Part-time Employment in Turkish Labour Market

Yıl 2023, , 813 - 834, 04.12.2023

Sevi Sertkaya , Etem Hakan Ergeç

https://doi.org/10.17494/ogusbd.1381874

Öz

The purpose of this paper is twofold: first to provide up-to-date assessment of the characteristics of part-time employees, then to explore the factors that affect the likelihood of working part-time in Türkiye for 2005-2020 period with two probit models. Statistics show that part-timers’ share is steadily increasing, part-timers are getting younger and more educated, most part-timers are women between ages 25 and 55 and married. Results of two probit models show that, education enables employees to be a in full-time employment rather than in part-time employment yet, this effect is not as prominent for women as it is for men. However, for less educated women, part-time employment serves as a bridge between full-time employment and unemployment.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Labor Economics, Economics of Gender, Labor Contracts, Labor Force Composition

Türkiye İşgücü Piyasasında Yarı Zamanlı İstihdam

Öz

Bu çalışmanın iki amacı bulunmaktadır: ilk olarak yarı zamanlı çalışanların özelliklerine ilişkin güncel bir değerlendirme sunmak, ardından iki probit modeli ile 2005-2020 dönemi için Türkiye'de yarı zamanlı çalışma olasılığını etkileyen faktörleri araştırmak. İstatistikler, yarı zamanlı çalışanların payının giderek arttığını, yarı zamanlı çalışanların daha genç ve daha eğitimli hale geldiğini, yarı zamanlı çalışanların çoğunun 25-55 yaş arası kadınlardan ve evlilerden oluştuğunu göstermektedir. İki probit modelinin sonuçları, eğitimin çalışanların yarı zamanlı istihdamdan ziyade tam zamanlı istihdamda yer almasını sağladığını, ancak bu etkinin kadınlar için erkeklerde olduğu kadar belirgin olmadığını göstermektedir. Ancak, daha az eğitimli kadınlar için yarı zamanlı istihdam, tam zamanlı istihdam ile işsizlik arasında bir köprü görevi görmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Çalışma Ekonomisi, Toplumsal Cinsiyet Ekonomisi, İş Sözleşmeleri, İşgücü Kompozisyonu

