Doğu Hindistan Şirketindeki İngiliz Askerlerinin Hayatı

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 21 Sayı: 2, 241 - 260, 30.12.2020

Hüseyin Günarslan

https://doi.org/10.17494/ogusbd.845705

Öz

Doğu Hindistan Şirketi İngiliz tarihinde önemli bir yere sahiptir. İngiltere´nin en önemli kolonilerinden birisi olan Hindistan, şirket tarafından 250 yıl gibi uzun bir süre yönetilmiştir. Ülkenin kontrol altına alınması ile doğunun zenginlikleri batıya daha kolay transfer edilmiştir. Şirketin en önemli istihdam alanı ise kurduğu özel ordular olmuştur. Bu çalışma şirkete katılarak ordularında asker olmayı seçen İngilizlerin hayatlarını konu almaktadır. Çalışmada İngilizlerin niçin Hindistan gibi anavatanlarından uzak bir ülkede askerlik gibi zor bir mesleği tercih ettikleri araştırılmıştır. Bunun yanı sıra bu askerlerin Hindistan´da hangi şartlar altında yaşadıkları tespit edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Ayrıca İngiliz subayların emrine karşı Hintli askerler tarafından başlatılan 1857 Hint isyanının ele alınması ile İngiliz ve Hintli askerler arasındaki koşulların farklılığına dikkat çekilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

İngiltere, Hindistan, Ordu, Asker, Subay, Doğu Hindistan Şirketi

The Life of East India Company´s British Soldiers

Öz

East India Company has an important place in British history. India, one of the most important colonies of England, was run by this company for a long time such as 250 years. With the control of the country, the riches of the east were transferred more easily to the west. The most important employment area of the company was the special armies it established. This study is about the lives of the British who joined the company and chose to be a soldier in their armies. It was investigated why the British preferred a difficult profession such as military service in a country far away from their homeland like India. In addition, the conditions under which these soldiers lived in India were tried to be determined. In addition, the 1857 Indian rebellion, the country's greatest rebellion, was raised by Indian soldiers who opposed the order of British officers. With the understanding of the life of British soldiers, these Indian soldiers will be better understood.

