Odun esaslı levha sektöründe Yaşam Döngüsü Analizi’ne bir bakış

Yıl 2022, , 342 - 354, 17.09.2022

Mehmet Eren Şahin , Hülya Kalaycıoglu , Ugur Aras

https://doi.org/10.17568/ogmoad.1096193

Cited By: 1

Öz

Hayat Boyu Değerlendirme (LCA) bir ürün sisteminin yaşamı boyunca çevresel yönlerini ve potansiyel çevresel etkilerini ele alan bir teknik olup elde edilen veriler; karar verme, stratejik planlama, öncelik belirleme ve tasarlama çalışmalarında kullanılır. Bu çalışmada; LCA ve odun esaslı levha sektörü ilişkisi, sektörün çevreye etkileri, alınabilecek önlemler ve gelecekte planlanabilecek LCA çalışmaları ile ilgili olarak literatür bilgisi verilmiştir. Özellikle odun hammaddesinin fabrikalara taşınması, üretim ve levhaların satış notlarına taşınması, kullanımı ve ekonomik ömrünü tamamlayan levhaların tekrar değerlendirilmesi sırasındaki çevresel etkilerinin belirlenmesi tanımlanmıştır. Dünya orman ürünleri sektöründe uygulanan LCA yaklaşımları, faydaları, güçlü ve zayıf yönlerine bağlı potansiyel etkilerinin değerlendirilmesi yapılmıştır. Son olarak, bir simülasyon uygulaması incelenmiştir. Yapılan bu çalışma sonucunda odun esaslı levhaların yenilenebilir kaynaklardan üretilerek sürdürülebilir olması, potansiyel ikame malzemelerinden düşük enerji gerektirmesi, atık hacminin değerlendirilebilmesi avantajlarına sahip olduğu ve petrokimyasal tutkalların yerine yeşil formülasyonlarla üretim sağlanırsa ekosistem ve iklim değişikliği üzerinde olumlu sonuçlar oluşturacağı belirlenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Odun esaslı levhalar, Yaşam Döngüsü Analizi, iklim değişikliği, karbon, emisyon

Destekleyen Kurum

KAROK2021, Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumu

Proje Numarası

118C101

Teşekkür

Bu çalışma Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi ve Kastamonu Entegre Ağaç Sanayi Tic. A.Ş. arasındaki Sanayi-Doktora Programı kapsamında desteklediği için Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumu’na (TÜBİTAK) teşekkür ederiz (Proje Numarası: 118C101).

An overview of Life Cycle Analysis in the wood-based panel industry

Öz

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a technique that considers the environmental aspects and potential environmental impacts of a product system throughout its lifetime. The data obtained are evaluated in decision making, strategic planning, priority setting and design studies. In this study, literature information was given about the relationship between LCA and the wood-based panel sector, the positive and negative effects of the sector on the environment, the measures that can be taken, and the LCA studies that can be planned for the sector in the future. In particular, the methods of determining the effects during the transportation of wood material to the factories, production, transfer of the plates to the sales notes after production, the usage process and the evaluation of the boards that have completed their economic life were defined. The potential effects of the LCA approach applied in the world forest products sector, their benefits, strengths, and weaknesses were evaluated. Finally, a simulation application is examined. As a result of this study, it is seen that wood-based boards have the advantages of being sustainable by being produced from renewable resources, requiring less energy than potential substitute materials, and evaluating the waste volume after use. In addition, it has been determined that if it is produced with green formulations instead of petrochemical adhesives, it will create positive results for the ecosystem and climate change.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Wood-based panels, Life Cycle Analysis, climate change, carbon, emission

