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LİBERALLEŞME SÜRECİNDE ÖZELLEŞTİRME, DOĞRUDAN YABANCI YATIRIMLAR VE TİCARET SERBESTLİĞİ: BAZI AB ÜLKELERİ İLE TÜRKİYE KARŞILAŞTIRMASI

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 4, 251 - 270, 31.10.2016

Betül İnam , Filiz Giray , Selim Tüzüntürk

Öz

Avrupa Birliği (AB) üyeliği aday ülkeler için bazı kriterlerin sağlanmasını gerektirmektedir. Bunlar; ekonomik, sosyal, siyasal ve hukuki kriterler olarak dört başlıkta telaffuz edilebilir. Küreselleşme ile birlikte artan liberalleşme, AB üyeliği sürecinde aday ülkeler için belirleyici bir ekonomik kriter olarak ön plana çıkmıştır. Liberalleşmenin; özelleştirme, doğrudan yabancı sermaye yatırımları (DYY) ve ticaret serbestliği şeklinde temel göstergeleri bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, aynı gelir düzeyinde olan bazı AB üyesi ülkeler (Bulgaristan, Macaristan ve Romanya) ile Türkiye için liberalleşme düzeyi; özelleştirme, DYY ve ticaret serbestliği göstergelerine dayalı olarak istatistiki yöntemler ile analiz edilmiştir. Elde edilen bulgular, özelleştirme, DYY ve ticaret serbestliğinde sadece Türkiye değil ve AB ülkelerinde de yeknesaklık olmadığını göstermiştir. Ayrıca 2004 sonrasında, özelleştirme ve DYY’ ler açısından, Türkiye nispi olarak daha yüksek değerlere ulaşmasına rağmen, ticaret serbestliğinde çok fazla değişim göstermemiştir

