Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Türkiye’de Dış Borçlanma ve Yaşam Standardı İlişkisi: Ampirik Bir Analiz

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 20 Sayı: 1, 281 - 299

Öz

Bu çalışma, dış borcun Türkiye’deki yaşam standardı üzerindeki etkisini araştırmayı amaçlamıştır. 1987-2022 döneminin ele alındığı analizlerde ARDL yaklaşımından faydalanılmıştır. Yapılan analizler sonucunda, dış borç servisi, kamu harcamaları ile enflasyonun Türkiye’deki kişi başına düşen gelirin önemli bir belirleyicisi olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır. Bu doğrultuda, Türkiye’de enflasyon artışının engellenmesi yönünde yapısal reformlar yanında üretimi ve fiyat istikrarını sağlayıcı politikaların oluşturulması kişisel geliri artırmada bir önlem olarak değerlendirilebilir. Türkiye'de dış borçlanmanın yaşam standartları üzerindeki etkisinin daha önce incelenmemiş olması, çalışmanın bulgularını yenilikçi kılmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Akdağ, İ. (2019). Türkiye’de trafik kazaları ve ekonomik kalkınma ilişkisi: ARDL sınır testi yaklaşımı. Dicle Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 9(18), 225–248. Erişim adresi: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/868604
  • Akduğan, U. (2017). Türkiye’de dış borç stokunun belirleyicileri. Business and Economics Research Journal, 8(2), 183-202.
  • Alev, N. (2019). Türkiye’de enflasyonun belirleyicileri: ARDL sınır testi yaklaşımı (2006: Q1-2018: Q2 dönemi). Uluslararası Ekonomi İşletme ve Politika Dergisi, 3(1), 1-18.
  • Ahlborn, M., & Schweickert, R. (2018). Public debt and economic growth–economic systems matter. International Economics and Economic Policy, 15, 373-403.
  • Appiah, E. N. (2017). The effect of education expenditure on per capita GDP in developing countries. International Journal of Economics and Finance, 9(10), 136-144.
  • Arčabić, V., Tica, J., Lee, J., & Sonora, R. J. (2018). Public debt and economic growth conundrum: nonlinearity and inter-temporal relationship. Studies in Nonlinear Dynamics & Econometrics, 22(1), 20160086.
  • Arshed, N., Nasir, S., & Saeed, M. I. (2022). Impact of the external debt on standard of living: a case of Asian countries. Social Indicators Research, 163(1), 321-340.
  • Aydın, A. (2022). Avrupa ülkelerinde kişi başına milli geliri etkileyen faktörlerin yatay kesit yöntemiyle analizi. Social Sciences: Theory and Practice. 6(1):26-38.
  • Barro, R. J., & Sala-i-Martin, X. (1995). Technological diffusion, convergence and growth. Economics Working Papers, 116.
  • Biçer, B. (2020). Dış borç-ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: 1970-2017 dönemi Türkiye örneği. Osmaniye Korkut Ata Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 4(1), 23-45.
  • Bilginoğlu, M., & Aysu, A. (2008). Dış borçların ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki etkisi: Türkiye örneği. Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, (31), 1-23.
  • Brown, R. L., Durbin, J., & Evans, J. M. (1975). Techniques for testing the constancy of regression relationships over time. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B: Statistical Methodology, 37(2), 149-163.
  • Cecchetti S, Mohanty MS, Zampolli F. (2011). The real effects of debt, bank for international settlement. Working papers no. 352.
  • Cural, M. (2009). OECD Ülkelerinde gelir dağılımının 1980 sonrası gelişimi ve eşitsizliği azaltıcı müdahaleler. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 4(2), 73-97.
  • Çevik, N. K., & Cural, M. (2013). İç borçlanma, dış borçlanma ve ekonomik büyüme arasında nedensellik ilişkisi: 1989-2012 dönemi Türkiye örneği. Maliye Dergisi, 165, 115-139.
