürel bağları güçlendirmek için bir araç olarak kullanmıştır. Ebla Kraliyet Sarayı G arşivlerinden elde edilen tabletler, ticaret ağlarının organizasyonu, ticareti yapılan malların çeşitliliği ve bu değişimlerin politik ve kültürel etkilerine dair önemli bilgiler sunmaktadır. Tahıl, tekstil, lapislazuli ve altın gibi malların ticareti, yalnızca ekonomik kazanç sağlamakla kalmamış; dini ritüellerin yayılmasını, dil standartlarının oluşmasını ve teknolojik yeniliklerin aktarımını kolaylaştırmıştır. Ebla tüccarları, Mezopotamya ve Levant arasında bir kültürel köprü işlevi görmüş, farklı bölgelerdeki toplumlar arasında bilgi, sanat ve teknik alışverişine olanak tanımıştır. Şehrin ticaret yolları üzerindeki kontrolü, Mari ve Akkad gibi güçlü şehir devletleriyle yapılan stratejik ittifaklar sayesinde pekişmiş ve bu durum Ebla’nın bölgesel politikadaki etkisini artırmıştır. Diplomatik anlaşmalar, ticaret yollarının güvenliğini sağlamakla kalmamış; aynı zamanda Ebla’nın politik üstünlüğünü de desteklemiştir. Bu makale, Ebla’nın ticaret ağlarının çok yönlü etkilerini analiz ederek, ticaretin bölgesel entegrasyon ve kültürel etkileşim üzerindeki dönüştürücü rolünü vurgulamaktadır.

References

  • Archi, A. (2015). Ebla and its archives: Texts, history, and society. De Gruyter.
  • Archi, A. (2023). State production and market at Ebla – Animal and wool values. Asia Anteriore Antica: Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Cultures, 5, 23-40.
  • Durand, J.-M. (2002). Documents épistolaires du palais de Mari. Éditions du CNRS.
  • Fronzaroli, P. (2003). Testi di cancelleria: i rapporti con le città. Archivi Reali di Ebla Testi, 13.
  • Knapp, A. B., & Manning, S. W. (2016). The Bronze Age Mediterranean: Connectivity and trade. Cambridge University Press.
  • Liverani, M. (2006). Uruk: The first city. Equinox Publishing.
  • Liverani, M. (2014). The ancient Near East: History, society and economy. Routledge.
  • Matthews, R., & Glatz, C. (2009). The historical geography of north-central Anatolia in the Hittite period: Texts and archaeology in concert. Anatolian Studies, 59, 51–72.
  • McCorriston, J. (1997). The fiber revolution: Textile extensification, alienation, and social stratification in ancient Mesopotamia. Current Anthropology, 38(4), 517-549.
  • Michalowski, P. (1993). Letters from early Mesopotamia. Scholars Press.
  • Palmisano, A. (2018). The geography of trade: Landscapes of competition and long-distance contacts in Mesopotamia and Anatolia in the Old Assyrian Colony Period. Archaeopress.
  • Pappalardo, C. (2021). Egyptian pottery from the Middle Bronze Age Levant in context. Vicino Oriente, XXV, 167-193.
  • Postgate, J. N. (2007). Early Mesopotamia: Society and economy at the dawn of history. Routledge.
  • Potts, D. T. (2009). A companion to the archaeology of the ancient Near East. Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Radner, K. (2016). State correspondence in the ancient world. Oxford University Press.
  • Sasson, J. M. (1995). Civilizations of the ancient Near East. Scribner.
  • Sasson, J. M. (2018). Civilizations of the ancient Near East. Routledge.
  • Snell, D. C. (1982). Ledgers and prices: Early Mesopotamian merchant accounts. Yale University Press.
  • Steinkeller, P. (2014). Ebla's place in the international trade network at ca. 2350 B.C. Unpublished paper presented at the international conference: Ebla and Beyond: Ancient Near Eastern Studies after Fifty Years of Discoveries at Tell Mardikh, Rome 2014.
  • Van De Mieroop, M. (2004). Eski Yakındoğu tarihi MÖ 3000-323 (S. Gül, trans.). Homer Kitabevi.
  • Von Dassow, E. (2013). State and society in the Late Bronze Age: Alalah under the Mittani Empire. Eisenbrauns.
  • Winters, R. D. (2018). Negotiating exchange: Ebla and international system of the Early Bronze Age (Unpublished PhD thesis). Harvard University Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Cambridge.
  • Zeder, M. A. (2008). Domestication and early agriculture in the Mediterranean Basin: Origins, diffusion, and impact. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105(33), 11597-11604.

