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Civil Society as a Reemerging Instrument of Foreign Policy After Covid-19

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 26 Sayı: 1, 179 - 191, 25.03.2025
https://doi.org/10.17494/ogusbd.1592400

Öz

In contemporary times, civil societies, whether focused on charity, humanitarian aid, or development, have been providing more essential services in their countries and the countries they target. Civil societies working in other countries can help home countries advance their foreign policy goals by providing exceptional services, making them an effective soft power tool for enhancing diplomatic relations between nations. This study investigates the strengthening of civil society as a diplomatic strategy in today’s interconnected world, particularly in light of the COVID-19 crisis. The goal is to establish a connection between civil society, soft power, and foreign policy. It also examines the recent effects on foreign policy mechanisms due to the increasing significance of global civil society worldwide.

Kaynakça

  • Aaronson, S. A., & Zimmerman, J. M. (2006, November). Fair Trade? How Oxfam Presented a Systemic Approach to Poverty, Development, Human Rights, and Trade. Human Rights Quarterly, 28(4), 998-1030. DOI:10.1353/hrq.2006.0039
  • Adamczyk, M., & Rutkowska, P. (2020). Analysis of the Country's Foreign Policy through its Determinants, Structure and Instruments: Potential Research Scenarios. Historia Polityka, 32(39), 39-51. DOI: https://doi.org/10.12775/HiP.2020.013
  • Ansell, C., & Gash, A. (2007). Collaborative Governance in Theory and Practice. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 18(4), 543-571. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jopart/mum032
  • Apheda (2023, October 31). Stand with the People of Gaza. Union Aid Abroad Apheda. Access Address: https://www.apheda.org.au/stand-with-the-people-of-gaza/
  • Bosshart, C. (2023). BPW International. BPW. Access Address: https://www.bpw-international.org/about-bpw/
  • Burns, J. (2023). Supporting Democracy in our Region. Parliamentary Joint Committee Joint Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade, Parliament of Australia.
  • Carboni, J.L., Siddiki, S., Koski, C., & Sadiq, A. (2017). Using Network Analysis to Identify Key Actors in Collaborative Governance Processes. Nonprofit Policy Forum, 8(2), 133-145. DOI:10.1515/npf-2017-0012
  • Cooper, R. (2018). What is Civil Society? How is the term used, and what is seen to be its role and value (internationally) in 2018? K4D Helpdesk Report. Brighton, UK: Institute of Development Studies. Access Address: https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/articles/online_resource/What_is_Civil_Society_its_Role_and_Value_in_2018_/26427220?file=48076216
  • Dagnet, Y. (2023). Case Studies: Open Society Foundations Imagining Climate Just Democracies. WINGS Elevating Philosophy.
  • Dalton, B. (2014). Civil Society: Overlapping Frames. Cosmopolitan Civil Societies: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 6(2), 1-69. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/ccs.v6i2.3918.
  • Deniz Feneri (2023). Faaliyet Raporu 2023. Istanbul: Deniz Feneri. Access Address: https://www.denizfeneri.org.tr/pdf/2023-faaliyet-raporu_136.pdf
  • Dossa, H. A. (2011). Proceedings of the Twenty-Seventh International Congress on the theme "Power to Make a Difference." The XXVII BPW International Congress Helsinki Finland 17-21 June 2011.
  • Fakuade, D. (2023). Türkiye-Africa Relations: A Case Study of Somalia, Nigeria and Libya from Humanitarian and Security Perspectives. Insight Turkey, 25(3), 51-62. DOI:10.25253/99.2023253.4
  • Felm (2024). Development Cooperation. Access Address: https://felm.org/development-cooperation/
  • Gavrielatos, A. (2020, August 31). Union Aid Abroad – APHEDA Takes Part in End Covid for All Campaign. Access Address: https://www.apheda.org.au/union-aid-abroad-end-covid-for-all/
  • Ingram, G. (2020, April 6). Civil Society: An Essential Ingredient of Development. The Brookings Institution. Access Address: https://www.brookings.edu/articles/civil-society-an-essential-ingredient-of-development/
  • Kontinen, T., Palmusaari, M., Perthaler, M., Ranta, E., & Salmivaara, A. (2022). Finland’s Action to Strengthen Civil Societies and Advance their Enabling Environment. (Publications of the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland; Vol. 7, pp.1-103). Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland. Access Address: https://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-281-346-6
