Örgüt yararına ahlaki olmayan davranışın belirleyicileri: duygusal bulaşıcılığın düzenleyicilik rolü
Yıl 2021,
Cilt: 14 Sayı: 1, 163 - 180, 08.01.2021
Ali Gürsoy
,
Kemal Köksal
,
Mustafa Kemal Topcu
Öz
Örgüt yararına ahlaki olmayan davranışlar, sosyal ve etik kuralları yok sayan fakat örgüt için fayda yarattığı düşünülen davranışlar olarak ifade edilebilir. Bu davranışlar kısa dönemde örgüt yararına gibi görünse de uzun dönemde örgüte zarar verebilmektedir. Araştırma, çalışanların örgüt yararına ahlaki olmayan davranışlarının belirleyicilerini tespit etmek amacıyla yöneticiye duyulan güven ve örgütsel bağlılığın bu davranışlar üzerindeki etkisini belirlemek ve duygusal bulaşıcılığın bu ilişkideki rolünü ortaya çıkarmak amacıyla yapılmıştır. Bunun için bir kamu kuruluşundaki 198 çalışandan veri toplanmıştır. Kamu kurumu eğitim alanında hizmet veren bir kurumdur. Veriler kolayda örnekleme yöntemiyle toplanmıştır. Ölçeklerin geçerlilikleri ve güvenilirlikleri kontrol edildikten sonra, değişkenler arasındaki ilişki korelasyon ve regresyon temelli yol analiziyle incelenmiştir. Yöneticiye duyulan güven ve örgütsel bağlılığın örgüt yararına ahlaki olmayan davranışları olumlu ve anlamlı bir şekilde etkilediği, örgütsel bağlılığın yöneticiye duyulan güvenle örgüt yararına ahlaki olmayan davranış arasındaki ilişkide kısmi aracılık rolüne sahip olduğu; ayrıca, yöneticiye duyulan güven ve örgütsel bağlılığın örgüt yararına ahlaki olmayan davranış üzerindeki etkisinde duygusal bulaşıcılığın düzenleyicilik etkisinin olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Duygusal bulaşıcılık, yöneticiye güven ve örgütsel bağlılığın örgüt yararına ahlaki olmayan davranış üzerindeki pozitif ve anlamlı etkisini güçlendirmektedir.
Kaynakça
- Allen, N. J. ve Meyer, J. P. (1990). The measurement and antecedents of affective, continuance, and normative commitment to the organization. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 63, 1-18.
- Amernic, J. H. ve Craig, R. J. (2010). Accounting as a facilitator of extreme narcissism. Journal of Business Ethics, 96, 79–93.
- Ashforth, B. E. ve Mael, F. (1989). Social identity theory and the organization. Academy of Management Review, 14, 20–39.
- Ashkanasy, N.M. ve Ashton-James, C. E. (2005). Emotion in organizations: A neglected topic in I/O psychology, but with a bright future. International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 20, 221-268.
- Aslan, Ş. ve Özata, M. (2009). Lider-üye etkileşiminin (LMX) yöneticiye duyulan güven düzeyine etkisi. Sosyal Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 17, 94-116.
- Baron, R. M. ve Kenny, D. A. 1986. The Moderator-Mediator Variable Distinction in Social Psychological Research: Conceptual, Strategic and Statistical Considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182.
- Blau, P. M. (1964). Exchange and power in social life. New York, NY: Wiley.
- Brief, A.P., Buttram, R.T. ve Dukerich, J. M. (2001). Collective corruption in the corporate world: Toward a process model. In M. E. Turner (Ed.), Groups at work: Theory and research: Applied social research (pp. 471–499). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
- Chartrand, T. L. ve Bargh, J. A. (1999). The chameleon effect: The perception-behavior link and social interaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 893-910.
- Colquitt, J. A., Scott, B. A. ve LePine, J. A. (2007). Trust, trustworthiness, and trust propensity: A meta-analytic test of their unique relationships with risk taking and job performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(4), 909-927.
- Cook, J. ve Wall, T. (1980). New work attitude measures of trust, organizational commitment and personal need non‐fulfilment. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 53(1), 39-52.