Proje Numarası

118C101

Kaynakça

• Barata, T., Q., F., Rodrigues, O., V., Matos, B., M., Pinto, R., S., 2016. Furniture Design Using MDF Boards Applying Concepts of sustainability. Product: Management and Development 14(1), 68-83.
• Brunet-Navarro, P., Jochheim, H., Cardellini, G., Richter, K., Muys, B., 2021. Climate Mitigation by Energy and Material Substitution of Wood Products Has an Expiry Date. Journal of Cleaner Production 303, 127026.
• Burton, I., 1987. Report on Reports: Our Common Future: The World Commission on Environment and Development. Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development 29(5), 25-29.
• Boyd C., W., Koch, P., McKean H., B., Morschauser C., R., Preston S., B., Wangaard F., F., 1976. Wood for Structural and Architectural Purposes. Forest Products Journal 27: 10-20.
• Chiarabaglio, P., M., Deidda, A., Bergante, S., Castro, G., Faciotto, G., Giorcelli, A., Carbonaro, C., 2020. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA): new Poplar Clones Allow an Environmentally Sustainable Cultivation. Annals of Silvicultural Research 45(1), 76-82.
• Chomkhamsri, K., Wolf, M., A., Pant, R., 2011. International Reference Life Cycle Data System (ILCD) Handbook: Review Schemes for Life Cycle Assessment. Towards Life Cycle Sustainability Management, 107-117.
• Cordella, M., Hidalgo, C., 2016. Analysis of key Environmental Areas in the Design and Labelling of Furniture Products: Application of a Screening Approach Based on a Literature Review of LCA Studies. Sustainable Production and Consumption 8, 64-77.
• Crafford, P., L., Wessels, C., B., Blumentritt, M., 2021. Sustainability and Wood Constructions: a Review of Green Building Rating Systems and Life-Cycle Assessment Methods from a South African and Developing World Perspective. Advances in Building Energy Research 15 (1), 67-86.
• De Carvalho Araujo, C. K., Salvador, R., Moro Piekarski, C., Sokulski, C., C., de Francisco, A. C., de Carvalho Araújo Camargo, S., K., 2019. Circular Economy Practices on Wood Panels: a Bibliographic Analysis. Sustainability 11(4), 1057.
• Diederichs, S., K., 2014. 2010 Status Quo for Life Cycle İnventory and Environmental İmpact Assessment of Wood-Based Panel Products in Germany, Wood and Fiber Science 46(3), 340-355.
• Del Borghi, A., Parodi, S., Moreschi, L., Gallo, M., 2021. Sustainable Packaging: An Evaluation of Crates for Food Through a Life Cycle Approach. The International Journal of LCA 26(4), 753-766.
• De Miguel, A., Meffe, R., Leal, M., Gonzalez-Naranjo, V., Martínez-Hernandez, V., Lillo, J., de Bustamante, I., 2014. Treating Municipal Wastewater Through a Vegetation Filter with a Short-Rotation Poplar Species. Ecological Engineering 73, 560-568.
• Donatello, S., Moons, H., Wolf, O., 2017. Revision of EU Ecolabel Criteria for Furniture Products. European Commission. Available online: http://ec. europa. eu/environment/ecolabel/documents/technical_report_furniture. pdf (accessed on 1 February 2021).
• Dos Santos, M., F., N., Rosane Ap G, B., Bezerra, B., S., Varum, H., S., 2014. Comparative Study of the Life Cycle Assessment of Particleboards made of Residues from Sugarcane Bagasse (Saccharum spp.) and Pine Wood Shavings (Pinus elliottii). Journal of Cleaner Production 64, 345-355.
• Eriksson, E., Gillespie, A. R., Gustavsson, L., Langvall, O., Olsson, M., Sathre, R., Stendahl, J., 2007. Integrated Carbon Analysis of Forest Management Practices and Wood Substitution. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 37(3), 671-681.
• European Commission, 2011. Roadmap to a Resource Efficient Europe.
• European Commission, 2015. Closing the Loop-An EU action Plan for the Circular Economy. COM/2015/0614 final.
• European Commission, 2018. Regulation (EU) 2018/841 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May 2018 on the Inclusion of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Removals from Land use, Land use Change and Forestry in the 2030 Climate and Energy Framework and amending Regulation.
• European Commission, 2020. A New Circular Economy Action Plan for a Cleaner and More Competitive Europe. Brussels. Forrest, A., Hilton, M., Ballinger, A., Whittaker, D., 2017. Circular Economy Opportunities in the Furniture Sector. European Environmental Bureau: Brussels, Belgium.
• Geng, A., Ning, Z., Zhang, H., Yang, H., 2019. Quantifying the Climate Change Mitigation Potential of China’s Furniture Sector: Wood Substitution Benefits on Emission Reduction. Ecological Indicators 103, 363-372.