  • Mahase, E. (2023, June 26). UK Aid Funds “exploitative” Private Health Providers in Developing Countries, Oxfam Claims. BMJ-British Medical Journal, 381, p.1468. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.p1468
  • Mantah, S. (2022). BPW International Projects. Access Address: https://www.bpw-projects.org/plan%C3%A8te-genre-bpwfrance/
  • Marchetti, R. (2017). Foreign Policy by Proxy: Democracy and Human Rights Promotion through an Engagement with Civil Society. In: Marchetti, R. (Eds.) Partnerships in International Policy-Making. International Series on Public Policy. Palgrave Macmillan, London. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-94938-0_14
  • Morton, B. (2014). Australia Case Study: Australian Csos And Relationships with the Australian Government in Development Cooperation. pp.167-206, UNDP-CH05-Australia. Access Address: https://www.undp.org/sites/g/files/zskgke326/files/migration/cn/UNDP-CH05-Australia-Case-Study.pdf
  • Mullard, S., & Aarvik, P. (2020). Supporting civil society during the COVID-19 pandemic: The potentials of online collaborations for social accountability. U4 Guide, pp.1-14. Canada: CMI CHR. Michelsen Institute. Access Address: https://www.u4.no/publications/supporting-civil-society-during-the-covid-19-pandemic.pdf
  • Nye, J. S. (2005). Dunya Siyasetinde Basarinin Yolu: Yumusak Guc (Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics). Istanbul: Elips Kitap.
  • Ojo, A., & Mellouli, S. (2018). Deploying Governance Networks for Societal Challenges. Government Information Quarterly, 35(4), 106-112. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2016.04.001
  • Onyango, W. (2020, November 26). Statement on COVID-19 and Youth. Access Address: https://www.theyouthcafe.com/covid19-and-youth/statement-on-covid-19-and-youth
  • Open Society Foundations (2015). Open Society Foundations Support Civil Society’s Response to Refugee Crisis in Europe. Access Address: https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/newsroom/open-society-foundations-support-civil-society-s-response-refugee-crisis-europe
  • OXFAM (2024). Oxfam International. Access Address: https://www.oxfam.org/en/what-we-do/about/what-we-believe
  • Özkan, M. (2014). Doğu Afrika Jeopolitiği ve Türkiye’nin Somali Politikası. Ankara: SETA Siyaset, Ekonomi ve Toplum Araştırmaları Vakfı.
  • Paw, N. K. (2024). Building Sustainable Leadership Skills among Refugee Women. Access Address: https://www.apheda.org.au/refugee-women-leadership/
  • Pries, L. (2022). Why Civil Society Engagement is Crucial for Refugee Protection. Access Address: https://www.asileproject.eu/why-civil-society-engagement-is-crucial-for-refugee-protection/
  • Putnam, R. (1993). Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Sfeir-Younis, A. (2023). Role of Civil Society in Foreign Policy: A New Conceptual Framework. Seton Hall Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations, 5(2), 29-32. Access Address: https://scholarship.shu.edu/diplo_ir/vol5/iss2/4
  • Theyouthcafe (2024). Our Project: The Youth Cafe. Access Address: https://www.theyouthcafe.com/ongoing-projects
  • UMFI (2022). Civil Society Promotes Human Rights and Sustainable Development. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Finland. Access Address: https://um.fi/civil-society
  • UnitingWorld (2023, September 25). Year 19 of the Church Partnership Program in Papua New Guınea: Church Partnership Program (PNG), News, Project Updates. Access Address: https://unitingworld.org.au/category/project-updates/church-partnership-program/
  • USAID (2020). The goal of the USAID/Central Asia’s 2020 – 2025 Regional Development Cooperation Strategy (RDCS). Access Address: https://www.usaid.gov/central-asia-regional/rdcs
  • Wright, S. (2018). African Foreign Policies. New York: Routledge.
  • Yavuzaslan, K., & Çetin, M. (2016). Soft Power Concept and Soft Power Indexes, in Business Challenges in the Changing Economic Landscape, in Mehmet Huseyin Bilgin & Hakan Danis & Ender Demir & Ugur Can (ed.), Springer, Vol 1, pp.395-409. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-22596-8_28
  • Zencirci, G. (2020). Markets of Islam: Performative Charity and the Muslim Middle Classes in Turkey. Journal of Cultural Economy, 13(5), 610-625. DOI:10.1080/17530350.2020.1741426