Anahtar Kelimeler

British, India, Army, Soldier, Officer

Kaynakça

• Armstrong, J. (1859). Letters of Pte James Armstrong. India Office Library and Records. 2nd EBF, Part 3, IOLR, L/MIL/5/362.
• Ballhatchet, K. (1980). Race, Sex and Class under the Raj. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
• Bancroft, N. W. (1979). From recruit to staff sergeant [1885].Ed. B.P. Hughes.Hornchurch.
• Barat, A. (1962). The Bengal Native Infantry: Its organisation and discipline, 1796-1852. Calcutta: K. L. Mukhopadhyay, 1962.
• Bengal Hurkaru. (1841). English Newspaper. India. 19 Kasım 1841.
• Bhasin, R. (1992). Simla: The Summer Capital of British India. New Delhi: Viking.
• Blanchard, S. (1867). Yesterday and today in India. London: Wm. H. Allen & Co., 1867.
• Blunt, A. (1997). Travelling Home and Empire British Woman in India 1857-1939. PhD Thesis, The University of British Columbia, 1997.
• Bourne, J. M. (1977). The civil and military patronage of the East India Company, 1784-1858. PhD thesis, University of Leicester.
• Braithwaite, W. (1831-1845). Letters of Sgt Maj William Henry Braithwaite. Bengal Horse Artillery. London National Army Museum.
• Burton, R. (1851). Goa and the Blue Mountains: Or Six Months of Sick Leave. London: Richard Bentley.
• Caine, W.S. (1891). Picturesaue India: A Handbook for European Travellers. London: Routledge.
• Calcutta Review. (1859). Englishwoman in Rebellion. Newspaper. 1859:108-126. Canning Papers. (1859). Military secretary's office papers. West Yorkshire Archives. Vol. 136, 313, 16 October 1859.
• Carter, G. (1839-1861). Jot book of Sergt. Maj. George Carter. 2nd European Bengal Fusiliers. India Office Library and Records. Mss. Eur. E. 262.
• Christophers, B. (1995). Time, Space and the People of God: Anglican Colonialism in Nineteenth Century British Columbia. Unpublished Masters Thesis, University of British Columbia.
• Cohn, B. (1996). Colonialism and its Forms of Knowledge: The British in India. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
• Crummie Papers (1862). Papers of Sgt. Maj. Mark Crummie. Bengal Horse Artillery. Colchester, Essex Record Office, D/DU 100/1-4.
• Curtis, S. J. (1967). History of Education in Great Britain. London: University Tutorial Press.
• Dalhousie Papers. (1853). List of Officers on the Bengal Establishment. Scottish Record Office. GD/45/6/342, 1 Nisan 1853.
• David, J. S. M. (2001). The Bengal Army and the Outbreak of the Indian Mutiny. PhD Thesis, University of Glasgow.
• Depot Embarkation List. (1824-1832). India Office Library and Records. L/MIL/9/77-81, 1824-32.
• Depot Letter. (1846-1851). Book I. India Office Library and Records. L/MIL/9/55, 1846-51.
• Downie, E. (1848). Letters to Her Brother and Sister. Kurrachee. Scottish United Services Museum, Edinburgh, 3 Aralık 1848.
• Downie, J. (1846-1857). Letters of Pte. James Downie. 1st European Bengal Fusiliers. L/Bdr John Downie. Bombay Artillery.Scottish United Services Museum. Edinburgh, 1846-57.
• Eden, E. (1983). Up the Country: Letters from India. London: Virago.
• Fayrer, J. (1900). “An Address on the Hill Stations of India as Health Resorts”.The British Medical Journal 1, 1900: 1393-1397.
• Four Reports. (1857-1859). Four Reports from the Select Committee on Colonization and Settlement India. Parliamentary Papers of 1857-58, 1857-59, 1859. Evidence from J. R. Martin, I, 15 April 1858; Evidence from Ralph Moore, IV, 24 March 1859.
• Fraser, T. G. (1881). Records of Sport and Military Life in Western India. London: National Army Museum.
• General Regulations of the Bengal Army.(1855). Regulations and Standing Orders. Calcutta, Section, VIII.
• Hall Papers. (1852). Diary of Lt. Montague Hall. 1st European Bengal Fusiliers. London National Army Museum, 25 November 1852.
• Harman, M. J. K. (1885). “Should the European Army in India Continue as at Present Constituted?”. Journal of the Roval United Services Institution Vol. XXIX, No. CXXIX, 1885.
• Harrop, F. (1925). Thacker's New Guide to Simla. Simla: Thacker and Co.
• Headrick, D. (1981). The Tools of Empire: Technologv and European Imperialism in the Nineteenth Century. New York: Oxford University Press.
• Heathcote, T. A. (1974). The Indian Army: The Garrison of British Imperial India, 1822-1922. London: David and Charles.