Kaynakça

  • Abderrezak, A. (2008). Foreign Direct Investment in the MENA Region: Is There a Colonisation Effect?. The Journal of North African Studies 13(2), 219-226.
  • Adams, S., & Mengistu, B. (2008). Privatization, Governance and Economic Development in Developing Countries. Journal of Developing Societies 24(4), 415-438.
  • Amerigi, O., & DeFeo, G. (2010). On The FDI Attracting Property of Privatization, Strathclyde. Discussion Papers in Economics No:10-07, 1-28.
  • Atiyas, İ., & Oder, B. (2007). Türkiye’de Özelleştirmenin Hukuk ve Ekonomisi. Ankara: Tepav Yayınları.
  • Aytemiz, S. K. (2006). Ticaretin Serbestleşmesi ve Türkiye İmalat Sanayinde Toplam Faktör Verimliliği. Gazi Üniversitesi İktisadi İdari Bilimler Dergisi 7(2), 71-93.
  • Baliamoune, M. N. (2002). Assessing the Impact of One Aspect of Globalization on Economic Growth in Africa. UNU/WIDER Discussion paper 91, World Institute for Development Economics Research, Helsinki: United Nations University.
  • Bárcena, R., Carlos, J., Felibe, G., & Begona, M. (2001). Mixed Oligopoly and Environmental Policy. Biltoki Working Paper 2001.05, University of the Basque Country.
  • Bitzenis, A. (2003). What Was Behind the Delay in the Bulgarian Privatization Process, Incentives and Barriers of Privatization as a Way of Foreign Entry. Markets Finance and Trade 39(5), 58-82.
  • Bortolotti, B., Fantini, M., & Siniscalco, D. (2003). Privatisation around the World: Evidence from Panel Data. Journal of Public Finance 88, 305-332.
  • Boubakri, N., Cosset, J.C., Debab, N., & Valery, P. (2013). Privatization and Globalization: An Empirical Analysis. Journal of Banking & Finance, 37, 1898-1914.
  • Chudnovsky, D., Lopez, A., & Porta, F. (1997). Market or Policy Driven? The Foreign Direct Investment Boom in Argentina, Oxford Development Studies, 25(2), 173-188.
  • Clausing, K. A., & Dorobantu, C. L. (2005). Re-Entering Europe: Does European Union Candidancy Boost Foreign Direct Investment?. Economics of Transition 13(1), 77-103.
  • Çetin, M., & Seker, F. (2014). Ticari Açıklık ve Finansal Gelişmenin Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırımlar Üzerindeki Etkisi OECD Ülkeleri Üzerine Dinamik Panel Veri Analizi. Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi 28(1), 125-147.
  • Debab, N. (2011). Globalization and Privatization: Two Faces One Coin. International Research Journal of Finance and Economics 74, 7-30.
  • Dijkstra, B. R., Mathew A. J., & Mukherjee, A. (2015). Privatization in the Presence of Foreign Competition and Strategic Policies. Journal of Economics 114, 171-290.
  • Dua, P., & Garg, R. (2015). Macroeconomic Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment: Evidence from India. The Journal of Developing Areas 49 (1), 133-155.
  • Erçakar, M. E., & Karagöl, T. E. (2011). Türkiye’de Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırımlar. www.setav.org , Erişim Tarihi 13.10.2015
  • Estrin, S., Hanousek, J., Koçenda, E., & Svejnar, J. (2009). The Effects of Privatization and Ownership in Transition Economies. Journal of Economic Literature 47(3), 1–30.
  • European Commission (2010). Trade as A Driver of Prosperity, SEC (2010) 1269, Brussels.
  • European Commission (2015). Commission Staff Working Document Turkey 2015, Brussels.
  • Greenaway, D., Morgan, W., & Wright, P. (2001), Trade Liberalisation and Growth in Developing Countries. Journal of Development Economics 67, 229–244.
  • Grygorenko, G., & Lutz, S. (2007). Firm performance and privatization in Ukraine. Econ Change 40, 253-266.
  • Guerin, S. S., & Manzocchi, S. (2009). Political Regime and FDI from Advanced to Emerging Countries. Review World Economy 145, 75-91.
  • Gupta, N. (2005). Partial Privatization and Firm Performance. The Journal of Finance 15 (2), 987-1015.
  • Hagemejer, J., & Tyrowicz, J. (2011). The Direct Effects of Privatization through Foreign Investment. Eastern European Economics 49(3), 89–111.
  • Kakar, Z. K. & Khıljı, B. K. (2011). Impact of FDI and Trade Openness on Economic Growth: A Comparative Study of Pakistan and Malaysia. Theoretical and Applied Economics, 11(564), 53-58.
  • Kalkınma Bakanlığı (2004). Türkiye Ekonomisinde Kalkınma Stratejileri ve Sanayileşme (Dün- Bugün- Yarın), Ankara.
  • Kikeri, S., & Kolo, A. (2005). Privatization: Trends and Recent Developments. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3765.
