LEPTİN VE ADİPONEKTİNİN ENERJİ VE EGZERSİZ İLİŞKİSİ

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2, 166 - 174, 01.07.2017

Duygu Dalğın Musa Çon , Metin Çenesiz , Sena Çenesiz

https://doi.org/10.17155/omuspd.305531

Öz

Dünya sağlık örgütünün
belirlemelerine göre gıda çeşitliliği ve alımının kolaylaşması ile birlikte
yaşam tarzındaki değişikliler 1980 yılından itibaren obezite insidansını iki
katına çıkartmıştır. Obezite de beraberinde kalp damar hastalıklarından, tip II
diabete ve ortopedik hastalıklara kadar birçok sağlık sorununu beraberinde
getirmektedir. Bu sorunlarla birlikte bu durumdan kurtulmak için yeni arayışlar
içine girilmektedir. Egzersizle birlikte vücutta salgılanan hormonlar ve
proteinler daha fazla araştırma konusu haline gelmiştir.

Trigliseritlerin deposu olarak
görülen adipoz doku üzerine yapılan çalışmalar arttıkça bunların bilinmeyen
birçok fizyolojik görevlerinin olduğu ortaya çıkmaktadır. Bunlardan leptin ve
adiponektin gibi hormonların enerji dengesi ve insulin direnci ile ilgili
bağlantıları yapılan çalışmalarla ortaya konulmaktadır. Leptin organizma
içindeki yağ stoklarını ve iştahı düzenlemekte, tokluk duygusu yaratmaktadır.
Vücuttaki yağ oranı leptin salınmasını doğrudan etkilemektedir. Adiponektin de
adipoz dokudan salınan, insulin duyarlılığını artıran, aterosklerozu gerileten,
anti-enflamatuar bir hormondur. Her iki hormonunda plazma seviyesi cinsiyet,
yaşam şekli ve yaş gibi etkenlerden etkilenebilmektedir. Kısa süreli
egzersizlerde değişim ya hiç ya da çok az olmakla birlikte esas uzun süreli
yapılan egzersizlerde bu hormonlarda plazma seviyelerinde değişim
gözlenmektedir. Yapılan bu derleme ile bu iki hormonun egzersiz ve enerji
dengesi ile ilişkileri ortaya konulacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Adiponektin, Egzersiz, leptin

THE ASSOCIATION OF LEPTIN AND ADIPONECTIN WITH ENERGY AND EXERCISE

Öz

This study will
present the association of leptin and adiponectin hormones with exercise and
energy balance in the light of literature.

As studies on adipose
tissue, known as the repository of triglycerides, increase, it is revealed that
they have many physiologic functions unknown previously. Studies conducted
demonstrate the correlation between leptin and adiponectin hormones with energy
balance and insulin resistance. Leptin regulates fat supply and appetite in
organism and creates the feeling of being full. Fat ratio in the body directly
affects leptin secretion. Adiponectin is an anti-inflammatory hormone secreted
from adipose tissue which enhances insulin susceptibility and downgrades
atherosclerosis. Plasma levels of both hormones are affected by factors like
gender, lifestyle and age. It has been concluded that short duration exercises
have little or no effect on plasma levels of these hormones, while long
duration exercises create significant effects. Long duration exercises have
been recommended to fight insulin resistance, diabetes, hypertension, obesity,
excessive weight and for positive effect on energy balance.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Adiponectin, Exercise, Leptin

