Araştırma Makalesi
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Ulaştırma Ekonomisi Perspektifinden Uluslararası Ulaştırma Projeleri ve Türkiye

Yıl 2023, , 400 - 423, 10.08.2023
https://doi.org/10.17494/ogusbd.1298169

Öz

Günümüzde ulaştırma sektörü, küresel etkileri olan, sosyal, ekonomik ve toplumsal açıdan değerlendirilmesi gereken ve ulusal ekonomiler üzerinde önemli etkileri olan bir hizmettir. Bu konulara derinlemesine odaklanan çalışma, ulaştırma ekonomisi sistemleri politika ve stratejilerine kavramsal bir bakış sunmaktadır. Çalışma, uluslararası taşımacılık projelerinin Türkiye ve daha geniş bir bölge üzerindeki ekonomik etkilerini, bir ulaştırma ekonomisi çerçevesi kullanarak analiz etmektedir. Çalışma aynı zamanda Türkiye'nin ulaştırma politika ve stratejilerini ve bunların sürdürülebilir ekonomik büyüme ve kalkınmayı teşvik etme potansiyellerini değerlendirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Ayrıca Bakü-Tiflis-Kars Demiryolu Projesi, Kuşak ve Yol Projesi, Tahıl Koridoru Girişimi, TÜRKSAT Haberleşme Uydu Projeleri ve akıllı ulaşım gibi benzer projelerin potansiyel genel ulusal ekonomi üzerindeki etkilerini analiz ederek literatüre katkıda bulunulmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Ayaz, Ö. and Bakan, S. (2022). Socio-Economic Politics of the Transportation Sector in Türkiye. Journal of Academic Projection, 7(1), 22–46.
  • Bakkaloğlu, A., and İncekara, A. (2017). Transportation from Ottoman Period to Modern Türkiye. Cappadocia Academic Review, 1(2), 54-73.
  • Candan, T., & Halhallı, O. E. (2022). A Brief Analysis of the German Corridor Agreement in Terms of International Law, Ankara Barosu Dergisi, 80(4), 363-404.
  • Çatal, S. (2019). Belt and Road Initiative and the Effects of Türkiye’s Economic Security. Anadolu University Journal of Social Sciences, 19(Özel Sayı), 101-124.
  • Chirathivat, S., Rutchatorn, B., and Devendrakumar, A. (2022). China’s Belt and Road Initiative and Its Implications for ASEAN: An Introduction. S. Chirathivat, B. Rutchatorn and A. Devendrakumar (Eds.), Growing Presence, Recent Progress, and Future Challenges. NJ: World Scientific, 1-22.
  • Congress (2006). S.2461 — 109th Congress. URL: https://www.congress.gov/bill/109th-congress/senate-bill/2461/text?r=65&s=1. (16/03/2023).
  • Coskun, Ö. İ. (n.d.). Türkiye-China Relationship in the Context of One Belt One Road Project. URL: https://ihtisasakademi.tugva.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/BI%CC%87R-KUS%CC%A7AK-BI%CC%87R-YOL-PROJESI%CC%87-BAG%CC%86LAMINDA-TU%CC%88RKI%CC%87YE-C%CC%A7I%CC%87N-I%CC%87LI%CC%87S%CC%A7KI%CC%87SI%CC%87.pdf. (16/03/2023).
  • Cheng, D. (2018). Trade Governance of the Belt and Road Initiative: Economic Logic, value choices, and institutional arrangement, NY: Routledge.
  • Erdoğan, H. T. (2016). The Impact of Transportation Services on Economic Development. Istanbul Gelisim University Journal of Social Sciences, 3(1), 187-215.
  • European Commission. (2022). Transport Sector Economic Analysis. URL: https://joint-research-centre.ec.europa.eu/scientific-activities-z/transport-sector-economic-analysis_en, (05/03/2023).