Sivil Toplum: Covid-19 Sonrası Dış Politikanın Yeniden Ortaya Çıkan Aracı

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 26 Sayı: 1, 179 - 191, 25.03.2025
https://doi.org/10.17494/ogusbd.1592400

Öz

Günümüzde sivil toplumlar ister hayırseverlik ister insani yardım, isterse kalkınma odaklı olsun, kendi ülkelerinde ve hedefledikleri ülkelerde daha temel hizmetler sunmaktadır. Diğer ülkelerde çalışan sivil toplumlar, istisnai hizmetler sunarak kendi ülkelerinin dış politika hedeflerini ilerletmelerine yardımcı olabilir ve bu da onları uluslar arasındaki diplomatik ilişkileri geliştirmek için etkili bir yumuşak güç aracı haline getirir. Bu çalışma, günümüzün birbirine bağlı dünyasında, özellikle COVID-19 krizi ışığında, bir diplomatik strateji olarak sivil toplumun güçlendirilmesini incelemektedir. Burada amaç, sivil toplum, yumuşak güç ve dış politika arasında bir bağlantı kurmaktır. Ayrıca, küresel sivil toplumun dünya çapında artan öneminin dış politika mekanizmaları üzerindeki son etkileri de incelenmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Aaronson, S. A., & Zimmerman, J. M. (2006, November). Fair Trade? How Oxfam Presented a Systemic Approach to Poverty, Development, Human Rights, and Trade. Human Rights Quarterly, 28(4), 998-1030. DOI:10.1353/hrq.2006.0039
  • Adamczyk, M., & Rutkowska, P. (2020). Analysis of the Country's Foreign Policy through its Determinants, Structure and Instruments: Potential Research Scenarios. Historia Polityka, 32(39), 39-51. DOI: https://doi.org/10.12775/HiP.2020.013
  • Ansell, C., & Gash, A. (2007). Collaborative Governance in Theory and Practice. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 18(4), 543-571. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jopart/mum032
  • Apheda (2023, October 31). Stand with the People of Gaza. Union Aid Abroad Apheda. Access Address: https://www.apheda.org.au/stand-with-the-people-of-gaza/
  • Bosshart, C. (2023). BPW International. BPW. Access Address: https://www.bpw-international.org/about-bpw/
  • Burns, J. (2023). Supporting Democracy in our Region. Parliamentary Joint Committee Joint Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade, Parliament of Australia.
  • Carboni, J.L., Siddiki, S., Koski, C., & Sadiq, A. (2017). Using Network Analysis to Identify Key Actors in Collaborative Governance Processes. Nonprofit Policy Forum, 8(2), 133-145. DOI:10.1515/npf-2017-0012
  • Cooper, R. (2018). What is Civil Society? How is the term used, and what is seen to be its role and value (internationally) in 2018? K4D Helpdesk Report. Brighton, UK: Institute of Development Studies. Access Address: https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/articles/online_resource/What_is_Civil_Society_its_Role_and_Value_in_2018_/26427220?file=48076216
  • Dagnet, Y. (2023). Case Studies: Open Society Foundations Imagining Climate Just Democracies. WINGS Elevating Philosophy.
  • Dalton, B. (2014). Civil Society: Overlapping Frames. Cosmopolitan Civil Societies: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 6(2), 1-69. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/ccs.v6i2.3918.
  • Deniz Feneri (2023). Faaliyet Raporu 2023. Istanbul: Deniz Feneri. Access Address: https://www.denizfeneri.org.tr/pdf/2023-faaliyet-raporu_136.pdf
  • Dossa, H. A. (2011). Proceedings of the Twenty-Seventh International Congress on the theme "Power to Make a Difference." The XXVII BPW International Congress Helsinki Finland 17-21 June 2011.
  • Fakuade, D. (2023). Türkiye-Africa Relations: A Case Study of Somalia, Nigeria and Libya from Humanitarian and Security Perspectives. Insight Turkey, 25(3), 51-62. DOI:10.25253/99.2023253.4
  • Felm (2024). Development Cooperation. Access Address: https://felm.org/development-cooperation/
  • Gavrielatos, A. (2020, August 31). Union Aid Abroad – APHEDA Takes Part in End Covid for All Campaign. Access Address: https://www.apheda.org.au/union-aid-abroad-end-covid-for-all/
  • Ingram, G. (2020, April 6). Civil Society: An Essential Ingredient of Development. The Brookings Institution. Access Address: https://www.brookings.edu/articles/civil-society-an-essential-ingredient-of-development/
  • Kontinen, T., Palmusaari, M., Perthaler, M., Ranta, E., & Salmivaara, A. (2022). Finland’s Action to Strengthen Civil Societies and Advance their Enabling Environment. (Publications of the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland; Vol. 7, pp.1-103). Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland. Access Address: https://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-281-346-6