Kaynakça

• 1. Hoggard N, Hunter L, Duncan JS, Williams LM, Trayhurn P, Mercer JG. Leptin and leptin receptor mRNA and protein expression in the murine fetus and placenta. Proc Natl Acad Sci, 1997; 94: 11073-11078.
• 2. Sinha MK. Human leptin: the hormone of adipose tissue. Eur J Endocrinol, 1997; 136: 461-464.
• 3. Consdine RV, Sinha MK, Heinmann ML, Kriavciunas A, Stepans TW, Nyce MR, et al. Serumimmunoreactive leptin concentractions in normal weight and obese hummans. New England J Med., 1996; 334: 292-295.
• 4. Ostlund RE, Yang JW, Klein S, Gingerich R. Relation between plasma leptin concentration and body fat, gender, diet, age and metabolic covariates. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 1996; 81: 3909-3913.
• 5. Himms-Hagen, J. Physiological roles of the leptin endocrine system: differences between mice and humans. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci, 1999; 36: 575-655.
• 6. Misra A, Garg A. Leptin. Its receptor and obesity. J Invest Med, 1996; 44: 540-548.
• 7. Pratley RE, Nicolson M, Bogardus C, Ravussin E. Effect of acute hyperinsulinemia on plasma leptin concentrations in insulin-sensitive and insülin resistant Pima Indians. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 1996; 81: 4418-4421.
• 8. Fei H, Okano HJ, Li C, Lee GH, Zhao C, Darnell R, et al. Anatomic localization of alternatively spliced leptin receptors (Ob-R) in mouse brain and other tissues. Proc Natl Acad Sci, USA, 1997; 94: 7001-7005.
• 9. Brabant G, Horn R, Mayr M, Wurster U, Schnabel D, Heidenreich F. Free and protein bound leptin are distinct and independently controlled factors in energy regulation. Diabetologia, 2000; 43: 438-442.
• 10. Havel PJ. Control of energy homeostasis and insulin action by adipocyte hormones: leptin, acylation stimulating protein, and adiponectin. Curr Opin Lipidol, 2002; 13: 51-59.
• 11. Rose DP, Komninou D, Stephenson GD. Obesity, Adipocytokines, and insulin resistance in breast cancer. Obes Rev, 2004; 5: 153-165.
• 12. Ruan H, Liu F. Regulation of energy metabolism and maintenance of metabolic homeostasis: the adiponectin story after 20 years. J Mol Cell Biol, 2016; 8: 91-92.
• 13. Tanabe H, Fujii Y, Iwabu MO, Iwabu M, Nakamura Y, Hosaka T, et al. Crystal structures of thehuman adiponectin receptors Nature, 2015; 520: 312-316.
• 14. Hekimoğlu A. Metabolik Sendromda Adiponektin. Harran Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi, 2007; 4: 61-68.
• 15. Kadowaki T, Hara K, Yamauchi T, Terauchi Y, Tobe K, Nagai R: Molecular mechanism of insulin resistance and obesity. Exp Biol Med, 2003; 228: 1111-1117.
• 16. Ronti T, Lupattelli G, Mannarino E. The endocrine function of adipose tissue: an update. Clinical Endocrinology, 2006; 64: 355-365.
• 17. Guzik TJ, Mangalat D, Korbut R. Adipocytokines-novel link between inflammation and vascular function. J Physiol Pharmacol, 2006; 57: 505-528.
• 18. Goldstein BJ, Scalia T. Adiponectin: A Novel Adipokine Linking Adipocytes and Vascular Function. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2004; 89: 2563-2568.
• 19. Kubota N, Yano W, Kubota T, Yamauchi T, Itoh S, Kumagai H, et al. Adiponectin stimulates AMP-activated protein kinase in the hypothalamus and increases food intake. Cell Metab, 2007; 6: 55-68.
• 20. Furukawa S, Fujita T, Shimabukuro M, Iwaki M, Yamada Y, Nakajima Y, et al. Increased oxidative stress in obesity and its impact on metabolic syndrome. J Clin Invest, 2004; 114: 1752–1761.
• 21. Suzuki A, Okamoto S, Lee S, Saito K, Shiuchi T, Minokushi Y. Leptin stimulates fatty acid oxidation and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha gene expression in mouse C2C12 myoblasts by changing the subcellular localization of the alpha2 form of AMP-activated protein kinase. Mol Cell Biol, 2007; 27: 4317-4327.