  • Green Finance & Development Center (n.d.). Countries of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). https://greenfdc.org/countries-of-the-belt-and-road-initiative-bri/?cookie-state-change=1680644569929. (15/03/2023).
  • Gülay, İ. (2018). Strategic Challenges and Development of Transportation Systems: (KTB) Kars-Tbilisi-Baku International Railway Project Example. The Journal of International Civilization Studies, 3(1), 105-115. URL: https://doi.org/10.26899/inciss.134. (15/02/2023).
  • Hibbs, J. (2004). Transport Economics & Policy: A Practical Analysis of Performance, Efficiency an, London: Kogan Page Publishers.
  • Hsu, Sara. (2017). Viability of Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank’s financials and objectives. A. Ehteshami and N. Horesh (Eds.), China's Presence in the Middle East. NY: Routledge, 54-64.
  • JAIF (n.d). ASEAN-Japan Transport Partnership. URL: https://jaif.asean.org/whats-new/asean-japan-transport-partnership/, (03/03.2023).
  • Kenderdine, T. (2017, September 14). ‘‘Caspian Sea is China’s best bet for Belt and Road. URL: https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Caspian-Sea-is-China-s-best-bet-for-Belt-and-Road. (02/01/2023).
  • Lakshmanan, T. R., and Anderson, W. P. (2002). Transportation Infrastructure, Freight Services Sector and Economic Growth: A Synopsis, White Paper prepared for The US Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration.
  • Liang, H., and Zhang, Y. (2019). The Theoretical System of Belt and Road Initiative. Singapore: Springer. Linden, Walter (1961). Grundzüge der Verkehrspolitik. Wiesbaden: Betriebswirtschaftlicher.
  • Lussac, S. (2008). The Baku-Tbilisi-Kars railroad and its geopolitical implications for the South Caucasus. Caucasian Review of International Affairs, 2(4), 212-224.
  • Mitrovic, D. (2018). China’s Belt and Road Initiative: Connecting and Transforming Initiative. (Y. Cheng, L. Song, L. Huang) (Eds.), The Belt & Road Initiative in the Global Arena. Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan: 17-34. URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5921-6_2
  • Oral, C. and Kıpkıp, E. (2019). Ulaştırma Sektörü Üzerine Kavramsal Bir Yaklaşım. Oğuzhan Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 1(1), 58-64.
  • Perreault, W., Cannon, J., McCarthy, E.J. (2015). Essentials of Marketing: A Marketing Strategy Planning Approach, 14th ed., NY: McGraw-Hill Education.
  • Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Foreign Affairs. (n.d.). Türkiye’nin Çok Taraflı Taşımacılık Politikası. URL: https://www.mfa.gov.tr/Türkiye_s-multilateral-transportation-policy.en.mfa. (25/03/2023).
  • Republic of Türkiye Presidency of Strategy and Budget. (2019). Eleventh development plan (2019-2023). https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/On_Birinci_Kalkinma_Plani-2019-2023.pdf. (28/04/2023).
  • Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure. (n.d.). URL: https://www.uab.gov.tr/projeler (26/04/2023).
  • Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure. (2020). National intelligent transportation systems strategy document and 2020-2023 action plan. URL: https://www.uab.gov.tr/uploads/announcements/ulusal-akilli-ulasim-sistemleri-strateji-belgesi-v/ulusal-akilli-ulas-im-sistemleri-strateji-belgesi-ve-2020-2023- action-plan.pdf. (28/04/2023).
  • Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure. (2022). Ulaşan ve Erişen Türkiye 2002-2022. URL: https://www.uab.gov.tr/uploads/pages/bakanlik-yayinlari/ulasan-erisen-turkiye-171122.pdf. (12/04/2023).
  • Rodrigue, J. P. (2020). The geography of transport systems. NY: Routledge.
  • Rodrigue, J. P., and Notteboom, T. (2022). Transportation and Economic Development. URL: https://transportgeography.org/contents/chapter3/transportation-and-economic-development/. (02/05/2023).
  • Saatçioğlu, C. (2016). Ulaştırma Ekonomisi: Sistemler-Politikalar-Uygulamalar. İstanbul: Sümer Saatçioğlu, C. and Çelikok, K. (2019). Uluslararası Ulaştırma Politikaları Çerçevesinde Avrupa Birliği ve Türkiye‘nin Ulaştırma Politikaları. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 24(3), 513-524.
  • Wieland, Bernhard. (2007). Infrastruktur. O. Schöller and W. Canzler (Eds.), Handbuch Verkehrspolitik. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 376-404.
  • Stoilova, S. (2020). Methodology for Multi-criteria Selection of Transportation Technology in Transport Network. A. Sładkowski (eds) Modelling of the Interaction of the Different Vehicles and Various Transport Modes. Lecture Notes in Intelligent Transportation and Infrastructure. Cham: Springer, 1-103. URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11512-8_1. (02/02/2023).
  • The Economist. (2017). China faces resistance to a cherished theme of its foreign policy. URL: https://www.economist.com/china/2017/05/04/china-faces-resistance-to-a-cherished-theme-of-its-foreign-policy. (02/04/2023).
  • Tutulmaz, O. (2013). Ulaştırma Modları İçinde Bir Başarı Hikayesi: 21. Yüzyılın Başında Havayolu Ulaştırması Sektörü. Türkiye Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 172(172), 89-116.
  • TÜBİTAK Uzay. (n.d.). URL: https://uzay.tubitak.gov.tr/tr/uydu-uzay/turksat-6a. (02/04/2023).
  • United Nations (n.d.). Beacon on the Black Sea. URL: https://www.un.org/en/black-sea-grain-initiative. (22/04/2023).
  • United Nations (2022). Initiative on the Safe Transportation of Grain and Foodstuffs from Ukrainian Ports. URL: https://www.un.org/sites/un2.un.org/files/black_sea_grain_initiative_full_text.pdf. (12/02/2023).
  • U.S. Department of Transportation. (n.d.). Strategic Plan FY 2022-2026. URL: https://www.transportation.gov/sites/dot.gov/files/2022-04/US_DOT_FY2022-26_Strategic_Plan.pdf. (10/01/2023).
  • Üzümcü, A., and Akdeniz, S. (2014). Yeni ipek yolu: TRACECA ve Bakü-Tiflis-Kars demiryolu projesi. Avrasya Etüdleri, 45(1), 171-199.
  • WIKIBOOKS. (n.d.). Transportation Economics/Introduction. URL: https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Transportation_Economics/Introduction#What_is_Transportation_Economics. (10/01/2023).
  • Yenginar, A. (2022). Rusya-Ukrayna Savaşının Bir Sonucu Olarak İmzalanan Tahıl Koridoru Anlaşmasının Montrö Boğazlar Sözleşmesi Çerçevesinde Değerlendirilmesi. Journal of Marine and Engineering Technology, 2(2), 101-110.
  • World Bank. (2019). Belt and Road Economics: Opportunities and Risks of Transport Corridors.