  • Demir, Y. ve Görür, Ç. (2020). OECD ülkelerine ait çeşitli enerji tüketimleri ve ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişkinin panel eşbütünleşme analizi ile incelenmesi. Ekoist: Journal of Econometrics and Statistics, 32, 15-33. https://doi.org/10.26650/ekoist.2020.32.0005
  • Dickey, D. A. ve Fuller, W. A. (1979). Distribution of the estimators for autoregressive time series with a unit root. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 74(366), 427-431. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1979.10482531
  • Dickey, D. A. ve Fuller, W. A. (1981). Likelihood ratio statistics for autoregressive time series with a unit root. Econometrica, 49(4), 1057–1072. Erişim adresi: https://www.jstor.org/stable/1912517?seq=1
  • Elom-Obed, F. O., Odo, S. I., Elom-Obed, O., & Anoke, C. I. (2017). Public debt and economic growth in Nigeria. Asian Research Journal of Arts & Social Sciences, 4(3), 1-16.
  • Engle, R. F. ve Granger, C. W. J. (1987). Co-integration and error correction: Representation, estimation, and testing. Econometrica, 55(2), 251-276. Erişim adresi: https://www.jstor.org/stable/1913236?seq=1
  • Glasberg, D. S., & Ward, K. B. (1993). Foreign debt and economic growth in the world system. Social Science Quarterly, 74(4), 703-720.
  • Grobéty, M. (2018). Government debt and growth: The role of liquidity. Journal of International Money and Finance, 83, 1-22.
  • Granger, C. W. J. (1981). Some properties of time series data and their use in econometric model specification. Journal of Econometrics, 16(1), 121-130. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(81)90079-8
  • Hamit-Haggar, M. (2012). Greenhouse gas emissions, energy consumption and economic growth: A panel cointegration analysis from Canadian industrial sector perspective, Energy Economics, 34(1), 358–364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2011.06.005
  • Hur-Yagba, A. A., Jekele, H. E., & Umar, K. (2021). Foreign Debts Strategy Thesis for Improved Living Standard: The Nigerian Experience. East African Journal of Business and Economics, 3(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.37284/eajb.3.1.263
  • Joy, J., & Panda, P. K. (2020). Pattern of public debt and debt overhang among BRICS nations: An empirical analysis. Journal of Financial Economic Policy, 12(3), 345-363. https://doi.org/10.1108/JFEP-01-2019-0021
  • Karaçor Z, Özer H. ve Saraç T.B. (2011). Enflasyon ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: Türkiye ekonomisi üzerine ekonometrik bir uygulama (1988-2007). Niğde Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 4(2):29-44.
  • Karaş, G. (2022). Türkiye’de kamu dış borç yüküne etki eden faktörlerin belirlenmesi (1974-2020). Gümrük ve Ticaret Dergisi, 9(29), 42-57.
  • Law, C. H., & Soon, S. V. (2020). The impact of inflation on income inequality: the role of institutional quality. Applied Economics Letters, 27(21), 1735-1738.
  • Marjit, S., Sasmal, R., & Sasmal, J. (2020). Composition of public expenditure and growth of per capita income in Indian states: a political perspective. Journal of Social and Economic Development, 22, 1-17.
  • Narayan, P. K. (2004). Fiji’s Tourism Demand: The ARDL Approach to Cointegration. Tourism Economics, 10(2), 193- 206. https://doi.org/10.5367/000000004323142425
  • Narayan, P. K. ve Smyth, R. (2006). What determines migration flows from low-ıncome to high-income countries? An empirical investigation of Fiji-U.S. migration 1972-2001. Contemporary Economic Policy, 24(2), 332-342. https://doi.org/10.1093/cep/byj019
  • Ndemange, F. N. (2018). The impact of external debt servicing on capital formation and gross domestic product in Kenya. (Master of Thesis), Kenyatta University, Kenya.
  • Ogunjimi J. (2019). The impact of public debt on investment: evidence from Nigeria. Dbn Journal of Economics and Sustainable Growth. https://ssrn.com/abstract=3466870
  • Okon, E. O., & Monday, O. I. (2017). Empirical and evidence-based investigation: External debt, poverty and economic growth nexus. International Journal of Applied Economics, Finance and Accounting, 1(1), 37–47.
  • Omodero, C. O. (2020). Public debt and the living condition of people in Nigeria. Euro Economica, 39(1), 35-46.
  • Onyenwife, C.K.; Ekesiobi, C. & Okoli, C.K. (2022); Public Debt and Standard of Living in Nigeria, ANSU Journal of Arts and Social Sciences (ANSUJASS), 9(2): 79-97.