  • Mahase, E. (2023, June 26). UK Aid Funds “exploitative” Private Health Providers in Developing Countries, Oxfam Claims. BMJ-British Medical Journal, 381, p.1468. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.p1468
  • Mantah, S. (2022). BPW International Projects. Access Address: https://www.bpw-projects.org/plan%C3%A8te-genre-bpwfrance/
  • Marchetti, R. (2017). Foreign Policy by Proxy: Democracy and Human Rights Promotion through an Engagement with Civil Society. In: Marchetti, R. (Eds.) Partnerships in International Policy-Making. International Series on Public Policy. Palgrave Macmillan, London. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-94938-0_14
  • Morton, B. (2014). Australia Case Study: Australian Csos And Relationships with the Australian Government in Development Cooperation. pp.167-206, UNDP-CH05-Australia. Access Address: https://www.undp.org/sites/g/files/zskgke326/files/migration/cn/UNDP-CH05-Australia-Case-Study.pdf
  • Mullard, S., & Aarvik, P. (2020). Supporting civil society during the COVID-19 pandemic: The potentials of online collaborations for social accountability. U4 Guide, pp.1-14. Canada: CMI CHR. Michelsen Institute. Access Address: https://www.u4.no/publications/supporting-civil-society-during-the-covid-19-pandemic.pdf
  • Nye, J. S. (2005). Dunya Siyasetinde Basarinin Yolu: Yumusak Guc (Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics). Istanbul: Elips Kitap.
  • Ojo, A., & Mellouli, S. (2018). Deploying Governance Networks for Societal Challenges. Government Information Quarterly, 35(4), 106-112. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2016.04.001
  • Onyango, W. (2020, November 26). Statement on COVID-19 and Youth. Access Address: https://www.theyouthcafe.com/covid19-and-youth/statement-on-covid-19-and-youth
  • Open Society Foundations (2015). Open Society Foundations Support Civil Society’s Response to Refugee Crisis in Europe. Access Address: https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/newsroom/open-society-foundations-support-civil-society-s-response-refugee-crisis-europe
  • OXFAM (2024). Oxfam International. Access Address: https://www.oxfam.org/en/what-we-do/about/what-we-believe
  • Özkan, M. (2014). Doğu Afrika Jeopolitiği ve Türkiye’nin Somali Politikası. Ankara: SETA Siyaset, Ekonomi ve Toplum Araştırmaları Vakfı.
  • Paw, N. K. (2024). Building Sustainable Leadership Skills among Refugee Women. Access Address: https://www.apheda.org.au/refugee-women-leadership/
  • Pries, L. (2022). Why Civil Society Engagement is Crucial for Refugee Protection. Access Address: https://www.asileproject.eu/why-civil-society-engagement-is-crucial-for-refugee-protection/
  • Putnam, R. (1993). Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Sfeir-Younis, A. (2023). Role of Civil Society in Foreign Policy: A New Conceptual Framework. Seton Hall Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations, 5(2), 29-32. Access Address: https://scholarship.shu.edu/diplo_ir/vol5/iss2/4
  • Theyouthcafe (2024). Our Project: The Youth Cafe. Access Address: https://www.theyouthcafe.com/ongoing-projects
  • UMFI (2022). Civil Society Promotes Human Rights and Sustainable Development. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Finland. Access Address: https://um.fi/civil-society
  • UnitingWorld (2023, September 25). Year 19 of the Church Partnership Program in Papua New Guınea: Church Partnership Program (PNG), News, Project Updates. Access Address: https://unitingworld.org.au/category/project-updates/church-partnership-program/
  • USAID (2020). The goal of the USAID/Central Asia’s 2020 – 2025 Regional Development Cooperation Strategy (RDCS). Access Address: https://www.usaid.gov/central-asia-regional/rdcs
  • Wright, S. (2018). African Foreign Policies. New York: Routledge.
  • Yavuzaslan, K., & Çetin, M. (2016). Soft Power Concept and Soft Power Indexes, in Business Challenges in the Changing Economic Landscape, in Mehmet Huseyin Bilgin & Hakan Danis & Ender Demir & Ugur Can (ed.), Springer, Vol 1, pp.395-409. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-22596-8_28
  • Zencirci, G. (2020). Markets of Islam: Performative Charity and the Muslim Middle Classes in Turkey. Journal of Cultural Economy, 13(5), 610-625. DOI:10.1080/17530350.2020.1741426
Toplam 39 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Siyaset Bilimi (Diğer), Uluslararası Kuruluşlar
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Yusuf Abubakar Wara 0000-0003-3410-6113