International Transportation Projects and Türkiye from the Perspective of Transportation Economics

Yıl 2023, , 400 - 423, 10.08.2023
https://doi.org/10.17494/ogusbd.1298169

Öz

Today, the transportation industry is a service with global implications, one that must be assessed from a social, economic, and social perspective, and one that has a significant impact on national economies. The study, which focuses on these issues in-depth, offers a conceptual overview of transportation economics systems policies and strategies. It analyzes the economic impacts of international transportation projects on Türkiye and the broader region, using a transportation economics framework. The study could also aim to evaluate Türkiye's transportation policies and strategies and their potential to promote sustainable economic growth and development. It also adds to the literature by analyzing the impacts of similar projects like the Baku-Tbilisi-Kars Railway Project, the Belt and Road Project, the Black Sea Grain Initiative, the TÜRKSAT Communication Satellite Projects, and smart transportation on the potential overall national economy.

Kaynakça

  • Ayaz, Ö. and Bakan, S. (2022). Socio-Economic Politics of the Transportation Sector in Türkiye. Journal of Academic Projection, 7(1), 22–46.
  • Bakkaloğlu, A., and İncekara, A. (2017). Transportation from Ottoman Period to Modern Türkiye. Cappadocia Academic Review, 1(2), 54-73.
  • Candan, T., & Halhallı, O. E. (2022). A Brief Analysis of the German Corridor Agreement in Terms of International Law, Ankara Barosu Dergisi, 80(4), 363-404.
  • Çatal, S. (2019). Belt and Road Initiative and the Effects of Türkiye’s Economic Security. Anadolu University Journal of Social Sciences, 19(Özel Sayı), 101-124.
  • Chirathivat, S., Rutchatorn, B., and Devendrakumar, A. (2022). China’s Belt and Road Initiative and Its Implications for ASEAN: An Introduction. S. Chirathivat, B. Rutchatorn and A. Devendrakumar (Eds.), Growing Presence, Recent Progress, and Future Challenges. NJ: World Scientific, 1-22.
  • Congress (2006). S.2461 — 109th Congress. URL: https://www.congress.gov/bill/109th-congress/senate-bill/2461/text?r=65&s=1. (16/03/2023).
  • Coskun, Ö. İ. (n.d.). Türkiye-China Relationship in the Context of One Belt One Road Project. URL: https://ihtisasakademi.tugva.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/BI%CC%87R-KUS%CC%A7AK-BI%CC%87R-YOL-PROJESI%CC%87-BAG%CC%86LAMINDA-TU%CC%88RKI%CC%87YE-C%CC%A7I%CC%87N-I%CC%87LI%CC%87S%CC%A7KI%CC%87SI%CC%87.pdf. (16/03/2023).
  • Cheng, D. (2018). Trade Governance of the Belt and Road Initiative: Economic Logic, value choices, and institutional arrangement, NY: Routledge.
  • Erdoğan, H. T. (2016). The Impact of Transportation Services on Economic Development. Istanbul Gelisim University Journal of Social Sciences, 3(1), 187-215.
  • European Commission. (2022). Transport Sector Economic Analysis. URL: https://joint-research-centre.ec.europa.eu/scientific-activities-z/transport-sector-economic-analysis_en, (05/03/2023).
  • Green Finance & Development Center (n.d.). Countries of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). https://greenfdc.org/countries-of-the-belt-and-road-initiative-bri/?cookie-state-change=1680644569929. (15/03/2023).
  • Gülay, İ. (2018). Strategic Challenges and Development of Transportation Systems: (KTB) Kars-Tbilisi-Baku International Railway Project Example. The Journal of International Civilization Studies, 3(1), 105-115. URL: https://doi.org/10.26899/inciss.134. (15/02/2023).
  • Hibbs, J. (2004). Transport Economics & Policy: A Practical Analysis of Performance, Efficiency an, London: Kogan Page Publishers.
  • Hsu, Sara. (2017). Viability of Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank’s financials and objectives. A. Ehteshami and N. Horesh (Eds.), China's Presence in the Middle East. NY: Routledge, 54-64.
  • JAIF (n.d). ASEAN-Japan Transport Partnership. URL: https://jaif.asean.org/whats-new/asean-japan-transport-partnership/, (03/03.2023).
  • Kenderdine, T. (2017, September 14). ‘‘Caspian Sea is China’s best bet for Belt and Road. URL: https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Caspian-Sea-is-China-s-best-bet-for-Belt-and-Road. (02/01/2023).
  • Lakshmanan, T. R., and Anderson, W. P. (2002). Transportation Infrastructure, Freight Services Sector and Economic Growth: A Synopsis, White Paper prepared for The US Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration.
  • Liang, H., and Zhang, Y. (2019). The Theoretical System of Belt and Road Initiative. Singapore: Springer. Linden, Walter (1961). Grundzüge der Verkehrspolitik. Wiesbaden: Betriebswirtschaftlicher.
  • Lussac, S. (2008). The Baku-Tbilisi-Kars railroad and its geopolitical implications for the South Caucasus. Caucasian Review of International Affairs, 2(4), 212-224.