  • Park, J. Y. (1992). Canonical Cointegrating Regressions. Econometrica, 60(1), 119–143. https://doi.org/10.2307/2951679
  • Pattak, Dulal Chandra & Tahrim, Farian & Salehi, Mahdi & Chandra Voumik, Liton & Akter, Salma & Ridwan, Mohammad & Sadowska, Beata & Zimon, Grzegorz. (2023). The Driving Factors of Italy’s CO2 Emissions Based on the STIRPAT Model: ARDL, FMOLS, DOLS, and CCR Approaches. Energies. 16. 5845. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16155845
  • Peker, O., & Bölükbaş, M. (2013). Türkiye’de dış borçlanmanın belirleyicileri: Ekonometrik bir analiz. Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 27(2), 289-302.
  • Pesaran, M. H. ve Shin, Y. (1999). An autoregressive distributed-lag modelling approach to cointegration analysis. Econometrics and Economic Theory in the 20th Century: The Ragnar Frisch Centennial Symposium, Strom, S. (Ed.) Cambridge University Press, 371–413. https://doi.org/10.1017/ccol521633230.011
  • Pesaran, M.H., Shin, Y. and Smith, R.J. (2001), Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships, Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3), 289-326, Doi: 10.1002/jae.616.
  • Phelps, E. S., & Shell, K. (1969). Public debt, taxation, and capital intensiveness. Journal of Economic Theory, 1(3), 330-346.
  • Phillips, P. C. B. ve Perron, P. (1988). Testing for a unit root in time series regression. Biometrika, 75(2), 335-346. https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/75.2.335
  • Reinhart, C. M., and Rogoff, K. S. (2010). Growth in a Time of Debt. American Economic Review: Papers and Proceedings, 100, 573-578.
  • Sajjad, I., & Khan, D. M. A. (2018). Investigating the impact of external debt on economic growth: a case study of Pakistan. Journal of Business & Tourism, 4(2), 41-51.
  • Smrčka, L., & Arltová, M. (2014). Debt in relation to the standard of living enjoyed by the population of developed countries. Prague economic papers, 23(1), 84-107.
  • Solow, R. M. (1956). A contribution to the theory of economic growth. The quarterly journal of economics, 70(1), 65-94.
  • Sumanaratne, B. M. (2022). External Debt Sustainability and Economic Growth in Sri Lanka. Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Review, 7(4), 271-293.
  • Swan, T. W. (1956). Economic growth and capital accumulation. Economic record, 32(2), 334-361.
  • Uma, K. E., Eboh, F. E., & Obidike, P. C. (2013). Debt and debt service: Implications on Nigerian economic development. Asian journal of social sciences & humanities, 2(2), 275-284.
  • Uysal, D., Özer, H., & Mucuk, M. (2009). Dış borçlanma ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: Türkiye örneği (1965-2007). Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 23(4), 161-178.
  • Vincent, A. E., & Timothy, P. (2024). Effect of external debts on standard of living in Nigeria. International Journal of African Research Sustainability Studies. 3(2), 130-144.
  • WDI (2024). https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators# Erişim Tarihi: 19.08.2024 Yamaçlı, D. S. (2015). Türkiye’de dış borçlanmanın belirleyicileri: Bazı kritik makroekonomik göstergelerin rolü. Finans Politik ve Ekonomik Yorumlar, (605), 19-40.
  • Yaşar, Ö., İşleyen, Ş., & Demir, Y. (2023). Dış ticaret ve dış borçların ekonomik büyümeye etkisinin ekonometrik modellerle incelenmesi: Türkiye örneği. International Journal of Social and Humanities Sciences Research (JSHSR), 10(91), 10-20.
  • Yıldız, F. (2024). Kamu borçlarının belirleyicileri: Türkiye ve Avrupa Birliği ülkeleri analizi. Özgür Yayınları, Gaziantep.
  • Zaghdoudi, T., & Hakimi, A. (2017). Does external debt-poverty relationship confirm the debt overhang hypothesis for developing countries? Economics Bulletin, 37(2), 653–665.
  • Zaghdoudi, K. (2018). Is the relationship between external debt and human development non-linear? A PSTR approach for developing countries. Economics Bulletin, 38(4), 2194-2216.
  • Wang, Z., Bui, Q., Zhang, B., Nawarathna, C. L. K., & Mombeuil, C. (2021). The nexus between renewable energy consumption and human development in BRICS countries: The moderating role of public debt. Renewable Energy, 165, 381-390.

