İZMİR ARKEOLOJİ MÜZESİ İLE TARİH VE SANAT MÜZESİ’NDE BULUNAN AMPULLALAR

Yıl 2015, Sayı: 23, 475 - 514, 01.05.2015

Ayşe Aydın

Öz

İzmir Arkeoloji Müzesi ile Tarih ve Sanat Müzesi’nde pişmiş topraktan yapılmış ondört ampulla bulunmaktadır. Bunlar yassı oval ya da yassı yuvarlak formlu
gövdeye sahip, boyunda taşınması için gövde üzerindeki omuz bölümü iki yanında
birer ip deliği ya da küçük kulakçıkları olan ampullalardır.
Ampullalar üzerindeki motifler, ikonografik açıdan değerlendirildiğinde
çoğunluğunun haç tasvirli olduğu görülmektedir. Söz konusu ampullaların her iki
yüzünde de merkez motif olarak serbest haç, bir daire ya da rozet içine alınmış haç
veya ara eksenlerinde büyük damla motifleriyle birlikte haç yer almaktadır.
Ampullalardan üçü, figürlü oluşlarıyla diğerlerinden ayrılır. İnsan figürlü
ampullalardan biri üzerinde Havari-Martir Andreas ve İncil yazarı Ioannes tasviri,
diğer ampullanın yüzlerinden birinde haleli cepheden, diğer yüzünde ise kemerli
bir kuruluş içinde cepheden birer aziz figürüne yer verilmiştir. Figürlü üçüncü
ampullanın her iki yüzünde ise çiçekli rozet içinde birer kartal figürü bulunmaktadır.
İzmir Arkeoloji Müzesi ile Tarih ve Sanat Müzesi’ndeki ampullaların benzerleri, Anadolu’nun batısındaki kazılarda yoğun olarak bulunmuştur. Bu nedenle Batı
Anadolu’daki Geç Antik-Bizans Dönemi’nin bazı önemli kentlerindeki atölyelerde
birbirinin benzeri, bazen de aynısı ampullaların seri üretildikleri kabul edilir. Bu
üretime neden olan talebin daha çok Kutsal Topraklara ya da hac merkezlerine
gidemeyen inananlardan geldiği ve hacı olamayanların da bu kutsallıktan pay
almak amacıyla ampullaları satın aldıkları düşünülebilir.
Makalenin konusunu oluşturan ampullalar; formları, malzemeleri, üzerlerindeki figür ve motiflerin üslup özellikleriyle benzer örnekler ışığında tarihlendirilebilmektedir. Buna göre iki örnek 4. yüzyıl sonu ile 5. yüzyıl arasında, bir örnek
6.-7. yüzyıllar arasında, diğer onbir ampulla ise 5.-6. yüzyıllar arasında üretilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Pişmiş Toprak, Ampulla, İzmir Arkeoloji Müzesi, Geç Antik-Bizans Dönemi, Aziz Ioannes, Aziz Andreas.

Ampullae Finds in the İzmir Archaeology and in the History and Art Museums

Öz

Fourteen terracotta ampullae exist in the İzmir Archaeology and in the History
and Art Museums. They have either flattened oval or globular body forms and they
also have two small fittings on the shoulders over the body for a chain or cord so
that they could be suspended or worn.
When the motifs on the ampullae are evaluated in terms of iconography, it is
observed that most of them are depicted with a cross. At the centre on both faces
of the ampullae occurs either a independant cross or a cross placed at the centre of
a circle or a rosette; or a big teardrop motif existing in the interaxis of the central
cross is to be observed. On Catalogue Number 13 occurs a floral rosette and in
Catalogue 14, we can observe in the circled space in the centre small interwined
circles with hollow interiors. Three ampullae differ from the others with their
figures. On one of the ampullae with human figure occurs the Apostle Martyrs
Andreas and Ioannes and a frontal depiction of a saint surrounded by an aureole
on the one face of the ampullae and another frontal depiction of a saint figurine in
an arch on the other face. An eagle in a floral rosette appears on each face of the
ampullae. The ampullae similar to the ones in the İzmir Archaeology and in the History
and Art Museums were uncovered in the archaeological excavations carried on the
west of Asia Minor. Therefore, it is revealed that the ampullae which were similar
to each other or were sometimes the same, were mass-produced in the workshops
located in some important cities of the Late Byzantine period. It can be thought
that the believers who could not go to the Holy Land or to pilgrimage sites might
have asked for this mass production or might have bought ampullae to have their
share of pilgrimage.
The ampullae in this article with their forms, styles and figures on them could
be dated in the light of similar examples. Accordingly, two examples were produced between the end of the 4th and 5th centuries and the other eleven ampullae
were produced between the 5th and 6th centuries.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Terracotta, Ampulla, İzmir Archaeology Museum, Late Byzantine Period, St. Ioannes, St. Andreas.

Kaynakça

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