Kaynakça

• Akerlof, G. A., & Kranton, R. E. (2000). Economics and identity. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 115(3), 715-753.
• Akgeyik, T. (2017). Ülke Örnekleri ile Türkiye’de Yarı Zamanlı Çalışmanın Görünümü. SGD-Sosyal Güvenlik Dergisi, 7(2), 33-62.
• Bardasi, E., & Gornick, J. C. (2000). Women and part-time employment: Workers''choices' and wage penalties in five industrialized countries. Retrieved from
• Booth, A. L., & Van Ours, J. C. (2009). Hours of work and gender identity: Does part‐time work make the family happier? Economica, 76(301), 176-196.
• Borowczyk-Martins, D., & Lalé, E. (2020). The ins and outs of involuntary part-time employment. Labour Economics, 67, 101940.
• Bosch, N., Deelen, A., & Euwals, R. (2010). Is Part‐time Employment Here to Stay? Working Hours of Dutch Women over Successive Generations. Labour, 24(1), 35-54.
• Buddelmeyer, H., Mourre, G., & Ward-Warmedinger, M. (2005). Part-time work in EU countries: labour market mobility, entry and exit.
• Buddelmeyer, H., Mourre, G., & Ward-Warmedinger, M. E. J. A. a. S. (2004). The determinants of part-time work in EU countries: empirical investigations with macro-panel data.
• Cam, S. (2012). Involuntary part‐time workers in Britain: evidence from the labour force survey. Industrial Relations Journal, 43(3), 242-259.
• Campbell, I., & Chalmers, J. J. T. I. J. o. H. R. M. (2008). Job quality and part-time work in the retail industry: An Australian case study. 19(3), 487-500.
• Carlin, W., & Soskice, D. (2009). German economic performance: disentangling the role of supply-side reforms, macroeconomic policy and coordinated economy institutions. Socio-Economic Review, 7(1), 67-99.
• Clark, G., & Van Der Werf, Y. (1998). Work in progress? the industrious revolution. The Journal of Economic History, 58(3), 830-843.
• Connelly, R., & Kimmel, J. (2003). Marital status and full–time/part–time work status in child care choices. Applied Economics, 35(7), 761-777.
• Del Boca, D. (2002). The effect of child care and part time opportunities on participation and fertility decisions in Italy. Journal of population Economics, 15, 549-573.
• Delsen, L. (1998). When do men work part-time? In Part-time prospects: An international comparison of part-time work in Europe, North America, the Pacific Rim. . London: Routledge.
• Duzgun Oncel, B., & Eris Dereli, B. (2015). Why Do Women Prefer Part-Time Employment In Turkey? Topics in Middle Eastern and North African Economies, 17.
• Euwals, R., & Hogerbrugge, M. (2006). Explaining the growth of part‐time employment: Factors of supply and demand. Labour, 20(3), 533-557.
• Fagan, C., Norman, H., Smith, M., & Menéndez, M. C. G. (2014). In search of good quality part-time employment.
• Gash, V., Mertens, A., & Romeu Gordo, L. (2010). Women between part-time and full-time work: The influence of changing hours of work on happiness and life-satisfaction.
• Higgins, C., Duxbury, L., & Johnson, K. L. (2000). Part‐time work for women: Does it really help balance work and family? Human Resource Management: Published in Cooperation with the School of Business Administration, The University of Michigan and in alliance with the Society of Human Resources Management, 39(1), 17-32.
• İlkkaracan, İ. (2012). Why so few women in the labor market in Turkey? Feminist economics, 18(1), 1-37.
• ILO. (1994). Part-Time Work Convention, (No:175). Retrieved from https://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO::P12100_ILO_CODE:C175
• ILO. (2022). Dünyada İstihdam ve Sosyal Görünüm Eğilimler 2022. Retrieved from https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---europe/---ro-geneva/---ilo-ankara/documents/publication/wcms_834656.pdf
• ILO. (2023). Dünyada İstihdam ve Sosyal Görünüm Eğilimler 2023. Retrieved from https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---europe/---ro-geneva/---ilo-ankara/documents/publication/wcms_868387.pdf
• Kagnicioglu, D. (2017). The role of women in working life in Turkey. WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment, 226, 349-358.
• 4857 Sayılı İş Kanunu, 10 C.F.R. § 25135 (2003).
• Montgomery, M. (1988). On the determinants of employer demand for part-time workers. The Review of Economics Statistics, 112-117.
• Noon, M., & Morrell, K. (2017). The realities of work: Experiencing work and employment in contemporary society: Bloomsbury Publishing.
• OECD. (2023). Part-time employment rate (indicator) (Publication no. doi: 10.1787/f2ad596c-en ). Retrieved 12 July 2023, from OECD
• Özkanli, Ö. (2001). Women’s employment in Turkey-trends and prospects. HÜ İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 19 (2), 123–141. In.
• Patterson, M. E. (2018). Who works part time and why? In: Statistics Canada Ottawa, ON.
• Tilly, C. (1996). The good, the bad, and the ugly: Good and bad jobs in the United States at the millennium. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
• Valletta, R. G., & Van Der List, C. (2015). Involuntary part-time work: Here to stay? FRBSF Economic Letter.
• Visser, J. (2002). The first part-time economy in the world: a model to be followed? Journal of European Social Policy, 12(1), 23-42.
• Wadensjo, E. (2006). Part-time pensions and part-time work in Sweden.
• Webber, G., & Williams, C. (2008). Mothers in “good” and “bad” part-time jobs: Different problems, same results. Gender and Society, 22(6), 752-777.
• Williams, J., & Calvert, C. T. (2002). Balanced Hours: Effective Part-Time Policies for Washington Law Firms: The Project for Attorney Retention, Final Report. Journal of Race, Gender,Social Justice, 8(3), 357.