The Relationship between External Debt and Living Standards in Türkiye: An Empirical Analysis

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 20 Sayı: 1, 281 - 299

Öz

This study aims to investigate the impact of external debt on living standards in Türkiye. The ARDL approach was employed for the analyses covering the period from 1987 to 2022. The results indicate that external debt service, public expenditures, and inflation are significant determinants of per capita income in Türkiye. Accordingly, in addition to structural reforms to curb rising inflation, policies that promote production and ensure price stability could be considered as measures to increase personal income. This study provides new insights by exploring the previously unexamined effects of external borrowing on living standards in Türkiye.

Kaynakça

  • Akdağ, İ. (2019). Türkiye’de trafik kazaları ve ekonomik kalkınma ilişkisi: ARDL sınır testi yaklaşımı. Dicle Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 9(18), 225–248. Erişim adresi: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/868604
  • Akduğan, U. (2017). Türkiye’de dış borç stokunun belirleyicileri. Business and Economics Research Journal, 8(2), 183-202.
  • Alev, N. (2019). Türkiye’de enflasyonun belirleyicileri: ARDL sınır testi yaklaşımı (2006: Q1-2018: Q2 dönemi). Uluslararası Ekonomi İşletme ve Politika Dergisi, 3(1), 1-18.
  • Ahlborn, M., & Schweickert, R. (2018). Public debt and economic growth–economic systems matter. International Economics and Economic Policy, 15, 373-403.
  • Appiah, E. N. (2017). The effect of education expenditure on per capita GDP in developing countries. International Journal of Economics and Finance, 9(10), 136-144.
  • Arčabić, V., Tica, J., Lee, J., & Sonora, R. J. (2018). Public debt and economic growth conundrum: nonlinearity and inter-temporal relationship. Studies in Nonlinear Dynamics & Econometrics, 22(1), 20160086.
  • Arshed, N., Nasir, S., & Saeed, M. I. (2022). Impact of the external debt on standard of living: a case of Asian countries. Social Indicators Research, 163(1), 321-340.
  • Aydın, A. (2022). Avrupa ülkelerinde kişi başına milli geliri etkileyen faktörlerin yatay kesit yöntemiyle analizi. Social Sciences: Theory and Practice. 6(1):26-38.
  • Barro, R. J., & Sala-i-Martin, X. (1995). Technological diffusion, convergence and growth. Economics Working Papers, 116.
  • Biçer, B. (2020). Dış borç-ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: 1970-2017 dönemi Türkiye örneği. Osmaniye Korkut Ata Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 4(1), 23-45.
  • Bilginoğlu, M., & Aysu, A. (2008). Dış borçların ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki etkisi: Türkiye örneği. Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, (31), 1-23.
  • Brown, R. L., Durbin, J., & Evans, J. M. (1975). Techniques for testing the constancy of regression relationships over time. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B: Statistical Methodology, 37(2), 149-163.
  • Cecchetti S, Mohanty MS, Zampolli F. (2011). The real effects of debt, bank for international settlement. Working papers no. 352.
  • Cural, M. (2009). OECD Ülkelerinde gelir dağılımının 1980 sonrası gelişimi ve eşitsizliği azaltıcı müdahaleler. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 4(2), 73-97.
  • Çevik, N. K., & Cural, M. (2013). İç borçlanma, dış borçlanma ve ekonomik büyüme arasında nedensellik ilişkisi: 1989-2012 dönemi Türkiye örneği. Maliye Dergisi, 165, 115-139.
  • Demir, Y. ve Görür, Ç. (2020). OECD ülkelerine ait çeşitli enerji tüketimleri ve ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişkinin panel eşbütünleşme analizi ile incelenmesi. Ekoist: Journal of Econometrics and Statistics, 32, 15-33. https://doi.org/10.26650/ekoist.2020.32.0005
  • Dickey, D. A. ve Fuller, W. A. (1979). Distribution of the estimators for autoregressive time series with a unit root. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 74(366), 427-431. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1979.10482531
  • Dickey, D. A. ve Fuller, W. A. (1981). Likelihood ratio statistics for autoregressive time series with a unit root. Econometrica, 49(4), 1057–1072. Erişim adresi: https://www.jstor.org/stable/1912517?seq=1
  • Elom-Obed, F. O., Odo, S. I., Elom-Obed, O., & Anoke, C. I. (2017). Public debt and economic growth in Nigeria. Asian Research Journal of Arts & Social Sciences, 4(3), 1-16.