Serdar Kenan Gül 0000-0002-4771-9202

Yayımlanma Tarihi 25 Mart 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 27 Kasım 2024
Kabul Tarihi 12 Mart 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 26 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Wara, Y. A., & Gül, S. K. (2025). Civil Society as a Reemerging Instrument of Foreign Policy After Covid-19. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 26(1), 179-191. https://doi.org/10.17494/ogusbd.1592400
AMA Wara YA, Gül SK. Civil Society as a Reemerging Instrument of Foreign Policy After Covid-19. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. Mart 2025;26(1):179-191. doi:10.17494/ogusbd.1592400
Chicago Wara, Yusuf Abubakar, ve Serdar Kenan Gül. “Civil Society As a Reemerging Instrument of Foreign Policy After Covid-19”. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 26, sy. 1 (Mart 2025): 179-91. https://doi.org/10.17494/ogusbd.1592400.
EndNote Wara YA, Gül SK (01 Mart 2025) Civil Society as a Reemerging Instrument of Foreign Policy After Covid-19. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 26 1 179–191.
IEEE Y. A. Wara ve S. K. Gül, “Civil Society as a Reemerging Instrument of Foreign Policy After Covid-19”, Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, c. 26, sy. 1, ss. 179–191, 2025, doi: 10.17494/ogusbd.1592400.
ISNAD Wara, Yusuf Abubakar - Gül, Serdar Kenan. “Civil Society As a Reemerging Instrument of Foreign Policy After Covid-19”. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 26/1 (Mart 2025), 179-191. https://doi.org/10.17494/ogusbd.1592400.
JAMA Wara YA, Gül SK. Civil Society as a Reemerging Instrument of Foreign Policy After Covid-19. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. 2025;26:179–191.
MLA Wara, Yusuf Abubakar ve Serdar Kenan Gül. “Civil Society As a Reemerging Instrument of Foreign Policy After Covid-19”. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, c. 26, sy. 1, 2025, ss. 179-91, doi:10.17494/ogusbd.1592400.
Vancouver Wara YA, Gül SK. Civil Society as a Reemerging Instrument of Foreign Policy After Covid-19. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. 2025;26(1):179-91.