  • Mitrovic, D. (2018). China’s Belt and Road Initiative: Connecting and Transforming Initiative. (Y. Cheng, L. Song, L. Huang) (Eds.), The Belt & Road Initiative in the Global Arena. Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan: 17-34. URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5921-6_2
  • Oral, C. and Kıpkıp, E. (2019). Ulaştırma Sektörü Üzerine Kavramsal Bir Yaklaşım. Oğuzhan Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 1(1), 58-64.
  • Perreault, W., Cannon, J., McCarthy, E.J. (2015). Essentials of Marketing: A Marketing Strategy Planning Approach, 14th ed., NY: McGraw-Hill Education.
  • Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Foreign Affairs. (n.d.). Türkiye’nin Çok Taraflı Taşımacılık Politikası. URL: https://www.mfa.gov.tr/Türkiye_s-multilateral-transportation-policy.en.mfa. (25/03/2023).
  • Republic of Türkiye Presidency of Strategy and Budget. (2019). Eleventh development plan (2019-2023). https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/On_Birinci_Kalkinma_Plani-2019-2023.pdf. (28/04/2023).
  • Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure. (n.d.). URL: https://www.uab.gov.tr/projeler (26/04/2023).
  • Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure. (2020). National intelligent transportation systems strategy document and 2020-2023 action plan. URL: https://www.uab.gov.tr/uploads/announcements/ulusal-akilli-ulasim-sistemleri-strateji-belgesi-v/ulusal-akilli-ulas-im-sistemleri-strateji-belgesi-ve-2020-2023- action-plan.pdf. (28/04/2023).
  • Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure. (2022). Ulaşan ve Erişen Türkiye 2002-2022. URL: https://www.uab.gov.tr/uploads/pages/bakanlik-yayinlari/ulasan-erisen-turkiye-171122.pdf. (12/04/2023).
  • Rodrigue, J. P. (2020). The geography of transport systems. NY: Routledge.
  • Rodrigue, J. P., and Notteboom, T. (2022). Transportation and Economic Development. URL: https://transportgeography.org/contents/chapter3/transportation-and-economic-development/. (02/05/2023).
  • Saatçioğlu, C. (2016). Ulaştırma Ekonomisi: Sistemler-Politikalar-Uygulamalar. İstanbul: Sümer Saatçioğlu, C. and Çelikok, K. (2019). Uluslararası Ulaştırma Politikaları Çerçevesinde Avrupa Birliği ve Türkiye‘nin Ulaştırma Politikaları. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 24(3), 513-524.
  • Wieland, Bernhard. (2007). Infrastruktur. O. Schöller and W. Canzler (Eds.), Handbuch Verkehrspolitik. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 376-404.
  • Stoilova, S. (2020). Methodology for Multi-criteria Selection of Transportation Technology in Transport Network. A. Sładkowski (eds) Modelling of the Interaction of the Different Vehicles and Various Transport Modes. Lecture Notes in Intelligent Transportation and Infrastructure. Cham: Springer, 1-103. URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11512-8_1. (02/02/2023).
  • The Economist. (2017). China faces resistance to a cherished theme of its foreign policy. URL: https://www.economist.com/china/2017/05/04/china-faces-resistance-to-a-cherished-theme-of-its-foreign-policy. (02/04/2023).
  • Tutulmaz, O. (2013). Ulaştırma Modları İçinde Bir Başarı Hikayesi: 21. Yüzyılın Başında Havayolu Ulaştırması Sektörü. Türkiye Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 172(172), 89-116.
  • TÜBİTAK Uzay. (n.d.). URL: https://uzay.tubitak.gov.tr/tr/uydu-uzay/turksat-6a. (02/04/2023).
  • United Nations (n.d.). Beacon on the Black Sea. URL: https://www.un.org/en/black-sea-grain-initiative. (22/04/2023).
  • United Nations (2022). Initiative on the Safe Transportation of Grain and Foodstuffs from Ukrainian Ports. URL: https://www.un.org/sites/un2.un.org/files/black_sea_grain_initiative_full_text.pdf. (12/02/2023).
  • U.S. Department of Transportation. (n.d.). Strategic Plan FY 2022-2026. URL: https://www.transportation.gov/sites/dot.gov/files/2022-04/US_DOT_FY2022-26_Strategic_Plan.pdf. (10/01/2023).
  • Üzümcü, A., and Akdeniz, S. (2014). Yeni ipek yolu: TRACECA ve Bakü-Tiflis-Kars demiryolu projesi. Avrasya Etüdleri, 45(1), 171-199.
  • WIKIBOOKS. (n.d.). Transportation Economics/Introduction. URL: https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Transportation_Economics/Introduction#What_is_Transportation_Economics. (10/01/2023).
  • Yenginar, A. (2022). Rusya-Ukrayna Savaşının Bir Sonucu Olarak İmzalanan Tahıl Koridoru Anlaşmasının Montrö Boğazlar Sözleşmesi Çerçevesinde Değerlendirilmesi. Journal of Marine and Engineering Technology, 2(2), 101-110.
  • World Bank. (2019). Belt and Road Economics: Opportunities and Risks of Transport Corridors.
Toplam 42 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Kaan Çelikok 0000-0002-1124-9755