  • Engle, R. F. ve Granger, C. W. J. (1987). Co-integration and error correction: Representation, estimation, and testing. Econometrica, 55(2), 251-276. Erişim adresi: https://www.jstor.org/stable/1913236?seq=1
  • Glasberg, D. S., & Ward, K. B. (1993). Foreign debt and economic growth in the world system. Social Science Quarterly, 74(4), 703-720.
  • Grobéty, M. (2018). Government debt and growth: The role of liquidity. Journal of International Money and Finance, 83, 1-22.
  • Granger, C. W. J. (1981). Some properties of time series data and their use in econometric model specification. Journal of Econometrics, 16(1), 121-130. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(81)90079-8
  • Hamit-Haggar, M. (2012). Greenhouse gas emissions, energy consumption and economic growth: A panel cointegration analysis from Canadian industrial sector perspective, Energy Economics, 34(1), 358–364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2011.06.005
  • Hur-Yagba, A. A., Jekele, H. E., & Umar, K. (2021). Foreign Debts Strategy Thesis for Improved Living Standard: The Nigerian Experience. East African Journal of Business and Economics, 3(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.37284/eajb.3.1.263
  • Joy, J., & Panda, P. K. (2020). Pattern of public debt and debt overhang among BRICS nations: An empirical analysis. Journal of Financial Economic Policy, 12(3), 345-363. https://doi.org/10.1108/JFEP-01-2019-0021
  • Karaçor Z, Özer H. ve Saraç T.B. (2011). Enflasyon ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: Türkiye ekonomisi üzerine ekonometrik bir uygulama (1988-2007). Niğde Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 4(2):29-44.
  • Karaş, G. (2022). Türkiye’de kamu dış borç yüküne etki eden faktörlerin belirlenmesi (1974-2020). Gümrük ve Ticaret Dergisi, 9(29), 42-57.
  • Law, C. H., & Soon, S. V. (2020). The impact of inflation on income inequality: the role of institutional quality. Applied Economics Letters, 27(21), 1735-1738.
  • Marjit, S., Sasmal, R., & Sasmal, J. (2020). Composition of public expenditure and growth of per capita income in Indian states: a political perspective. Journal of Social and Economic Development, 22, 1-17.
  • Narayan, P. K. (2004). Fiji’s Tourism Demand: The ARDL Approach to Cointegration. Tourism Economics, 10(2), 193- 206. https://doi.org/10.5367/000000004323142425
  • Narayan, P. K. ve Smyth, R. (2006). What determines migration flows from low-ıncome to high-income countries? An empirical investigation of Fiji-U.S. migration 1972-2001. Contemporary Economic Policy, 24(2), 332-342. https://doi.org/10.1093/cep/byj019
  • Ndemange, F. N. (2018). The impact of external debt servicing on capital formation and gross domestic product in Kenya. (Master of Thesis), Kenyatta University, Kenya.
  • Ogunjimi J. (2019). The impact of public debt on investment: evidence from Nigeria. Dbn Journal of Economics and Sustainable Growth. https://ssrn.com/abstract=3466870
  • Okon, E. O., & Monday, O. I. (2017). Empirical and evidence-based investigation: External debt, poverty and economic growth nexus. International Journal of Applied Economics, Finance and Accounting, 1(1), 37–47.
  • Omodero, C. O. (2020). Public debt and the living condition of people in Nigeria. Euro Economica, 39(1), 35-46.
  • Onyenwife, C.K.; Ekesiobi, C. & Okoli, C.K. (2022); Public Debt and Standard of Living in Nigeria, ANSU Journal of Arts and Social Sciences (ANSUJASS), 9(2): 79-97.
  • Park, J. Y. (1992). Canonical Cointegrating Regressions. Econometrica, 60(1), 119–143. https://doi.org/10.2307/2951679
  • Pattak, Dulal Chandra & Tahrim, Farian & Salehi, Mahdi & Chandra Voumik, Liton & Akter, Salma & Ridwan, Mohammad & Sadowska, Beata & Zimon, Grzegorz. (2023). The Driving Factors of Italy’s CO2 Emissions Based on the STIRPAT Model: ARDL, FMOLS, DOLS, and CCR Approaches. Energies. 16. 5845. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16155845
  • Peker, O., & Bölükbaş, M. (2013). Türkiye’de dış borçlanmanın belirleyicileri: Ekonometrik bir analiz. Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 27(2), 289-302.