• 22. Wein S, Ukropec J, Gasperíková D, Klimes I, Sebökova E. Concerted action of leptin in regulation of fatty acid oxidation in skeletal muscle and liver. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes, 2007; 115: 244-251.
• 23. Huang W, Dedousis N, Bandi A, Lopaschuk GD, O’Doherty RM. Liver triglyceride secretion and lipid oxidative metabolism are rapidly altered by leptin in vivo. Endocrinology, 2006; 147: 1480-1487.
• 24. Marcin K. Thyroid hormones in the pathogenesis and treatment of obesity. Eur J Phar. 2002; 440: 85-98.
• 25. Ucropec J, Anunciado RVP, Ravussin Y, Kozak LP. Leptin is required for uncoupling protein-1-independent thermogenesis during cold stress. Endocrinology, 2006; 147: 2468-2480.
• 26. Bado A, Levasseur S, Attoub S, Kermorgant S, Laigneau JP, Bortoluzzi MN, et al. The stomach is a source of leptin. Nature, 1998; 394: 790-793.
• 27. Cinti S, Matteis RD, Pico C, Ceresi E, Obrador A, Maffeis C, et al. Secretory granules of endocrine and chief cells of human stomach mucosa contain leptin. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord, 2000; 24: 789-793.
• 28. Barrachina MD, Martinez V, Wang L, Wei JY, Tache Y. Synergistic interaction between leptin and cholecystokinin to reduce short-term food intake in lean mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci, USA, 1997; 94: 10455-10460.
• 29. Yoon MJ, Lee GY, Chung JJ, Ahn YH, Hong SH, Kim JB. Adiponectin increases fatty acid oxidation in skeletal muscle cells by sequential activation of AMP-activated protein kinase, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha. Diabetes, 2006; 55: 2562-2570.
• 30. Ceddia RB, Somwar R, Maida A, Fang X, Bikopoulos G, Sweeney G. Globular adiponectin increases GLUT4 translocation and glucose uptake but reduces glycogen synthesis in rat skeletal muscle cells. Diabetologia, 2005; 48: 132-139.
• 31. Combs TP, Berg AH, Obici S, Scherer PE, Rossetti L. Endogenous glucose production is inhibited by the adipose-derived protein Acrp30. J Clin Invest, 2001; 108: 1875-1881.
• 32. Fruhbeck G, Gomez-Ambrosi J, Muruzabal FC, Burrell MA. The adipocyte: A model for integration of endocrine and metabolic signaling in energy metabolsm regulation. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 2001; 280: E 827-E847.
• 33. Pineiro R, Iglesias MJ, Gallego R, Raghay K, Eiras S, Rubio J, et al. Adiponectin is synthesized and secreted by human and murine cardiomyocytes. FEBS Lett, 2005; 579: 5163-5169.
• 34. Yang B, Brown KK, Chen L, Carrick KM, Clifton LG, McNulty JA, et al. Serum adiponectin as a biomarker for in vivo PPARgamma activation and PPARgamma agonist-induced efficacy on insulin sensitization/lipid lowering in rats. BMC Pharmacol, 2004; 4: 23.
• 35. Gondim OS, de Camargo VT, Gutierrez FA, Martins PF, Passos ME, Momesso CM, et al. Benefits of regular exercise on inflammatory and cardiovascular risk markers in normal weight, overweight and obese adults. PloS One, 2015; 10(10): e0140596.
• 36. Rahmouni K, Haynes WG. Leptin signaling pathways in the central nervous system: interactions between neuropeptide Y and melanocortins. Bioassays, 2001; 23: 1095- 1099.
• 37. Zhang Y, Proenca R, Maffei M, Barone M, Leopold L, Friedman JM. Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue. Nature, 1994; 372: 406-407.
• 38. Ünal M, Ünal DÖ, Baltacı AK, Moğulkoç R, Kayserilioğlu A. Investigation of serum leptin levels in Professional male football players and healthy sedentary males. Neuroendocrin Lett, 2005; 26: 148-151.
• 39. Sari R, Balci MK, Balci N, Karayalcin U. Acute effect of exercise on plasma leptin level and insulin resistance in obese women with stable caloric intake. Endocr Res, 2007; 32: 9-17.