- Cropanzano, R. ve Mitchell, M.S. (2005). Social exchange theory: An interdisciplinary review. Journal of Management, 31, 874-900.
- Coşkun, A. ve Ülgen, B. (2017). Örgüt Yararına Ahlaki Olmayan Davranış. İş Ahlakı Dergisi, 10(2), 177-201.
- Cullinan, C., Bline, D., Farrar, R. ve Lowe, D. (2008). Organization-harm vs. organization-gain ethical issues: An exploratory examination of the effects of organizational commitment. Journal of Business Ethics, 80, 225-235.
- Demirel, Y. (2014). Örgütsel güvenin örgütsel bağlılık üzerine etkisi: Tekstil sektörü çalışanlarına yönelik bir araştırma. Yönetim ve Ekonomi: Celal Bayar Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 15(2), 179-194.
- Doherty, R. W. (1997). The emotional contagion scale: A measure of individual differences. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 21(2), 131-154.
- Doosje, B. ve Branscombe, N. R. (2003). Attributions for the negative historical actions of a group. European Journal of Social Psychology, 33, 235-248.
- Effelsberg, D. ve Solga, M. (2015). Transformational Leaders’ In-Group versus Out-Group Orientation: Testing the Link Between Leaders’ Organizational Identification, Their Willingness to Engage in Unethical Pro-Organizational Behavior, and Follower-Perceived Transformational Leadership. Journal of Business Ethics, 126, 581-590.
- Eisenberger, R., Karagonlar, G., Stinglhamber, F., Neves, P., Becker, T. E., Gonzalez-Morales, M. G., ve Steiger-Mueller, M. (2010). Leader-member exchange and affective organizational commitment: The contribution of supervisor's organizational embodiment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95, 1085-1103.
- Ertugrul, M. ve Krishnan, K. (2011). Can CEO dismissals be proactive? Journal of Corporate Finance, 17, 124–151.
- Fulmer, C. A., Gelfand, M. J. (2012). At what level (and in whom) we trust: Trust across multiple organizational levels. Journal of Management, 38(4), 1167-1230.
- Gino, F., Ayal, S. ve Ariely, D. (2009). Contagion and differentiation in unethical behavior: The effect of one bad apple on the barrel. Psychological Science, 20(3), 393-398.
- Gooty, J., Connelly, S., Griffith, J. ve Gupta, A. (2010). Leadership, affect and emotions: A state of the science review. The Leadership Quarterly, 21(6), 979-1004.
- Gurchiek, K. (2006). US Workers Unlikely to Report Office Misconduct. HR Magazine, 51, 5. 38.
- Halverson, S. (2004). Emotional Contagion in Leader-Follower Interactions. Yayınlamamış Doktora Tezi, Rice University, Houston, Texas, ABD.
- Hatfield, E., Cacioppo,J. ve Rapson, R. (1992). Primitive emotional contagion. M. S. Clark (Der.), Review of personality and social psychology. Newbury Park, CA: Sage
- Hatfield, E., Cacioppo, J. ve Rapson, R. L. (1994). Emotional contagion. Paris: Cambridge University Press.
- Hayes, A. F. ve Matthes, J. (2009). Computational Procedures for Probing Interactions In OLS And Logistic Regression: SPSS And SAS Implementations, Behavior Research Methods, 41, 924–936.
- Hayes, A. (2013). An introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. New York: Guilford.
- Ilie, A. (2012). Unethical Pro-Organizational Behaviors: Antecedents and Boundary Conditions. Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Florida, ABD.
- Jaworski, B. ve Kohli, A. (1993). Market Orientation: Antecedents and Consequences. Journal of Marketing, 57, 52-70.
- Johnson, S. K. (2008). I second that emotion: Effects of emotional contagion and affect at work on leader and follower outcomes. The Leadership Quarterly, 19(1), 1-19.
- Johnson, S. K. (2009). Do you feel what I feel? Mood contagion and leadership outcomes. The Leadership Quarterly, 20(5), 814-827.
- Karadal, H. ve Akyazı, T. E. (2015). Psikolojik Sahiplenme ile Etik Olmayan Örgüt Yanlısı Davranışlar Arasındaki İlişkinin Analizi Üzerine Aksaray İlinde Bir Araştırma. 3. Örgütsel Davranış Kongresi Bildiriler Kitabı, Gaziosmanpaşa Üniversitesi, Tokat, 111-116.