• Hollohan R. (1855). Robert Hollohan to Gnr. William Hollohan. 2/lst Bombay Artillery. India Office Library and Records. IOLR, Mss. EurP. 133/27, 13 May 1855.
• Hyam, R. (1990). Empire and Sexuality: The British Experience. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
• Innes, P. R. (1885). The History of the Bengal European Regiment, Now the Roval Munster Fusiliers, and How it Helped to Win India. London: Simpkin, Marshall & Co.
• Kaye, J. W. (1844). Peregrine Pulteney: or Life in India. 3 vols. London: Calcutta Review, Vol. I.
• Kennedy, D. (1996). The Magic Mountains: Hill Stations and the British Raj. Berkeley: University of California Press.
• Kerr, H. (1842). A Few Words of Advice to Cadets, and Other Young Persons Proceeding to India, National Library of Scotland.London.
• King, A. (1976). “Culture, Social Power and Environment: The Hill Station in Colonial Urban Development”. Social Action 26, 3: 195-213.
• King, A. (1984). The Bungalow: The Production of a Global Culture. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
• Kipling, R. (1994). Plain Tales from the Hills. London: Penguin.
• Luck, J. Letters of Gnr. John Luck. (1839-1849). Bengal Artillery. India Office Library and Records. Mss.Eur. E. 339.
• Majumdar, R. C. (1957). The Sepoy Mutiny and the Revolt of 1857. Calcutta: Firma K. L. Mukhopadhyay.
• Marshall, H. (1846). Military Miscellany: Comprehending a History of the Recruiting of the Army, Military Punishments, etc.. London: John Murray.
• Military Statements. (1824-55). Bengal Annual Military Statements. National Archives of India. New Delhi.
• Mills, S. (1996). “Gender and Colonial Space”. Gender, Place and Culture 3, 2, 1996: 125-148.
• Mitchell, N. (1972). The Indian Hill-Station: Kodaikanal.Research Paper. The University of Chicago.
• Northbrook India Papers. (1850-1858). “Lord Northbrook, European Recruits 1850 to 1858”. School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), 118332/14.
• Quinney, T. (1853). Sketches of a Soldier’s Life in India. Glasgow: Mitchell Library.
• Parliamentary Papers. (1847). Parliament, House of Commons, Great Britain, 1847, XXXVI
• Parliamentary Papers. (1859). Parliament, House of Commons, Great Britain, 1859, V.
• Parliamentary Papers. (1861). Parliament, House of Commons, Great Britain, 1861, XV.
• Parliamentary Papers. (1863). Parliament, House of Commons, Great Britain, 1863, XIX.
• Parliamentary Papers. (1887). Parliament, House of Commons, Great Britain, 1887, LVIII
• Pattison, W. (1834-37). Letters of Cpl. William Pattison. Bengal Artillery. India Office Library and Records. 6702-66-2.
• Perkes, R. (1846). Letters of Pte. Richard Perkes. 1st Bengal European Fusiliers, 1841-46. India Office Library and Records. 7505-57, 10 August 1846.
• Perrott, D. (1858-59). Attestation, Discharge And Account Documents of Gnr Thomas Perrott. Bengal Artillery. Surrey, Private Papers,
• Platt, K. (1923). The Home and Health in India and the Tropical Colonies. London: Bailliere, Tindall and Co.
• Ramsbottom, J. (1854-58). Letters of Pte John Ramsbottom. 1st European Bombay Fusiliers. India Office Library and Records. Add.Ms 59876.
• Registers. Registers of European Soldiers. (1840-57). India Office Library and Records. L/MIL/10/124-27; 25
• Skelley, A. R. (1977). The Victorian Amy at Home: The Recruitment and Terms and Conditions of the British Regular: 1859-1899, London: Croom Helm.
• Smith, H. (1853). Effects of Cpl. Henry Smith, Madras Sappers and Miners, India Office Library and Records, MssJEur. F. 133/51.
• Soldiers' References. (1860). India Office Library and Records. Part 2, L/MIL/5/362.
• Spiers, E. (1980). The Army and Society: 1815-1914. London: Longman, 1980.
• Stanley, A. P. (1993). White Mutiny: the Bengal Europeans, 1825-75, a Study in Military Social History. PhD Thesis, The Australian National University.
• Strachan, H. (1984). Wellington's Legacy: the Reform of the British Army 1830-54. Manchester: Manchester Univ Press.
• Trustram, M. (1984). Women of the Regiment: Marriage and the Victorian Army. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• White, S. D. (1885). A Complete History of the Indian Mutiny. Weston-Super-Mare: W. H. Allen.
• Wright, G. (1991). The Hill Stations of India. Lincolnwood ILL: Passport Books.
• Young, R. (1995). Colonial Desire: Hybridity in Theory Culture and Race. London: Routledge.