  • Pesaran, M. H. ve Shin, Y. (1999). An autoregressive distributed-lag modelling approach to cointegration analysis. Econometrics and Economic Theory in the 20th Century: The Ragnar Frisch Centennial Symposium, Strom, S. (Ed.) Cambridge University Press, 371–413. https://doi.org/10.1017/ccol521633230.011
  • Pesaran, M.H., Shin, Y. and Smith, R.J. (2001), Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships, Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3), 289-326, Doi: 10.1002/jae.616.
  • Phelps, E. S., & Shell, K. (1969). Public debt, taxation, and capital intensiveness. Journal of Economic Theory, 1(3), 330-346.
  • Phillips, P. C. B. ve Perron, P. (1988). Testing for a unit root in time series regression. Biometrika, 75(2), 335-346. https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/75.2.335
  • Reinhart, C. M., and Rogoff, K. S. (2010). Growth in a Time of Debt. American Economic Review: Papers and Proceedings, 100, 573-578.
  • Sajjad, I., & Khan, D. M. A. (2018). Investigating the impact of external debt on economic growth: a case study of Pakistan. Journal of Business & Tourism, 4(2), 41-51.
  • Smrčka, L., & Arltová, M. (2014). Debt in relation to the standard of living enjoyed by the population of developed countries. Prague economic papers, 23(1), 84-107.
  • Solow, R. M. (1956). A contribution to the theory of economic growth. The quarterly journal of economics, 70(1), 65-94.
  • Sumanaratne, B. M. (2022). External Debt Sustainability and Economic Growth in Sri Lanka. Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Review, 7(4), 271-293.
  • Swan, T. W. (1956). Economic growth and capital accumulation. Economic record, 32(2), 334-361.
  • Uma, K. E., Eboh, F. E., & Obidike, P. C. (2013). Debt and debt service: Implications on Nigerian economic development. Asian journal of social sciences & humanities, 2(2), 275-284.
  • Uysal, D., Özer, H., & Mucuk, M. (2009). Dış borçlanma ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: Türkiye örneği (1965-2007). Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 23(4), 161-178.
  • Vincent, A. E., & Timothy, P. (2024). Effect of external debts on standard of living in Nigeria. International Journal of African Research Sustainability Studies. 3(2), 130-144.
  • WDI (2024). https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators# Erişim Tarihi: 19.08.2024 Yamaçlı, D. S. (2015). Türkiye’de dış borçlanmanın belirleyicileri: Bazı kritik makroekonomik göstergelerin rolü. Finans Politik ve Ekonomik Yorumlar, (605), 19-40.
  • Yaşar, Ö., İşleyen, Ş., & Demir, Y. (2023). Dış ticaret ve dış borçların ekonomik büyümeye etkisinin ekonometrik modellerle incelenmesi: Türkiye örneği. International Journal of Social and Humanities Sciences Research (JSHSR), 10(91), 10-20.
  • Yıldız, F. (2024). Kamu borçlarının belirleyicileri: Türkiye ve Avrupa Birliği ülkeleri analizi. Özgür Yayınları, Gaziantep.
  • Zaghdoudi, T., & Hakimi, A. (2017). Does external debt-poverty relationship confirm the debt overhang hypothesis for developing countries? Economics Bulletin, 37(2), 653–665.
  • Zaghdoudi, K. (2018). Is the relationship between external debt and human development non-linear? A PSTR approach for developing countries. Economics Bulletin, 38(4), 2194-2216.
  • Wang, Z., Bui, Q., Zhang, B., Nawarathna, C. L. K., & Mombeuil, C. (2021). The nexus between renewable energy consumption and human development in BRICS countries: The moderating role of public debt. Renewable Energy, 165, 381-390.
Toplam 59 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Büyüme
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Ahmet Kadiroğlu 0000-0002-0818-5324

Yayımlanma Tarihi
Gönderilme Tarihi 10 Eylül 2024
Kabul Tarihi 27 Ekim 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 20 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Kadiroğlu, A. (t.y.). Türkiye’de Dış Borçlanma ve Yaşam Standardı İlişkisi: Ampirik Bir Analiz. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 20(1), 281-299.