• Gonzalez-Garcia, S., Ferro, F., S., Silva, D., A., L., Feijoo, G., Lahr, F., A., R., Moreira, M., T., 2019. Cross-Country Comparison on Environmental İmpacts of Particleboard Production in Brazil and Spain. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 150, 104434.
• Gonzalez-Garcia, S., Bacenetti, J., Murphy, R., J., Fiala, M., 2012. Present and Future Environmental İmpact of Poplar Cultivation in the Po Valley (Italy) under Different crop Management Systems. Journal of cleaner production 26, 56-66. Gonzalez-Garcia, S., Hospido, A., Moreira, M., T., Romero, J., Feijoo, G, 2009. Environmental İmpact Assessment of Total Chlorine Free Pulp from Eucalyptus globulus in Spain. Journal of Cleaner Production 17(11): 1010–1016.
• Heijungs, R., Guinee J., B., Huppes G., Lankreijer R., M., Udo de Haes H., A., Wegener G., Sieeswijk, A., Ansems A., M., M., Eggels P.G., Van Duin R., De Goede H., P., 1992. Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of Products, Guide and Backgrounds. Centre of Environmental Science, Leiden.
• Hoxha, E., Jusselme, T., 2017. On the Necessity of İmproving the Environmental İmpacts of Furniture and Appliances in net-zero Energy Buildings. Science of the Total Environment 596, 405-416.
• IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change), 1994. Radiative Forcing of Climate Change. The 1994 report to the Scientific Assessment Working Group of IPCC, Summary for Policymakers.
• IPCC, 2013. Summary for Policymakers. In: Stocker TF, Qin D, Plattner G-K, Tignor M, Allen SK, et al., editors. Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University.
• ISO, 2006. (International Organization for Standardization) Environmental management: life cycle assessment; requirements and guidelines (Vol. 14044). Geneva, Switzerland.
• ISO, 1997a. International Organisation of Standards Environmental Management - Life Cycle Assessment - Principles and Framework, prEN ISO 14040.
• ISO, 1997b. International Organisation of Standards Environmental Management - Life Cycle Assessment - Goal and Scope Definition and Life Cycle Inventory Analysis, DIS 14041.
• ISO, 1997c. International Organisation of Standards Environmental Management - Life Cycle Assessment - Life Cycle Impact Assessment. CD 14042.
• ISO, l997d. International Organisation of Standards Environmental Management - Life Cycle Assessment - Life Cycle Interpretation. CD 14043.
• Iritani, D., R., Silva, D., L., Saavedra, Y., M., B., Grael, P., F., F., Ometto, A., R., 2015. Sustainable Strategies Analysis Through Life Cycle Assessment: a Case Study in a Furniture İndustry. Journal of Cleaner Production 96, 308-318.
• Kohlmaier, G., H., Weber, M., Houghton, R., A., 2013. Carbon Dioxide Mitigation in Forestry and Wood İndustry. Springer Science & Business Media.
• Linkosalmi, L., Husgafvel, R., Fomkin, A., Junnikkala, H., Witikkala, T., Kairi, M., Dahl, O. 2016. Main Factors İnfluencing Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Wood-Based Furniture İndustry in Finland. Journal of Cleaner Production 113, 596-605.
• Lippke, B., Oneil, E., Harrison, R., Skog, K., Gustavsson, L., Sathre, R., 2011. Life Cycle İmpacts of Forest Management and Wood Utilization on Carbon Mitigation: Knowns and Unknowns, Carbon Management 2(3), 303-333.
• Liu, M., Wang, Y., Wu, Y., He, Z., Wan, H., 2018. “Greener” Adhesives Composed of Urea-Formaldehyde Resin and Cottonseed Meal for Wood-Based Composites. Journal of Cleaner Production 187, 361-371.
• Lovarelli, D., Fusi, A., Pretolani, R., Bacenetti, J., 2018. Delving the Environmental İmpact of Roundwood Production from Poplar Plantations. Science of the Total Environment 645, 646-654.
• Mathias, J., D., Grediac, M., Michaud, P., 2016. Bio-based adhesives. In Biopolymers and biotech admixtures for eco-efficient construction materials 369-385. Woodhead Publishing.
• Mirabella, N., Castellani, V., Sala, S., 2014. LCA for Assessing Environmental Benefit of Eco-Design Strategies and Forest Wood Short Supply Chain: A Furniture Case Study. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 19(8), 1536-1550.
• Moltesen, A. and Bjorn, A., 2018. LCA and Sustainability. In Life Cycle Assessment, 43-55, Springer, Cham.
• Nakano, K., Ando, K., Takigawa, M., Hattori, N., 2018. Life Cycle Assessment of Wood-Based Boards Produced in Japan and İmpact of Formaldehyde Emissions During the use Stage. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 23(4), 957-969.
• Netz, B., Davidson, O., R., Bosch, P., R., Dave, R., Meyer, L., A., 2007. Climate change 2007: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Summary for Policymakers.
• Oneil, E., Wilson, C., J., 2013a. Cradle to Gate Life Cycle Assessment of US Particleboard Production.