• 40. Jurimae J, Jurimae T. Leptin responses to short term exercise in college level male rowers. Br J Sports Med, 2005; 39: 6-9. 41. Kraemer RR, Chu H, Castracane VD. Leptin and exercise. Experimental Biology and Medicine (Maywood), 2002; 227: 701-708.
• 42. Bouassida A, Zalleg D, Bouassida S, Zaouali M, Feki Y, Zbidi Y, et al. Leptin, its implication in physical exercise and training: a short review. J Sports Sci &Med, 2006; 5: 172-181.
• 43. Jurimae J, Purge P, Jurimae T. Adiponectin is altered after maximal exercise in highly trained male rowers. Eur J Appl Physiol, 2005; 93: 502-505.
• 44. Numao S, Suzuki M, Matsuo T, Nomata Y, Nakata Y, Tanaka K. Effects of acute aerobic exercise on high-molecular-weight adiponectin. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 2008; 40: 1271-1276.
• 45. Hulver MW, Zheng D, Tanner CJ, Houmard JA, Kraus WE, Slentz CA, et al. Adiponectin is not altered with exercise training despite enhanced insulin action. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 2002; 283: 861–865.
• 46. Karacabey K, Yamaner F, Saygin O, Ozmerdivenli R. The effects of leptin and insulin hormones on health, body fat percentage of the endurance athletes. Anthropologist, 2014; 18: 357-362.
• 47. Doğan E, Tasmektepligil MY, Cankaya S. Investigation of the leptin levels of footballers and wrestlers in terms of aerobic capacity. Anthropologist, 2015; 19: 355-359.
• 48. Yang WS, Lee WJ, Funahashi T, Tanaka S, Matsuzawa Y. Weight reduction increases plasma levels of an adipose-derived anti-inflammatory protein, adiponectin. J Clin Endocrinol and Metab, 2001; 86: 3815-3819.
• 49. Polak J, Klimcakova E, Moro C, Viguerie N, Berlan M, Hejnova J, et al. Effect of aerobic training on plasma levels and subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissuegene expression of adiponectin, leptin, interleukin 6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha in obese women. Metabolism, 2006; 55: 1375-1381.
• 50. Miyatake N, Takahashi K, Wada J, Nishikawa H, Morishita A, Suzuki H, et al. Changes in serum leptin concentrations in overweight Japanese men after exercise. Diabetes Obes Metab, 2004; 6: 332-337.
• 51. Mota GR, Orsatti FL, Delbin MA, Zanesco A. Resistance exercise improves metabolic parameters and changes adipocyte-derived leptin: a comparison between genders in untrained adults. Motriz, 2016; 22 (3): 217-222.
• 52. Lim S, Choi SH, Jeong IK, Kim JH, Moon MK, Park KS, et al. Insulin-sensitizing effects of exercise on ediponectin and retinol binding protein-4 concentrations in young and middle-aged women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2008; 93: 2263-2268.
• 53. Dvorakova-Lorenzova A, Suchanek P, Havel PJ, Stavek P, Karasova L, Valenta Z, et al. The decrease in C-reactive protein concentration after diet and physical activity induced weight reduction is associated with changes in plasma lipids, but not interleukin-6 or adiponectin. Metabolism, 2006; 55: 359-365.
• 54. Hong HR, Jeong JO, Kong JY, Lee SH, Yang SH, Ha CD, et al. Effect of walking exercise on abdominal fat, insulin resistance and serum cytokines in obese women. J Exerc Nutrition Biochem, 2014; 18: 277-285.
• 55. Kim DY, Seo BD, Kim DJ. Effect of Walking Exercise on Changes in Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Metabolic Syndrome Markers, and High-molecular-weight Adiponectin in Obese Middle-aged Women. J Phys Ther Sci, 2014; 26: 1723-1727.
• 56. Yu N, Ruan Y, Gao X, Sun J. Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials on the effect of exercise on serum leptin and adiponectin in overweight and obese individuals. Horm Metab Res, 2017; 49: 164-173.