- Liden, R.C., ve Maslyn, J.M. (1998). Multidimensionality of leader–member exchange: An empirical assessment through scale development. Journal of Management, 24, 43–72.
- Liu, Y. ve Qiu, C. (2015). Unethical pro-organizational behavior: Concept, measurement and empirical research. Journal of Human Resource and Sustainability Studies, 3, 150-155.
- Matherne III, C.F. ve Litchfield, S.R. (2012). Investigating the Relationship between Affective Commitment and Unethical Pro-Organizational Behaviors: The Role of Moral Identity. Journal of Leadership, Accountability and Ethics, 9, 35-46.
- Mayer, R.C., Davis, J.H. ve Schoorman, F.D. (1995). An Integrative Model of Organizational Trust. The Academy of Management Review, 20(3), 709-734.
- Meyer, J. P. ve Allen, N. J. (1991). A three-component conceptualization of organizational commitment. Human Resource Management Review, 1, 61-89.
- Meyer, J. ve Allen, N. (1997). Commitment in the Workplace: Theory, Research, and Application. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
- Meyer, J.P., Becker, T.E. ve van Dick, R. (2006). Social identities and commitments at work: Toward an integrative model. Journal of Organizational Behavior, Special Issue: Commitment and Identification: Forms, Foci, and Future, 27, 665-683.
- Miao, Q., Newman, A., Yu, J. ve Xu, L. (2012). The role of ethical leadership in regulating unethical pro-organizational behavior. Australian&New Zealand Academy of Management Conference, Perth, 5-7 Aralık 2012.
- Miao, Q., Newman, A., Yu, J. ve Xu, L. (2013). The relationship between ethical leadership and unethical pro-organizational behavior: Linear or curvilinear effects? Journal of Business Ethics, 116(3), 641-653.
- Moore, C. (2008). Moral disengagement in processes of organizational corruption. Journal of Business Ethics, 80(1), 129-139.
- Morgan, R. M. ve Hunt, S. D. (1994). The commitment-trust theory of relationship marketing. The Journal of Marketing, 20-38.
- Mueller, C.W. ve Lawler, E.J. (1999). Commitment to nested organisational units: Some basic principles and preliminary findings, Social Psychology Quarterly, 62(4), 325–346.
- Neumann, R. ve Strack, F. (2000). Mood contagion: The automatic transfer of mood between persons. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 211–223.
- Nyhan, R. C. ve Marlowe, H. A. (1997). Development and Psychometric Properties of the Organizational Trust Inventory. Evaluation Review, 21(5), 614-635.
- Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Paine, J. B. ve Bachrach, D. G. (2000). Organizational citizenship behaviors: A critical review of the theoretical and empirical literature and suggestions for future research. Journal of Management, 26(3), 513-563.
- Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y. ve Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common Method Biases in Behavioral Research: A Critical Review of the Literature and Recommended Remedies, Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879-903.
- Porter, L., Steers, R., Mowday, R. ve Boulian, P. (1974). Organizational commitment, job satisfaction and turnover among psychiatric technicians. Journal of Applied Psychology, 59, 603-609.
- Rotter, J. B. (1967). A new scale for the measurement of interpersonal trust. Journal of Personality, 35, 651-665.
- Sheehy, J. W. (1990). New Work Ethic Is Frightening. Personnel Journal, 28–36.
- Shimko, B. W. (1992). Pre-hire assessment of the new work force: Finding wheat (and work ethic) among the chaff. Business Horizons, 60-65.
- Shu, X. (2015). Contagion Effect of Unethical Pro-Organizational Behavior among Members within Organization. Metallurgical & Mining Industry, 5, 235-242.
- Sobel, M. (1982). Asymptotic confidence intervals for indirect effects in structural equation models. Sociological Methodology, 13, 290–312.
- Spreitzer, G. M. ve Sonenshein, S. (2004). Toward the construct definition of positive deviance. American Behavioral Scientist, 47(6), 828-47.
- Sy, T., Côté, S. ve Saavedra, R. (2005). The contagious leader: impact of the leader's mood on the mood of group members, group affective tone, and group processes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(2), 295-305.