  • Liargovas, P., & Konstantines, S. S. (2012). Foreign Direct Investment and Trade Openness: the Case of Developing Economies. Social Indicators Research 106(2), 323-331.
  • Matsumura, T., Matsushima, N., & Ishibashi, I. (2009). Privatization and Entries of Foreign Enterprises in a Differentiated Industry. Journal of Economic 98, 203–219.
  • Merlevede, B., & Schoors, K. (2009). Privatisation and Foreign Direct Investment in 10 Transition Countries. Post Communist Economies 21(2), 143-156.
  • Morelli, V. L. (2013). European Union Enlargement: A Status Report on Turkey’s Accession Negotiations, CRS Report for Congress.
  • Mukherjee, A., & Suetrong, K. (2009). Privatization, Strategic Foreign Direct Investment and Host- Country Welfare. European Economic Review 53, 775-785.
  • Naguib, R. I. (2012). The Effects of Privatization and Foreign Direct Investment on Economic Growth in Argentina. The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development 21(1), 51–82.
  • Narsiah, S. (2002). Neoliberalism and Privatisation in South Africa. GeoJournal, 57, 3-13.
  • Nurudeen, A., Wafure, O. G., & Auto, E. M. (2011). Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment: The Case of Nigeria. The IUP Journal of Monetary Economics 9(3), 50-67.
  • OECD (2002), Foreign Direct Investment for Development, Paris.
  • Oğuzlar, A. (2007). İstatistiksel Veri Analizi 1 SPSS ve MINITAB UYGULAMALI, Bursa: Ezgi Kitabevi.
  • Oktayer, A. (2009). Türkiye’de Finansal Serbestleşme ve Derinleşme Süreci Üzerine Nitel Bir İnceleme. Akademik İncelemeler 4(1), 74-100.
  • Parker, D., & Saal, D. (2003). International Handbook on Privatization, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited.
  • Parker, D., & Kirkpatrick, C. (2005). Privatisation in Developing Countries: A Review of the Evidence and the Policy Lessons. The Journal of Development Studies 41(4), 513-541.
  • Pradhan, R. P. (2010). Trade Openness and Foreign Direct Investment in India: The Globalization Experience. The IUP Journal of Applied Science 16(3), 26-43.
  • Sader, F. (1995). Privatizing Public Enterprises and Foreign Investment in Developing Countries, 1988-93. Occasional Paper, Washington, DC : 5, IFC and World Bank.
  • Sakyi, D., Commodore, R., & Opolu, E. O. (2015). Foreign Direct Investment, Trade Openness and Economic Growth in Ghana: An Empirical Investigation. Journal of African Business 16(1-2), 1-15.
  • Seyoum, M., Wu, R., & Lin, J. (2014). Foreign Direct Investment and Trade Openness in Sub- Sahran Economies: A Panel Data Granger Causality Analysis. South African Journal of Economics 82(3), 402-421.
  • Singh, A. (2005). FDI, Globalization and Economic Development: Towards Reforming National and International Rules of the Game, ESRC Centre for Business Research University of Cambridge, Working Paper No:304.
  • Şimşek, M., & Behdioğlu, S. (2006). Türkiye’de Dolaysız Yabancı Sermaye Yatırımlarının Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerindeki Etkisi: Uygulamalı Bir Çalışma. Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi 20(2), 47-65.
  • Tarı, R., & Bıdırdı, H. (2009). Türkiye’de Doğrudan Yabancı Sermaye Yatırımlarının Temel Belirleyicileri: 1990-2006 Dönemine İlişkin Ekonometrik Analiz. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 24, 252-267.
  • Türk, Y. Z. (2014). Türkiye’de Özelleştirme Uygulamalarının Analizi, Ankara: Kalkınma Bakanlığı Yayın No: 2885.
  • TCMB (2002). Küreselleşmenin Türkiye Ekonomisine Etkileri, Ankara.
  • UNCTAD (2015), World Investment Reports, Newyork and Geneva.
  • Wang, C. C., & Chiou, J. R. (2010). Privatization Import Tariff, and Strategic Foreign Direct Investment, Taipei International Conference on Growth, Trade and Dynamics, Taipei, Taiwan.
  • Wang, L. F.S., & Chen, T. L. (2011). Mixed Oligopoly, Optimal Privatization, and Foreign Penetration. Economic Modelling 28, 1465–1470.
  • www.ekonomi.gov.tr Erişim Tarihi: 11.10.2015.
  • www.ec.europa.eu Erişim Tarihi: 08.08.2015.
  • www.oib.gov.tr Erişim Tarihi: 15 Kasım 2015.
  • www.privatizationbarometers.net Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2014.
  • www.unctad.org Erişim Tarihi: 03.11.2015.
  • www.invest.gov.tr Erişim Tarihi: 06.11.2015.
  • YASED (2011), Investment Enviroment in Turkey, İstanbul.
  • Zhao, S. (2013). Privatization, FDI Inflow and Economic Growth: Evidence from China’s Provinces, 1978–2008. Applied Economics 45, 2127–2139.