Trade Networks and Cultural Interaction in Ancient Mesopotamia: The Role of Ebla Merchants in The Middle and Late Bronze Age

Year 2025, Volume: 7 Issue: 1, 176 - 186, 26.03.2025

Abstract

Ebla was pivotal in shaping the economic, political, and cultural interactions between Mesopotamia and the Levant during the Middle and Late Bronze Ages. Emerging as a significant power in the 24th century BCE, Ebla controlled strategic trade routes connecting Mesopotamia, the Levant, and Anatolia, achieving economic prosperity while also establishing diplomatic dominance. The city leveraged its control over trade routes not only for economic gain but also as a tool to influence regional power dynamics and strengthen cultural ties. The archives of the Ebla Royal Palace G provide critical insights into the organization of trade networks, the diversity of traded goods, and the political and cultural impacts of these exchanges. The trade of goods such as grains, textiles, lapislazuli, and gold not only facilitated economic growth but also promoted the spread of religious practices, the development of linguistic standards, and the transfer of technological innovations. Ebla’s merchants served as cultural bridges between Mesopotamia and the Levant, enabling the exchange of knowledge, art, and technical expertise among diverse societies. The city’s dominance over trade routes was reinforced through strategic alliances with powerful city-states like Mari and Akkad, further enhancing Ebla’s influence in regional politics. Diplomatic agreements ensured the security of trade routes and simultaneously bolstered Ebla’s political supremacy. This article analyzes the multifaceted impacts of Ebla’s trade networks, emphasizing the transformative role of trade in regional integration and cultural interaction.

References

  • Archi, A. (2015). Ebla and its archives: Texts, history, and society. De Gruyter.
  • Archi, A. (2023). State production and market at Ebla – Animal and wool values. Asia Anteriore Antica: Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Cultures, 5, 23-40.
  • Durand, J.-M. (2002). Documents épistolaires du palais de Mari. Éditions du CNRS.
  • Fronzaroli, P. (2003). Testi di cancelleria: i rapporti con le città. Archivi Reali di Ebla Testi, 13.
  • Knapp, A. B., & Manning, S. W. (2016). The Bronze Age Mediterranean: Connectivity and trade. Cambridge University Press.
  • Liverani, M. (2006). Uruk: The first city. Equinox Publishing.
  • Liverani, M. (2014). The ancient Near East: History, society and economy. Routledge.
  • Matthews, R., & Glatz, C. (2009). The historical geography of north-central Anatolia in the Hittite period: Texts and archaeology in concert. Anatolian Studies, 59, 51–72.
  • McCorriston, J. (1997). The fiber revolution: Textile extensification, alienation, and social stratification in ancient Mesopotamia. Current Anthropology, 38(4), 517-549.
  • Michalowski, P. (1993). Letters from early Mesopotamia. Scholars Press.
  • Palmisano, A. (2018). The geography of trade: Landscapes of competition and long-distance contacts in Mesopotamia and Anatolia in the Old Assyrian Colony Period. Archaeopress.
  • Pappalardo, C. (2021). Egyptian pottery from the Middle Bronze Age Levant in context. Vicino Oriente, XXV, 167-193.
  • Postgate, J. N. (2007). Early Mesopotamia: Society and economy at the dawn of history. Routledge.
  • Potts, D. T. (2009). A companion to the archaeology of the ancient Near East. Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Radner, K. (2016). State correspondence in the ancient world. Oxford University Press.
  • Sasson, J. M. (1995). Civilizations of the ancient Near East. Scribner.
  • Sasson, J. M. (2018). Civilizations of the ancient Near East. Routledge.
  • Snell, D. C. (1982). Ledgers and prices: Early Mesopotamian merchant accounts. Yale University Press.
  • Steinkeller, P. (2014). Ebla's place in the international trade network at ca. 2350 B.C. Unpublished paper presented at the international conference: Ebla and Beyond: Ancient Near Eastern Studies after Fifty Years of Discoveries at Tell Mardikh, Rome 2014.
  • Van De Mieroop, M. (2004). Eski Yakındoğu tarihi MÖ 3000-323 (S. Gül, trans.). Homer Kitabevi.
  • Von Dassow, E. (2013). State and society in the Late Bronze Age: Alalah under the Mittani Empire. Eisenbrauns.
  • Winters, R. D. (2018). Negotiating exchange: Ebla and international system of the Early Bronze Age (Unpublished PhD thesis). Harvard University Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Cambridge.
  • Zeder, M. A. (2008). Domestication and early agriculture in the Mediterranean Basin: Origins, diffusion, and impact. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105(33), 11597-11604.
There are 23 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects History of Old Asia Minor, Ancient History (Other)
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Mehmet Yunus Aktürk 0000-0003-3977-6300