Özgür Talih 0000-0002-5899-2511

Yayımlanma Tarihi 10 Ağustos 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 17 Mayıs 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023

Kaynak Göster

APA Çelikok, K., & Talih, Ö. (2023). International Transportation Projects and Türkiye from the Perspective of Transportation Economics. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 24(2), 400-423. https://doi.org/10.17494/ogusbd.1298169
AMA Çelikok K, Talih Ö. International Transportation Projects and Türkiye from the Perspective of Transportation Economics. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. Ağustos 2023;24(2):400-423. doi:10.17494/ogusbd.1298169
Chicago Çelikok, Kaan, ve Özgür Talih. “International Transportation Projects and Türkiye from the Perspective of Transportation Economics”. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 24, sy. 2 (Ağustos 2023): 400-423. https://doi.org/10.17494/ogusbd.1298169.
EndNote Çelikok K, Talih Ö (01 Ağustos 2023) International Transportation Projects and Türkiye from the Perspective of Transportation Economics. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 24 2 400–423.
IEEE K. Çelikok ve Ö. Talih, “International Transportation Projects and Türkiye from the Perspective of Transportation Economics”, Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, c. 24, sy. 2, ss. 400–423, 2023, doi: 10.17494/ogusbd.1298169.
ISNAD Çelikok, Kaan - Talih, Özgür. “International Transportation Projects and Türkiye from the Perspective of Transportation Economics”. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 24/2 (Ağustos 2023), 400-423. https://doi.org/10.17494/ogusbd.1298169.
JAMA Çelikok K, Talih Ö. International Transportation Projects and Türkiye from the Perspective of Transportation Economics. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. 2023;24:400–423.
MLA Çelikok, Kaan ve Özgür Talih. “International Transportation Projects and Türkiye from the Perspective of Transportation Economics”. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, c. 24, sy. 2, 2023, ss. 400-23, doi:10.17494/ogusbd.1298169.
Vancouver Çelikok K, Talih Ö. International Transportation Projects and Türkiye from the Perspective of Transportation Economics. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. 2023;24(2):400-23.