• Oneil, E., Wilson, C., J., 2013b. Cradle to Gate Life Cycle Assessment of US Medium Density Fiberboard Production.
• Pearce, W., Holmberg, K., Hellsten, I., Nerlich, B., 2014. Climate Change on Twitter: Topics, Communities and Conversations about the 2013 IPCC Working Group 1 report. PloS one 9(4), e94785.
• Pezzey, J., 1992. Sustainable Development Concepts—An Economic Analysis. World Bank Environment Paper No. 2. The World Bank, Washington DC.
• Penalver, S., M., R., Molina, M., R., Ballesta, J., A., C., 2014. Direct and İndirect Generation of Waste in the Spanish Paper İndustry. Waste management 34(1), 3-11.
• Piekarski, C., M., Francisco, A., C., D., Luz, L., M., D., Alvarenga, T., H., D., P., Bittencourt, J., V., M., 2014. Environmental Profile Analysis of MDF Panels Production: Study in a Brazilian Technological Condition. Cerne 20(3), 409-418.
• Piekarski, C., M., de Francisco, A., C., da Luz, L., M., Kovaleski, J., L., Silva, D. A. L., 2017. Life Cycle Assessment of Medium-Density Fiberboard (MDF) Manufacturing Process in Brazil. Science of the Total Environment 575, 103-111.
• Puettmann, M., Bergman, R., Oneil, E., 2016. Cradle to Gate Life Cycle Assessment of North American Cellulosic Fiberboard Production. CORRIM Final Report. University of Washington. Seattle, 1-66.
• Pommier, R., Grimaud, G., Prinçaud, M., Perry, N., Sonnemann, G., 2016. LCA (Life Cycle Assessment) of EVP–Engineering Veneer Product: Plywood Glued Using a Vacuum Moulding Technology From Green Veneers. Journal of Cleaner Production 124, 383-394.
• Remmen, A., 2007. Life cycle management: a business guide to sustainability. UNEP/Earthprint.
• Richter, K., 1995. Life Cycle Analysis of Wood Products. Lıfe-Cycle Analysıs 69.
• Rivela, B., Hospido, A., Moreira, T., Feijoo, G., 2006. Life Cycle İnventory of Particleboard: a Case Study in the Wood Sector (8 pp). The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 11(2), 106-113.
• Rosenbaum, R., K., 2017. Selection of İmpact Categories, Category İndicators and Characterization Models in Goal and Scope Definition. In Goal and Scope Definition in Life Cycle Assessment. 63-122, Springer, Dordrecht.
• Sathre, R., Gonzalez-Garcia, S., 2014. Life cycle assessment (LCA) of wood-based building materials. In Eco-efficient construction and building materials, Woodhead Publishing, 311-337.
• Sathre, R., O'Connor, J., 2008. A synthesis of research on wood products and greenhouse gas impacts.
• Sathre, R., Gustavsson, L., 2009. Using wood products to mitigate climate change: external costs and structural change, Applied Energy 86(2), 251–257.
• Sathre, R., O’Connor, J., 2010. Meta-analysis of greenhouse gas displacement factors of wood product substitution. Environmental Science & Policy 13(2), 104-114.
• Schmidheiny, S. and Stigson, B., 2000. Eco-efficiency: creating more value with less impact. World Business Council for Sustainable Development.
• Schulz, H., 1993. The Development of Wood Utilization in the 19th, 20th and 21st centuries. The Forestry Chronicle 69(4), 413-418.
• SETAC, 1993. Guidelines for Life Cycle Assessment: A Code of Practice.
• Silva, D., A., L., Lahr, F., A., R., Garcia, R., P., Freire, F., M., C., S., Ometto, A., R., 2013. Life cycle assessment of medium density particleboard (MDP) produced in Brazil. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 18(7), 1404-1411.
• Tserpes, K., Tzatzadakis, V. 2022. Life-Cycle Analysis and Evaluation of Mechanical Properties of a Bio-Based Structural Adhesive. Aerospace 9(2), 64.
• Wang, S., Wang, W., Yang, H., 2018. Comparison of product carbon footprint protocols: case study on medium-density fiberboard in China. International journal of environmental research and public health 15(10), 2060.
• Wenker, J., L., Richter, K., Rüter, S., 2018. A methodical approach for systematic life cycle assessment of wood‐based furniture. Journal of Industrial Ecology 22(4), 671-685.
• Wilson, J., B., 2010. Life-cycle inventory of medium density fiberboard in terms of resources, emissions, energy and carbon. Wood and Fiber Science 42, 107-124.
• Wu, P., Xia, B., Zhao, X., 2014. The importance of use and end-of-life phases to the life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of concrete–a review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 37, 360-369.
• Werner, F. and Richter, K., 2007. Wooden building products in comparative LCA. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 12(7), 470-479.
• Wirth, D., A., 2013. The International Organization for Standardization: Private voluntary standards as swords and shields. In Research Handbook on Environment, Health and the WTO. Edward Elgar Publishing.