Publication Date March 26, 2025
Submission Date December 31, 2024
Acceptance Date March 26, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 7 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Aktürk, M. Y. (2025). Trade Networks and Cultural Interaction in Ancient Mesopotamia: The Role of Ebla Merchants in The Middle and Late Bronze Age. OANNES - International Journal of Ancient History, 7(1), 176-186. https://doi.org/10.33469/oannes.1610818
AMA Aktürk MY. Trade Networks and Cultural Interaction in Ancient Mesopotamia: The Role of Ebla Merchants in The Middle and Late Bronze Age. OANNES. March 2025;7(1):176-186. doi:10.33469/oannes.1610818
Chicago Aktürk, Mehmet Yunus. “Trade Networks and Cultural Interaction in Ancient Mesopotamia: The Role of Ebla Merchants in The Middle and Late Bronze Age”. OANNES - International Journal of Ancient History 7, no. 1 (March 2025): 176-86. https://doi.org/10.33469/oannes.1610818.
EndNote Aktürk MY (March 1, 2025) Trade Networks and Cultural Interaction in Ancient Mesopotamia: The Role of Ebla Merchants in The Middle and Late Bronze Age. OANNES - International Journal of Ancient History 7 1 176–186.
IEEE M. Y. Aktürk, “Trade Networks and Cultural Interaction in Ancient Mesopotamia: The Role of Ebla Merchants in The Middle and Late Bronze Age”, OANNES, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 176–186, 2025, doi: 10.33469/oannes.1610818.
ISNAD Aktürk, Mehmet Yunus. “Trade Networks and Cultural Interaction in Ancient Mesopotamia: The Role of Ebla Merchants in The Middle and Late Bronze Age”. OANNES - International Journal of Ancient History 7/1 (March 2025), 176-186. https://doi.org/10.33469/oannes.1610818.
JAMA Aktürk MY. Trade Networks and Cultural Interaction in Ancient Mesopotamia: The Role of Ebla Merchants in The Middle and Late Bronze Age. OANNES. 2025;7:176–186.
MLA Aktürk, Mehmet Yunus. “Trade Networks and Cultural Interaction in Ancient Mesopotamia: The Role of Ebla Merchants in The Middle and Late Bronze Age”. OANNES - International Journal of Ancient History, vol. 7, no. 1, 2025, pp. 176-8, doi:10.33469/oannes.1610818.
Vancouver Aktürk MY. Trade Networks and Cultural Interaction in Ancient Mesopotamia: The Role of Ebla Merchants in The Middle and Late Bronze Age. OANNES. 2025;7(1):176-8.

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