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 4, 251 - 270, 31.10.2016

Betül İnam , Filiz Giray , Selim Tüzüntürk

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Abderrezak, A. (2008). Foreign Direct Investment in the MENA Region: Is There a Colonisation Effect?. The Journal of North African Studies 13(2), 219-226.
  • Adams, S., & Mengistu, B. (2008). Privatization, Governance and Economic Development in Developing Countries. Journal of Developing Societies 24(4), 415-438.
  • Amerigi, O., & DeFeo, G. (2010). On The FDI Attracting Property of Privatization, Strathclyde. Discussion Papers in Economics No:10-07, 1-28.
  • Atiyas, İ., & Oder, B. (2007). Türkiye’de Özelleştirmenin Hukuk ve Ekonomisi. Ankara: Tepav Yayınları.
  • Aytemiz, S. K. (2006). Ticaretin Serbestleşmesi ve Türkiye İmalat Sanayinde Toplam Faktör Verimliliği. Gazi Üniversitesi İktisadi İdari Bilimler Dergisi 7(2), 71-93.
  • Baliamoune, M. N. (2002). Assessing the Impact of One Aspect of Globalization on Economic Growth in Africa. UNU/WIDER Discussion paper 91, World Institute for Development Economics Research, Helsinki: United Nations University.
  • Bárcena, R., Carlos, J., Felibe, G., & Begona, M. (2001). Mixed Oligopoly and Environmental Policy. Biltoki Working Paper 2001.05, University of the Basque Country.
  • Bitzenis, A. (2003). What Was Behind the Delay in the Bulgarian Privatization Process, Incentives and Barriers of Privatization as a Way of Foreign Entry. Markets Finance and Trade 39(5), 58-82.
  • Bortolotti, B., Fantini, M., & Siniscalco, D. (2003). Privatisation around the World: Evidence from Panel Data. Journal of Public Finance 88, 305-332.
  • Boubakri, N., Cosset, J.C., Debab, N., & Valery, P. (2013). Privatization and Globalization: An Empirical Analysis. Journal of Banking & Finance, 37, 1898-1914.
  • Chudnovsky, D., Lopez, A., & Porta, F. (1997). Market or Policy Driven? The Foreign Direct Investment Boom in Argentina, Oxford Development Studies, 25(2), 173-188.
  • Clausing, K. A., & Dorobantu, C. L. (2005). Re-Entering Europe: Does European Union Candidancy Boost Foreign Direct Investment?. Economics of Transition 13(1), 77-103.
  • Çetin, M., & Seker, F. (2014). Ticari Açıklık ve Finansal Gelişmenin Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırımlar Üzerindeki Etkisi OECD Ülkeleri Üzerine Dinamik Panel Veri Analizi. Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi 28(1), 125-147.
  • Debab, N. (2011). Globalization and Privatization: Two Faces One Coin. International Research Journal of Finance and Economics 74, 7-30.
  • Dijkstra, B. R., Mathew A. J., & Mukherjee, A. (2015). Privatization in the Presence of Foreign Competition and Strategic Policies. Journal of Economics 114, 171-290.
  • Dua, P., & Garg, R. (2015). Macroeconomic Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment: Evidence from India. The Journal of Developing Areas 49 (1), 133-155.
  • Erçakar, M. E., & Karagöl, T. E. (2011). Türkiye’de Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırımlar. www.setav.org , Erişim Tarihi 13.10.2015
  • Estrin, S., Hanousek, J., Koçenda, E., & Svejnar, J. (2009). The Effects of Privatization and Ownership in Transition Economies. Journal of Economic Literature 47(3), 1–30.
  • European Commission (2010). Trade as A Driver of Prosperity, SEC (2010) 1269, Brussels.
  • European Commission (2015). Commission Staff Working Document Turkey 2015, Brussels.
  • Greenaway, D., Morgan, W., & Wright, P. (2001), Trade Liberalisation and Growth in Developing Countries. Journal of Development Economics 67, 229–244.
  • Grygorenko, G., & Lutz, S. (2007). Firm performance and privatization in Ukraine. Econ Change 40, 253-266.
  • Guerin, S. S., & Manzocchi, S. (2009). Political Regime and FDI from Advanced to Emerging Countries. Review World Economy 145, 75-91.
  • Gupta, N. (2005). Partial Privatization and Firm Performance. The Journal of Finance 15 (2), 987-1015.
  • Hagemejer, J., & Tyrowicz, J. (2011). The Direct Effects of Privatization through Foreign Investment. Eastern European Economics 49(3), 89–111.
  • Kakar, Z. K. & Khıljı, B. K. (2011). Impact of FDI and Trade Openness on Economic Growth: A Comparative Study of Pakistan and Malaysia. Theoretical and Applied Economics, 11(564), 53-58.
  • Kalkınma Bakanlığı (2004). Türkiye Ekonomisinde Kalkınma Stratejileri ve Sanayileşme (Dün- Bugün- Yarın), Ankara.
  • Kikeri, S., & Kolo, A. (2005). Privatization: Trends and Recent Developments. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3765.
  • Liargovas, P., & Konstantines, S. S. (2012). Foreign Direct Investment and Trade Openness: the Case of Developing Economies. Social Indicators Research 106(2), 323-331.