- Tajfel, H. ve Turner, J. C. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In W. G. Austin ve S. Worchel (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 33– 47). Monterey, CA: Brooks-Cole.
- Tanner, B. M. (2007). An Analysis of Relationships Among Job Satisfaction Organizational Trust and Organizational Commitment in An Acute Care Hospital. Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Saybrook Graduate School and Research Center, San Francisco, California.
- Umphress, E. E. ve Bingham, J. B. (2011). When employees do bad things for good reasons: Examining unethical pro-organizational behaviors, Organization Science, 22(3), 621-40.
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Antecedents of unethical pro-organizational behavior: the moderating role of emotional contagion
Yıl 2021,
Cilt: 14 Sayı: 1, 163 - 180, 08.01.2021
Ali Gürsoy
,
Kemal Köksal
,
Mustafa Kemal Topcu
Öz
Unethical pro-organizational behavior is behavior that violates social and ethical rules but benefits the organization. Although these behaviors seem to benefit the organization in the short term, it can harm the organization in the long term. The purpose of this study is to identify the determinants of the unethical pro-organizational behavior, to determine the effects of trust in supervisor and organizational commitment, and to reveal the role of emotional contagion in the relationship. Data were collected using convenience sampling method from 198 people working in a public institution serving in the field of education After checking the validity and reliability of the scales, the relationship between variables was examined by correlation and regression-based path analysis. Trust in supervisor and organizational commitment affects the unethical pro-organizational behavior positively and the organizational commitment has a partial mediating role between the organizational commitment and the unethical pro-organizational behavior. In addition, it is concluded that the emotional contagion moderates the effect of supervisor’s trust and organizational commitment on the unethical pro-organizational behavior. Emotional contagion strengthens the significant and positive impact of trust in supervisor and organizational commitment on unethical pro-organizational behavior.
Kaynakça
- Allen, N. J. ve Meyer, J. P. (1990). The measurement and antecedents of affective, continuance, and normative commitment to the organization. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 63, 1-18.
- Amernic, J. H. ve Craig, R. J. (2010). Accounting as a facilitator of extreme narcissism. Journal of Business Ethics, 96, 79–93.
- Ashforth, B. E. ve Mael, F. (1989). Social identity theory and the organization. Academy of Management Review, 14, 20–39.
- Ashkanasy, N.M. ve Ashton-James, C. E. (2005). Emotion in organizations: A neglected topic in I/O psychology, but with a bright future. International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 20, 221-268.
- Aslan, Ş. ve Özata, M. (2009). Lider-üye etkileşiminin (LMX) yöneticiye duyulan güven düzeyine etkisi. Sosyal Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 17, 94-116.
- Baron, R. M. ve Kenny, D. A. 1986. The Moderator-Mediator Variable Distinction in Social Psychological Research: Conceptual, Strategic and Statistical Considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182.
- Blau, P. M. (1964). Exchange and power in social life. New York, NY: Wiley.
- Brief, A.P., Buttram, R.T. ve Dukerich, J. M. (2001). Collective corruption in the corporate world: Toward a process model. In M. E. Turner (Ed.), Groups at work: Theory and research: Applied social research (pp. 471–499). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
- Chartrand, T. L. ve Bargh, J. A. (1999). The chameleon effect: The perception-behavior link and social interaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 893-910.
- Colquitt, J. A., Scott, B. A. ve LePine, J. A. (2007). Trust, trustworthiness, and trust propensity: A meta-analytic test of their unique relationships with risk taking and job performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(4), 909-927.
- Cook, J. ve Wall, T. (1980). New work attitude measures of trust, organizational commitment and personal need non‐fulfilment. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 53(1), 39-52.
- Cropanzano, R. ve Mitchell, M.S. (2005). Social exchange theory: An interdisciplinary review. Journal of Management, 31, 874-900.
- Coşkun, A. ve Ülgen, B. (2017). Örgüt Yararına Ahlaki Olmayan Davranış. İş Ahlakı Dergisi, 10(2), 177-201.
- Cullinan, C., Bline, D., Farrar, R. ve Lowe, D. (2008). Organization-harm vs. organization-gain ethical issues: An exploratory examination of the effects of organizational commitment. Journal of Business Ethics, 80, 225-235.