  • Matsumura, T., Matsushima, N., & Ishibashi, I. (2009). Privatization and Entries of Foreign Enterprises in a Differentiated Industry. Journal of Economic 98, 203–219.
  • Merlevede, B., & Schoors, K. (2009). Privatisation and Foreign Direct Investment in 10 Transition Countries. Post Communist Economies 21(2), 143-156.
  • Morelli, V. L. (2013). European Union Enlargement: A Status Report on Turkey’s Accession Negotiations, CRS Report for Congress.
  • Mukherjee, A., & Suetrong, K. (2009). Privatization, Strategic Foreign Direct Investment and Host- Country Welfare. European Economic Review 53, 775-785.
  • Naguib, R. I. (2012). The Effects of Privatization and Foreign Direct Investment on Economic Growth in Argentina. The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development 21(1), 51–82.
  • Narsiah, S. (2002). Neoliberalism and Privatisation in South Africa. GeoJournal, 57, 3-13.
  • Nurudeen, A., Wafure, O. G., & Auto, E. M. (2011). Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment: The Case of Nigeria. The IUP Journal of Monetary Economics 9(3), 50-67.
  • OECD (2002), Foreign Direct Investment for Development, Paris.
  • Oğuzlar, A. (2007). İstatistiksel Veri Analizi 1 SPSS ve MINITAB UYGULAMALI, Bursa: Ezgi Kitabevi.
  • Oktayer, A. (2009). Türkiye’de Finansal Serbestleşme ve Derinleşme Süreci Üzerine Nitel Bir İnceleme. Akademik İncelemeler 4(1), 74-100.
  • Parker, D., & Saal, D. (2003). International Handbook on Privatization, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited.
  • Parker, D., & Kirkpatrick, C. (2005). Privatisation in Developing Countries: A Review of the Evidence and the Policy Lessons. The Journal of Development Studies 41(4), 513-541.
  • Pradhan, R. P. (2010). Trade Openness and Foreign Direct Investment in India: The Globalization Experience. The IUP Journal of Applied Science 16(3), 26-43.
  • Sader, F. (1995). Privatizing Public Enterprises and Foreign Investment in Developing Countries, 1988-93. Occasional Paper, Washington, DC : 5, IFC and World Bank.
  • Sakyi, D., Commodore, R., & Opolu, E. O. (2015). Foreign Direct Investment, Trade Openness and Economic Growth in Ghana: An Empirical Investigation. Journal of African Business 16(1-2), 1-15.
  • Seyoum, M., Wu, R., & Lin, J. (2014). Foreign Direct Investment and Trade Openness in Sub- Sahran Economies: A Panel Data Granger Causality Analysis. South African Journal of Economics 82(3), 402-421.
  • Singh, A. (2005). FDI, Globalization and Economic Development: Towards Reforming National and International Rules of the Game, ESRC Centre for Business Research University of Cambridge, Working Paper No:304.
  • Şimşek, M., & Behdioğlu, S. (2006). Türkiye’de Dolaysız Yabancı Sermaye Yatırımlarının Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerindeki Etkisi: Uygulamalı Bir Çalışma. Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi 20(2), 47-65.
  • Tarı, R., & Bıdırdı, H. (2009). Türkiye’de Doğrudan Yabancı Sermaye Yatırımlarının Temel Belirleyicileri: 1990-2006 Dönemine İlişkin Ekonometrik Analiz. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 24, 252-267.
  • Türk, Y. Z. (2014). Türkiye’de Özelleştirme Uygulamalarının Analizi, Ankara: Kalkınma Bakanlığı Yayın No: 2885.
  • TCMB (2002). Küreselleşmenin Türkiye Ekonomisine Etkileri, Ankara.
  • UNCTAD (2015), World Investment Reports, Newyork and Geneva.
  • Wang, C. C., & Chiou, J. R. (2010). Privatization Import Tariff, and Strategic Foreign Direct Investment, Taipei International Conference on Growth, Trade and Dynamics, Taipei, Taiwan.
  • Wang, L. F.S., & Chen, T. L. (2011). Mixed Oligopoly, Optimal Privatization, and Foreign Penetration. Economic Modelling 28, 1465–1470.
  • www.ekonomi.gov.tr Erişim Tarihi: 11.10.2015.
  • www.ec.europa.eu Erişim Tarihi: 08.08.2015.
  • www.oib.gov.tr Erişim Tarihi: 15 Kasım 2015.
  • www.privatizationbarometers.net Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2014.
  • www.unctad.org Erişim Tarihi: 03.11.2015.
  • www.invest.gov.tr Erişim Tarihi: 06.11.2015.
  • YASED (2011), Investment Enviroment in Turkey, İstanbul.
  • Zhao, S. (2013). Privatization, FDI Inflow and Economic Growth: Evidence from China’s Provinces, 1978–2008. Applied Economics 45, 2127–2139.
Toplam 61 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Betül İnam

Filiz Giray

Selim Tüzüntürk

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Ekim 2016
Gönderilme Tarihi 13 Haziran 2016
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2016 Cilt: 9 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA İnam, B., Giray, F., & Tüzüntürk, S. (2016). LİBERALLEŞME SÜRECİNDE ÖZELLEŞTİRME, DOĞRUDAN YABANCI YATIRIMLAR VE TİCARET SERBESTLİĞİ: BAZI AB ÜLKELERİ İLE TÜRKİYE KARŞILAŞTIRMASI. Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 9(4), 251-270.
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