- Demirel, Y. (2014). Örgütsel güvenin örgütsel bağlılık üzerine etkisi: Tekstil sektörü çalışanlarına yönelik bir araştırma. Yönetim ve Ekonomi: Celal Bayar Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 15(2), 179-194.
- Doherty, R. W. (1997). The emotional contagion scale: A measure of individual differences. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 21(2), 131-154.
- Doosje, B. ve Branscombe, N. R. (2003). Attributions for the negative historical actions of a group. European Journal of Social Psychology, 33, 235-248.
- Effelsberg, D. ve Solga, M. (2015). Transformational Leaders’ In-Group versus Out-Group Orientation: Testing the Link Between Leaders’ Organizational Identification, Their Willingness to Engage in Unethical Pro-Organizational Behavior, and Follower-Perceived Transformational Leadership. Journal of Business Ethics, 126, 581-590.
- Eisenberger, R., Karagonlar, G., Stinglhamber, F., Neves, P., Becker, T. E., Gonzalez-Morales, M. G., ve Steiger-Mueller, M. (2010). Leader-member exchange and affective organizational commitment: The contribution of supervisor's organizational embodiment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95, 1085-1103.
- Ertugrul, M. ve Krishnan, K. (2011). Can CEO dismissals be proactive? Journal of Corporate Finance, 17, 124–151.
- Fulmer, C. A., Gelfand, M. J. (2012). At what level (and in whom) we trust: Trust across multiple organizational levels. Journal of Management, 38(4), 1167-1230.
- Gino, F., Ayal, S. ve Ariely, D. (2009). Contagion and differentiation in unethical behavior: The effect of one bad apple on the barrel. Psychological Science, 20(3), 393-398.
- Gooty, J., Connelly, S., Griffith, J. ve Gupta, A. (2010). Leadership, affect and emotions: A state of the science review. The Leadership Quarterly, 21(6), 979-1004.
- Gurchiek, K. (2006). US Workers Unlikely to Report Office Misconduct. HR Magazine, 51, 5. 38.
- Halverson, S. (2004). Emotional Contagion in Leader-Follower Interactions. Yayınlamamış Doktora Tezi, Rice University, Houston, Texas, ABD.
- Hatfield, E., Cacioppo,J. ve Rapson, R. (1992). Primitive emotional contagion. M. S. Clark (Der.), Review of personality and social psychology. Newbury Park, CA: Sage
- Hatfield, E., Cacioppo, J. ve Rapson, R. L. (1994). Emotional contagion. Paris: Cambridge University Press.
- Hayes, A. F. ve Matthes, J. (2009). Computational Procedures for Probing Interactions In OLS And Logistic Regression: SPSS And SAS Implementations, Behavior Research Methods, 41, 924–936.
- Hayes, A. (2013). An introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. New York: Guilford.
- Ilie, A. (2012). Unethical Pro-Organizational Behaviors: Antecedents and Boundary Conditions. Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Florida, ABD.
- Jaworski, B. ve Kohli, A. (1993). Market Orientation: Antecedents and Consequences. Journal of Marketing, 57, 52-70.
- Johnson, S. K. (2008). I second that emotion: Effects of emotional contagion and affect at work on leader and follower outcomes. The Leadership Quarterly, 19(1), 1-19.
- Johnson, S. K. (2009). Do you feel what I feel? Mood contagion and leadership outcomes. The Leadership Quarterly, 20(5), 814-827.
- Karadal, H. ve Akyazı, T. E. (2015). Psikolojik Sahiplenme ile Etik Olmayan Örgüt Yanlısı Davranışlar Arasındaki İlişkinin Analizi Üzerine Aksaray İlinde Bir Araştırma. 3. Örgütsel Davranış Kongresi Bildiriler Kitabı, Gaziosmanpaşa Üniversitesi, Tokat, 111-116.
- Liden, R.C., ve Maslyn, J.M. (1998). Multidimensionality of leader–member exchange: An empirical assessment through scale development. Journal of Management, 24, 43–72.
- Liu, Y. ve Qiu, C. (2015). Unethical pro-organizational behavior: Concept, measurement and empirical research. Journal of Human Resource and Sustainability Studies, 3, 150-155.
- Matherne III, C.F. ve Litchfield, S.R. (2012). Investigating the Relationship between Affective Commitment and Unethical Pro-Organizational Behaviors: The Role of Moral Identity. Journal of Leadership, Accountability and Ethics, 9, 35-46.
- Mayer, R.C., Davis, J.H. ve Schoorman, F.D. (1995). An Integrative Model of Organizational Trust. The Academy of Management Review, 20(3), 709-734.
- Meyer, J. P. ve Allen, N. J. (1991). A three-component conceptualization of organizational commitment. Human Resource Management Review, 1, 61-89.
- Meyer, J. ve Allen, N. (1997). Commitment in the Workplace: Theory, Research, and Application. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
- Meyer, J.P., Becker, T.E. ve van Dick, R. (2006). Social identities and commitments at work: Toward an integrative model. Journal of Organizational Behavior, Special Issue: Commitment and Identification: Forms, Foci, and Future, 27, 665-683.
- Miao, Q., Newman, A., Yu, J. ve Xu, L. (2012). The role of ethical leadership in regulating unethical pro-organizational behavior. Australian&New Zealand Academy of Management Conference, Perth, 5-7 Aralık 2012.
- Miao, Q., Newman, A., Yu, J. ve Xu, L. (2013). The relationship between ethical leadership and unethical pro-organizational behavior: Linear or curvilinear effects? Journal of Business Ethics, 116(3), 641-653.
- Moore, C. (2008). Moral disengagement in processes of organizational corruption. Journal of Business Ethics, 80(1), 129-139.
- Morgan, R. M. ve Hunt, S. D. (1994). The commitment-trust theory of relationship marketing. The Journal of Marketing, 20-38.
- Mueller, C.W. ve Lawler, E.J. (1999). Commitment to nested organisational units: Some basic principles and preliminary findings, Social Psychology Quarterly, 62(4), 325–346.
- Neumann, R. ve Strack, F. (2000). Mood contagion: The automatic transfer of mood between persons. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 211–223.
- Nyhan, R. C. ve Marlowe, H. A. (1997). Development and Psychometric Properties of the Organizational Trust Inventory. Evaluation Review, 21(5), 614-635.
- Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Paine, J. B. ve Bachrach, D. G. (2000). Organizational citizenship behaviors: A critical review of the theoretical and empirical literature and suggestions for future research. Journal of Management, 26(3), 513-563.
- Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y. ve Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common Method Biases in Behavioral Research: A Critical Review of the Literature and Recommended Remedies, Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879-903.
- Porter, L., Steers, R., Mowday, R. ve Boulian, P. (1974). Organizational commitment, job satisfaction and turnover among psychiatric technicians. Journal of Applied Psychology, 59, 603-609.
- Rotter, J. B. (1967). A new scale for the measurement of interpersonal trust. Journal of Personality, 35, 651-665.
- Sheehy, J. W. (1990). New Work Ethic Is Frightening. Personnel Journal, 28–36.
- Shimko, B. W. (1992). Pre-hire assessment of the new work force: Finding wheat (and work ethic) among the chaff. Business Horizons, 60-65.
- Shu, X. (2015). Contagion Effect of Unethical Pro-Organizational Behavior among Members within Organization. Metallurgical & Mining Industry, 5, 235-242.
- Sobel, M. (1982). Asymptotic confidence intervals for indirect effects in structural equation models. Sociological Methodology, 13, 290–312.
- Spreitzer, G. M. ve Sonenshein, S. (2004). Toward the construct definition of positive deviance. American Behavioral Scientist, 47(6), 828-47.
- Sy, T., Côté, S. ve Saavedra, R. (2005). The contagious leader: impact of the leader's mood on the mood of group members, group affective tone, and group processes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(2), 295-305.
- Tajfel, H. ve Turner, J. C. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In W. G. Austin ve S. Worchel (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 33– 47). Monterey, CA: Brooks-Cole.
- Tanner, B. M. (2007). An Analysis of Relationships Among Job Satisfaction Organizational Trust and Organizational Commitment in An Acute Care Hospital. Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Saybrook Graduate School and Research Center, San Francisco, California.
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